Filed: Nov. 30, 2020
Latest Update: Dec. 01, 2020
UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Before
ALDYKIEWICZ, EWING, 1 and WALKER
Appellate Military Judges
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Captain LUIS E. RAMIREZ
United States Army, Appellant
ARMY 20190367
Headquarters, 1st Cavalry Division
G. Bret Batdorff, Military Judge
Colonel Emily C. Schiffer, Staff Judge Advocate
For Appellant: Major Steven J. Dray, JA; William E. Cassara, Esquire (on brief);
Captain Roman W. Griffith, JA; William E. Cassara, Esquire (on reply brief).
For Appellee: Colonel Steven P. Haight, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Wayne H.
Williams, JA; Major Craig J. Schapira, JA; Major Joshua B. Banister, JA (on brief).
30 November 2020
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SUMMARY DISPOSITION
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This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.
EWING, Judge:
During a deployment to Poland, appellant, a battalion chaplain, victimized
two lower ranking members of his unit, and violated the Army’s fraternization
policy. A military judge sitting as a general court -martial convicted appellant,
contrary to his pleas, of one specification of violating a lawful general regulation,
four specifications of wrongful sexual contact , and two specifications of sexual
assault, in violation of Articles 92 and 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10
1
Judge Ewing decided this case while on active duty.
RAMIREZ—ARMY 20190367
U.S.C. §§ 892, 920 (2012 & Supp. V 2018) [UCMJ]. The military judge sentenced
appellant to a dismissal and confinement for 29 months. 2
Appellant’s case is before this Court for revie w pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ.
Appellant contends that: (1) the government’ s evidence was legally and factually
insufficient to support his convictions; (2) his sentence was inappropriately severe;
and (3) several of the specifications of which he was convicted represented an
unreasonable multiplication of charges (“UMC”) for findings. We hold that the
government’s evidence was both legally and factually sufficient, and appellant’s
sentence was not inappropriately severe. While appellant’s UMC claim warrants
2
The convening authority took no action on appellant’s adjudged sentence. In light
of United States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2020), we find the
convening authority’s failure to act on appellant’s sentence as required by the
applicable version of Article 60, UCMJ, while error, was not jurisdictional in nature.
We also find the error did not materially prejudice appellant’s substantial rights. In
testing for prejudice, we considered whether appellant submitted clemency matters,
the convening authority’s clemency authority, and the advice the convening
authority received related to his clemency powers . See
Coffman, 79 M.J. at 824.
Appellant submitted clemency matters pursuant to Rule for Courts -Martial (R.C.M.)
1106, in which counsel requested the convening authority provide any relief
permissible under the law. Appellant also requested deferment and waiver of
automatic forfeitures for the benefit of his dependents. The convening authority
denied appellant’s request for deferment of automatic forfeitures, but granted the
waiver of automatic forfeitures for a period of six months. The version of Article 60
applicable to appellant’s convictions prohibited the convening authority from
disapproving, commuting, or suspending appellant’s adjudged sentence to
confinement, as it exceeded six months, and a dismissal. UCMJ art. 60(c)(4)(A)
(2018). The Staff Judge Advocate correctly advised the convening authority
regarding his clemency powers and noted appellant submitted clemency matters for
the convening authority’s action. The maximum sentence to confinement for
appellant’s conviction, after the military judge merged several specifications for
sentencing, was thirty-nine years. Considering appellant was only sentenced to a
small fraction of the maximum sentence, the convening authority received proper
legal advice related to his ability to provide clemency in appellant’s case, the
convening authority’s inability to disapprove confinement or a dismissal, and the
convening authority was presented with appellant’s clemency maters, we find the
convening authority’s non-compliance with the applicable version of Article 60, was
harmless. See
Coffman, 79 M.J. at 824.
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RAMIREZ—ARMY 20190367
discussion, it too is meritless. 3 We therefore affirm appellant’s convictions and
sentence.
BACKGROUND
In June 2018, appellant’s battalion was living in tents and repurposed railroad
cars outside the town of Karliki, Poland, in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve.
The soldiers were authorized to visit local establishments when off duty, where they
could eat, drink, and socialize.
First Lieutenant (1LT) EE served on the battalion staff with appellant . One
evening after work, 1LT EE and appellant went to a local restaurant for drinks. First
Lieutenant EE viewed this as a friendly outing with a colleague, and was talking
with appellant about her difficulty in “going back to church.” After the two drank
for a period of time on the restaurant’s patio, appellant kissed 1LT EE by
“slobber[ing] all over” her mouth. First Lieutenant EE told appellant to stop. First
Lieutenant EE again rejected appellant’s attempts to kiss her during a cab ride back
to base. After arriving at the base front gate, the two walked five minutes to 1LT
EE’s quarters in a dimly lit area where she was staying by herself in one of the
repurposed railroad cars. The door to 1LT EE’s quarters did not lock, and she had to
“push on it so that it would stick shut.”
First Lieutenant EE went in, closed the door, and was in the process of
changing clothes when she was startled to realize appellant had come in behind her.
First Lieutenant EE quickly pulled on a pair of sweatpants, and appellant approached
1LT EE, put his hand down her pants, and penetrated her vagina with his finger.
Appellant realized that 1LT EE was wearing a tampon, and commented that that was
why she “didn’t want to.” First Lieutenant EE responded, “No.” First Lieutenant
EE then “tried to get some space” between herself and appellant, and went to the
other side of the room. Appellant followed, and pulled up 1LT EE’s shirt, unhooked
her bra, and touched her breast with his hands. Appellant then penetrated 1LT EE’ s
vagina a second time with his finger, now on the opposite side of the room.
Appellant took off his pants, took 1LT EE’s hand, and placed it on his penis. After
1LT EE pushed appellant away, he laid down on the bed with his pants off and asked
1LT EE to join him. When she refused, appellant got up and walked towards 1LT
EE again. First Lieutenant EE shoved appellant more forcefully this time, and
appellant gathered his things and left. First Lieutenant EE secured her door to a
nearby table with 550 cord, and went to bed. First Lieutenant EE testified that she
told appellant “no” at the restaurant, in the cab, and multiple times in her quarters.
3
We have also given full and fair consideration of the matters personally submitte d
by appellant pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), and
find them to be without merit.
3
RAMIREZ—ARMY 20190367
Specialist (SPC) HS had sought appellant’s spiritual counsel about a sensitive
personal matter: namely, “coming out” to her family about her homosexuality. One
evening, next to the MWR tent, appellant asked SPC HS to continue an earlier
discussion the two had started on the topic. Specialist HS agreed, and the two
moved to the nearby woodline where there was a small seating area. After brief
discussion of SPC HS’s personal issue, the two hugged, and SPC HS could feel
appellant “rubbing his penis on [her] leg” through his clothing. This made SPC HS
“very uncomfortable,” and she began “shaking.” The two sat dow n, and appellant
asked SPC HS if he could pray for her. Appellant took SPC HS’s hands, said a
prayer, and then put one of his hands on SPC HS’s leg while he continued to hold
her wrist with his other hand. When SPC HS attempted to pull her hand away,
appellant pulled it up his shorts to touch his penis. Specialist HS protested that she
was “gay as fuck” and did not “know what [she was] doing.” Appellant then placed
his hand on SPC HS’s crotch and began rubbing her genitals, over her clothing.
Appellant asked SPC HS to kiss him and to ha ve sex with him in a nearby vacant
tent; SPC HS refused. Appellant stopped when SPC HS said she saw others
approaching. After the incident, SPC HS did not immediately return to her tent
because her bed was near the door, and she was afraid appellant woul d come in.
Appellant told SPC HS not to “tell anyone,” because he had a “family back at home
and he didn’t want to lose them,” and that SPC HS could harm her career by
disclosing the incident. 4 The incident ultimately came to light during the
investigation into appellant’s actions with 1LT EE .
The government charged appellant with six specifications of violations of
Article 120, UCMJ (2012), as follows:
1. Abusive sexual contact (touching SPC HS’s inner thigh
and genitalia);
2. Abusive sexual contact (causing SPC HS to touch
appellant’s penis);
3. Sexual assault (penetration of 1LT EE’s vagina with
appellant’s finger);
4. Abusive sexual contact (touching 1LT EE’s breast) ;
5. Sexual assault (penetration of 1LT EE’s vagina with
appellant’s finger); and
4
Specialist HS was among the first cohort of the first 11-Bravo-qualified female
infantry soldiers in the Army.
4
RAMIREZ—ARMY 20190367
6. Abusive sexual contact (causing 1LT EE to touch
appellant’s penis).
Appellant contended that Specifications 1 and 2, 3 and 5, and 4 and 6,
respectively, represented an unreasonable multiplication of charges for both findings
and sentencing. The government opposed appellant’s UMC for findings motion, but
ultimately conceded that the military judge should merge the same three pairs of
specifications for sentencing.
The military judge addressed appellant’s motion following his annou ncement
of findings. The court held that none of the specifications represented an
unreasonable multiplication of charges for findings purposes, because they were
“each aimed at distinct and different criminal acts.” For sentencing purposes, the
military judge merged the two specifications related to SPC HS into one
specification, and the four specifications related to 1LT EE into one specification,
for a total of two specifications for sentencing.
In this Court, appellant contends that the military judge er red by failing to
find Specifications 1 and 2, 3 and 5, and 4 and 6 represented an unreasonable
multiplication of charges for findings.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
Where an appellant preserves the issue by objecting at trial, we review a
military judge’s decision to deny relief for unreasonable multiplication of charges
for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Campbell, 71 M.J. 19, 22 (C.A.A.F.
2012) (citing United States v. Pauling,
60 M.J. 91, 95 (C.A.A.F. 2004)). “Military
judges abuse their discretion when their findings of fact are clearly erroneous, the
court's decision is influenced by an erroneous view of the law, or the military
judge's decision on the issue at hand is outside the range of choices reasonably
arising from the applicable facts and the law.” United States v. Shorts,
76 M.J. 523,
536 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“What is substantially one transaction should not be made the basis for an
unreasonable multiplication of charges against one person.” Rule for Courts-Martial
307(c)(4). The prohibition against unreasonable multiplication of charges
“‘addresses those features of military law that increase the potential for
overreaching in the exercise of prosecutorial discret ion.’” Campbell, 71 M.J. at 23
(quoting United States v. Quiroz,
55 M.J. 334, 337 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).
In analyzing UMC claims, we consider the following factors:
(1) Did the accused object at trial that there was an
unreasonable multiplication of charges and/or
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RAMIREZ—ARMY 20190367
specifications? (2) Is each charge and specification aimed
at distinctly separate criminal acts? (3) Does the number
of charges and specifications misrepresent or exaggerate
the appellant’s criminality? (4) Does the number of
charges and specifications unfairly increase the
appellant’s punitive exposure? (5) Is there any evidence of
prosecutorial overreaching or abuse in the drafting of the
charges?
United States v. Forrester, 76 M.J. 479, 485 n. 4 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (quoting
Quiroz,
55 M.J. at 338). We weigh these factors together, and while none is a prerequisite,
“one or more . . . may be sufficiently compelling” to find charges unreasonably
multiplied, or not.
Campbell, 71 M.J. at 23. The CAAF has explained that the
Quiroz UMC analysis can apply differently as to findings and sentencing. See
id.
(“For example, the charging scheme may not implicate the Quiroz factors in the
same way that the sentencing exposure does.”).
In the instant case, the military judge’s denial of appellant’s UMC motion as
to findings was a reasoned use of his discretion. While appellant objected at trial,
and thus Quiroz’s first factor weighs in his favor, the remainder of th e factors cut
against him. Each challenged specification addressed a separate criminal act.
Appellant’s two penetrations of 1LT EE’s vagina took place on opposite sides of the
room, and after 1LT EE broke contact with appellant . Likewise, appellant’s
touching of 1LT EE’s breast, and his causing 1LT EE to touch his penis, were
separate acts. Similarly, appellant’s touching of SPC HS’s genitals, and his actions
in placing her hand on his penis, amounted to separate criminal acts, and were
different in kind. At each step along the way, as to both 1LT EE and SPC HS,
appellant could have disengaged at any time. Because he did not, it was neither
prosecutorial overreach nor an exaggeration of his criminality to charge him with the
six separate specifications at issue here. See, e.g., United States v. Bradley, ARMY
20150752, 2018 CCA LEXIS 56, at *12, (Army Ct. Crim. App. 29 Jan. 2018)
(quoting United States v Schupp, ARMY 20160079, 2017 CCA LEXIS 466, at *3
(Army Ct. Crim. App. 12 Jul. 2017) “the unit of prosecution for sexual assault is
each assault.”)
To be sure, appellant’s separate criminal acts took place in close proximity to
each other, both in time and space. The military judge recog nized this, and wisely
mooted any resulting potential unfairness in appellant’s punitive exposure by
merging the specifications for sentencing. Campbell, 71 M.J. at 25.
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