U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
            C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                       ________________________

                           No. ACM 39003
                       ________________________

                         UNITED STATES
                             Appellee
                                     v.
                       Krishil S. PRASAD
         Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                       ________________________

       Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                      Decided 5 September 2017
                       ________________________

Military Judge: Shelly W. Schools.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 30
months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1.
Sentence adjudged 9 October 2015 by GCM convened at Grand Forks
Air Force Base, North Dakota.
For Appellant: Major Johnathan D. Legg, USAF.
For Appellee: Major Mary Ellen Payne, USAF; Major Meredith L.
Steer, USAF; Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before MAYBERRY, JOHNSON, and SPERANZA, Appellate Military
Judges.
Senior Judge MAYBERRY delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge SPERANZA joined. Senior Judge JOHNSON filed a separate
opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
                       ________________________

   This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
   precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4
                      ________________________
                    United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


MAYBERRY, Senior Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members con-
victed Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of two specifications of sexual assault
and one specification of abusive sexual contact, in violation of Article 120,
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920. The court sen-
tenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, total forfeiture of pay and al-
lowances, confinement for 30 months, and reduction to E-1. The convening
authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant asserts three assignments of error: (1) Improper propensity ev-
idence impacted the findings where the military judge erroneously instructed
the panel on Military Rule of Evidence (Mil. R. Evid.) 413 in light of United
States v. Hills, 

(C.A.A.F. 2016); (2) the evidence is factually insuf-
ficient to sustain the convictions; and (3) Appellant should be granted relief
for various reasons. 1
    Our superior court’s holding in Hills compels us to set aside the conviction
for one sexual assault conviction and the sentence. Having set aside this con-
viction, we do not address Appellant’s second assignment of error as to this
offense. We affirm the findings on the remaining sexual assault and abusive
sexual contact convictions.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
   Appellant was charged with offenses involving five different complaining
witnesses.
    The original charges included one charge with four specifications in viola-
tion of Article 120, UCMJ, and one charge with one specification in violation
of Article 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 928. These allegations involved KF and


1 This issue includes seven separate allegations raised pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982). The allegations all involve assertions that the
military judge erred, specifically by: not disqualifying the legal office because the
complaining witness of the Article 128 offense was a paralegal assigned to that office;
denying the Defense request to remove a complaining witness’s child from the court-
room; not allowing Defense to offer evidence pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 412; failing to
suppress a pretext conversation between Appellant and KF; denying the Defense mo-
tion for unreasonable multiplication of charges; denying the motion to dismiss for
selective prosecution and violation of equal protection; and failing to conduct an in
camera review of mental health records pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 513 and 514. We
reject these issues, which require neither additional analysis nor warrant relief. See
United States v. Matias, 

, 361 (C.M.A. 1987).




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                    United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


purportedly occurred in May 2014. These charges were preferred in August
2014; a preliminary hearing was held on 28 October 2014. Three of the Arti-
cle 120 specifications were referred to a general court-martial on 21 Novem-
ber 2014.
    On 8 April 2015, Appellant was charged with Additional Charge I with
one specification of attempted abusive sexual contact involving CW in viola-
tion of Article 80, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 880; Additional Charge II with two
specifications alleging sexual assault (involving KG and CW), and four speci-
fications alleging abusive sexual contact (involving CW, KP(x2) and JH) in
violation of Article 120, UCMJ; and Additional Charge III with one specifica-
tion of assault consummated by a battery involving JH in violation of Article
128, UCMJ. The dates of the alleged offenses ranged from December 2013 to
February 2015. A preliminary hearing was held on 13 April 2015. All charges
and specifications were referred to the same general court-martial on 30
April 2015, but one specification of abusive sexual contact involving KP was
dismissed without prejudice on 1 May 2015.
   The convictions involve two of the three specifications involving KF and
the sole specification involving KG. 2 The offenses for which Appellant was
convicted occurred in May 2014 and February 2015. KF and KG did not know
one another.
A. Allegations involving KF
    KF, at the time of the alleged conduct, was an unmarried Airman First
Class (A1C) assigned to security forces. 3 Prior to arriving at Grand Forks Air
Force Base (AFB), KF had become engaged to Senior Airman (SrA) DF, but
SrA DF broke off the engagement because he did not want to be in a long-
distance relationship and felt that the relationship was moving “too fast too
soon.” After some months passed, KF and DF started speaking again and KF
very much wanted to get back together.
   On 9 May 2014, KF returned to her dorm at approximately 2130 after an
evening at the Single Airman Spa Night. She was speaking with another se-

2 Appellant was acquitted of one specification of sexual assault (involving CW), four
specifications of abusive sexual contact (involving KF, CW, KP and JH), one specifi-
cation of attempted abusive sexual contact (involving CW), and one specification of
assault consummated by a battery (involving JH), in violation of Articles 120, 80, and
128, UCMJ.
3The charge sheet refers to her as A1C KJA based on her military status and maiden
name at the time of the offenses. At the time of trial, she was out of the military and
married. We will refer to her as KF.




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                    United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


curity forces non-commissioned officer (NCO) on patrol when she saw Appel-
lant enter the dorm. She was friends with Appellant, and she “gave him a
hug and said, hi.” Shortly thereafter, she went alone with Appellant to his
dorm room. The NCO testified that Appellant departed first, and KF followed
him shortly thereafter.
    KF had been to Appellant’s room before on several occasions. That night,
they sat together on his bed and began watching television. Appellant tried to
tickle KF, and she did not object. Appellant began rubbing KF’s feet and legs,
again with no objection. While the two were on the bed continuing to watch
television, KF started a texting conversation with DF. While she was texting
DF, Appellant began rubbing her back and stomach. KF did not object. KF
testified that Appellant, who was lying down behind her and “spooning” her,
unclasped her bra and started rubbing her breasts. KF testified she did not
initially object, but that she pushed Appellant’s hands away at some point.
Appellant later took her phone from her hands, and she turned over onto her
back, at which point Appellant kissed and touched KF’s exposed breasts.
   KF testified that Appellant then started trying to go into her pants and
she tried to push him away and said “no.” Appellant put his hand in her
pants anyway, and KF told him to “stop or I’m going to hit you.” Appellant
then penetrated her vagina with his fingers and she slapped his head.
    KF testified that after she slapped Appellant, he pulled his hand out,
pinned her hands down above her head and Appellant then got on top of her
and rubbed his groin against hers, and she felt that Appellant had an erec-
tion. While doing this, he returned to kissing her breasts. As Appellant con-
tinued to kiss her breasts, she did not say anything to him and just ignored
him. 4 KF testified that Appellant tried to kiss her, but that she turned her
face away, told him she was not going to kiss him and when she “was still
fighting him” Appellant pulled her sweatshirt “over her head and tried to kiss
her through the sweatshirt.” KF testified that Appellant then stated, “You’re
not enjoying this, are you,” stopped, and went back to lying beside her. Appel-
lant fell asleep and never touched KF again after that point. KF continued to
lie next to Appellant for some period of time before getting up. About five
minutes later, Appellant woke up and KF asked him for her phone. Appellant
took it off the bed and gave it to her, and she left the room, estimating she
had been there for about an hour and a half.



4This was the basis for the abusive sexual contact specification for which Appellant
was found not guilty.




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                  United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


    On cross-examination, KF admitted that her trial testimony—that she
was “fighting off” Appellant and “making it clear to him that” she “didn’t
want any sexual advances”—was inconsistent with her earlier statements.
Specifically, KF admitted she had previously testified at the preliminary
hearing that Appellant “stopped when he realized I didn’t want to partici-
pate.” Furthermore, she acknowledged that her trial testimony claiming she
told Appellant to stop three or four times was inconsistent with her earlier
statements where she had only indicated she told him to stop once. KF con-
ceded her memory was better closer in time to the event, and she could have
easily left as the touching escalated, but she did not.
    On 20 May 2014, KF reported the incident to a sexual assault response
coordinator (SARC) and then to the Air Force Office of Special Investigations
(AFOSI). While being interviewed by AFOSI, Appellant contacted KF by text
and AFOSI took this opportunity to conduct a pretext conversation, suggest-
ing KF ask Appellant for details about what he did to her and why. The text
conversation included the following:
       KF: I’m still upset over what happened the other night. What
       possessed you to do that, I obviously want [sic] interested.
       Appellant: Nothing
      KF: What do you mean? Are you not even going to admit that
      you were in the wrong or say sorry for what you did?
      Appellant: I am. Just don’t know whats to say.
      KF: I thought you were my friend. Then you tried to have sex
      with me. But I would let you. I told you when you started to
      play with my boobs I didn’t want to. Then you pin[n]ed my
      hand after I hit you and rubbed yourself against me. And you
      hid my phone. I only stayed there because I didn’t have my
      phone.
      Appellant: Im sorry
      KF: So your sorry for that and what that it. You pulled my
      jacket over my head and tried to kiss me. That just plain weird.
      I mean seriously. You would you do that. I just need you to say
      why you did what you did. I thought we were friends. Why
      would you betray my trust?
      ....
      Appellant: Txt me..coz some of your.messages are coming in
      blank




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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


       KF: Well I don’t have your number and I can send it what I
       said again.
       Appellant: I had didn’t mean to hurt you or betray your trust
       KF: So are you not going to say why you did it? Why you fin-
       gered me? Why didn’t you stop when I asked you to? If you
       didn’t mean to why did you make it to where I couldn’t leave? 5
       Appellant: Talk.to me 2day after work in.person
       Hopefully I can explain better
       Otherwise I understand what I did was wrong
       And im.sorry I hurt you
       I was pushing it…..idk
       I want to have sex and I wad.trying to get you in the.mood
       …..im.sorry
       KF: By fingering after I said no?
       Appellant: Yup
       Idk
       What to say

       KF: I’m glad you said sorry for that. That makes me feel a little
       better.
       Appellant: What do you want me to do to make you feel better
       KF: But may I ask why would pinned me down after I hit you
       upside the head? Help me wrap my head around this.
       Appellant: I thought you were being playful. How?
       KF: Explain why you still fingered me after I tried you push
       you away and said no. Please.
       Appellant: Can’t we talk about this after I get off work. Please
    In June 2014, a month after the incident with Appellant, KF got back to-
gether with DF. In August 2014, due to reporting the sexual assault, KF was
given an expedited transfer to Holloman AFB, New Mexico, where DF was
stationed. About a month later, the two were married. DF’s testimony was
inconsistent as to when he first learned of the alleged sexual assault. At one



5 KF initially believed that Appellant had hidden her phone, when in fact it was in
the bed.




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                  United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


point, he said it was around June or July of 2014, and then he stated it was
after they were married.
B. Allegations involving KG
    KG was an unmarried Airman (Amn) and Grand Forks AFB was her first
duty station. After attending a sexual assault prevention and response
(SAPR) briefing in early March 2015, Amn KG reported she had been sexual-
ly assaulted in mid-February 2015.
   Amn KG grew up in a home of “pretty strict values,” where drinking large
quantities of alcohol was considered a “sin,” and she was homeschooled for
most of her high school education. Amn KG met Appellant in December 2014
during her first week at work. Amn KG was friends with Appellant and they
hung out together at dorm gatherings.
    Amn KG testified that in mid-February 2015, she went to SrA AP’s house
late in the evening, at his invitation. When she arrived, only SrA AP and Ap-
pellant were at the house. Amn KG asked if anyone else was coming over,
and they contacted A1C HC and invited him. Amn KG went alone to pick up
A1C HC, driving Appellant’s car because Appellant was already drunk.
Amn KG testified that when she picked up A1C HC, he was also drunk, and
he brought a bottle of alcohol back with him to SrA AP’s house. Later that
night, another coworker, SrA MW, also came over. Amn KG was the only fe-
male at the party.
     Amn KG testified that SrA AP and Appellant pressured her to drink.
Amn KG testified that she had three or four shots and then about three-
fourths of a can of beer. Amn KG indicated she was able to walk up and down
the stairs and make coherent decisions that night. SrA MW testified that
Amn KG did not appear to be drunk. Amn KG testified that Appellant was
flirting with her and treated her “really nice.” A1C HC testified that on the
night in question, he observed Appellant and Amn KG “hugging and kissing,
like a couple.” SrA MW also stated Amn KG and Appellant were flirting with
each other all night, and Amn KG was dancing and having a good time.
    In the wee hours of the morning, A1C HC and SrA MW left. Amn KG de-
scribed Appellant as “falling over the chairs and slurring his words” like “a
normal person acts when they are drunk.” Appellant went upstairs to sleep in
SrA AP’s daughter’s room. SrA AP took Amn KG downstairs to a living room
area and his son’s bedroom. Amn KG and SrA AP engaged in mutual “kissing




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                    United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


and touching in the bed” downstairs. At trial, for the first time, Amn KG de-
scribed these activities as “consensual.” 6
   Amn KG and SrA AP discussed Amn KG’s sexual inexperience and
SrA AP proceeded to explain and demonstrate how Amn KG could experience
an orgasm, to include inserting his fingers “inside of” Amn KG. SrA AP
stopped any further sexual conduct with Amn KG, in part because she was
hesitant and in part because he thought Appellant was interested in
Amn KG.
    Shortly after they stopped, the two went back up two flights of stairs.
Amn KG entered the bedroom where Appellant was and lay down in the bed
with him. At trial, Amn KG testified that they too engaged in consensual mu-
tual kissing and [ ] touching.” Amn KG took her own clothes off at some point.
At trial, Amn KG testified that Appellant then performed oral sex on her,
which was consensual. Amn KG testified that after she received oral sex, Ap-
pellant “penetrated” her with his penis and “after a little bit . . . he began do-
ing it more forceful because I was moving around. And he kept telling me just
to relax, because I was tight he said and that I just needed to relax.” Amn KG
testified at this point she told Appellant to “stop.” Amn KG claimed Appellant
did not immediately stop and, instead, pushed her head down with his hand
and thrusted himself into her. Amn KG stated that while this was happening,
Appellant kept telling her to relax. Amn KG testified she tried to move to the
side and Appellant “stopped eventually.” Amn KG testified Appellant did not
say anything when he stopped and the two of them fell asleep together.
Amn KG did not put her clothes back on until the morning.
    After both Appellant and Amn KG woke up, Amn KG testified they left
SrA AP’s house together in Appellant’s car. Later that afternoon, Amn KG
texted Appellant to request that he drive her back to get her car. Then
Amn KG walked to his room and knocked on the door and asked for a ride.
Amn KG testified she asked Appellant why he did the things that he did and


6 Amn KG had previously alleged that SrA AP sexually assaulted her based on her
beliefs that absent an explicit verbal agreement, there was no consent, and if either
party had consumed alcohol, there could be no consent. After making the allegation
against SrA AP and testifying at Appellant’s preliminary hearing that SrA AP sex-
ually assaulted her, Amn KG indicated she did not want the investigation involving
SrA AP to continue. On cross-examination, Amn KG testified that she no longer con-
sidered what happened between SrA AP and herself to be an assault because,
through her Special Victim’s Counsel (SVC), she was able to understand the law and
what the law has to say about alcohol and sexual activities. She acknowledged she
had an SVC at the time she testified under oath at the preliminary hearing.




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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


she recalled that he said it was “because he was drunk.” She did not recall
him saying that he did not remember having sex. Amn KG testified that Ap-
pellant’s answer frustrated her because it was not good enough.
    Amn KG’s credibility was challenged extensively because of the radical
changes in her description of the sexual activity she engaged in with both
SrA AP and Appellant. Most importantly, she changed her assessment of
what constituted consensual conduct and admitted under oath that her tes-
timony at trial was the first time she had ever indicated the sexual activity
with SrA AP was consensual. Further, she either did not recall the specifics
of statements she had given before about whether or not she had drunk alco-
hol before that night but when pressed, she attempted to clarify this by say-
ing that sipping or tasting did not constitute drinking—but then ultimately,
she admitted on the stand that her statement that she had not ever drunk
alcohol until that night with Appellant was not true. Additionally, Amn KG
was cross-examined as to the fact that she told her father that she had been
drugged prior to being sexually assaulted, which she indicated must have
been a misunderstanding on his part. Furthermore, there was extensive
questioning on the issue of whether Amn KG was a virgin in February be-
cause she specifically alleged that Appellant had taken her virginity that
night. When confronted by AFOSI with evidence that she had sexual inter-
course with another Airman with whom she was in a relationship, she indi-
cated that if sex did not cause bleeding, you could still be considered a virgin
and her prior sexual intercourse did not cause her to bleed. She alleged that
the sexual intercourse with Appellant did cause her to bleed. In fact, she had
told investigators that there was significant blood on the sheets and on her
underwear. Forensic testing of the sheets showed no blood belonging to
Amn KG and she changed her testimony at trial to say that she only said
“brown stuff was all over the sheets.”
    Amn KG conceded that she initially claimed that “the kissing, the touch-
ing, the oral sex, and the sex in the bed” between her and Appellant was all
“against [her] will.” Likewise, she admitted that the first time she ever stated
any of the sexual activity between her and Appellant was consensual was
when she took the stand at trial. At trial, Amn KG claimed that the kissing,
oral sex, and “some of the sex was consensual.”




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                  United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


                               II. DISCUSSION
A. Propensity Evidence and Instruction
   1. Law
   The meaning and scope of Mil. R. Evid. 413 is a question of law that is re-
viewed de novo. 

. Instructional errors are also reviewed
de novo. 

    Mil. R. Evid. 413(a) provides that in a court-martial where the accused is
charged with a sexual offense, evidence that the accused committed other
sexual assaults may be admitted and considered on “any matter to which it is
relevant.” This includes using evidence of sexual assaults to prove the ac-
cused has a propensity to commit sexual assault. United States v. James, 

, 220 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
    In Hills, the United States Court of Appeals of the Armed Forces (CAAF)
held that evidence of the accused’s commission of a sexual assault may not be
used to prove propensity if the alleged sexual assault is charged in the same
court-martial and the accused has pleaded not guilty to 

.
The CAAF further held that the instructions accompanying the admission of
evidence of charged offenses for Mil. R. Evid. 413 purposes “violated Appel-
lant’s presumption of innocence and right to have all findings made clearly
beyond a reasonable doubt, resulting in constitutional error.” 

are constitutional dimensions at play,” prejudice for such an error
must be tested for harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt. 

(quot-
ing United States v. Wolford, 

, 420 (C.A.A.F. 2006)). “An error is
not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when ‘there is a reasonable possibil-
ity that the [error] complained of might have contributed to the conviction.’”

–58 (quoting United States v. Moran, 

, 187 (C.A.A.F.
2007)). “To say that an error did not contribute to the verdict is, rather, to
find that error unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered
on the issue in question, as revealed in the record.” 

(quoting Yates
v. Evatt, 

, 403 (1991), overruled on other grounds by Estelle v.
McGuire, 

, 72 n.4 (1991)).
    In United States v. Hukill, 

(C.A.A.F. 2017), the CAAF clari-
fied that Hills is not to be interpreted narrowly:
       [T]he use of evidence of charged conduct as M.R.E. 413 propen-
       sity evidence for other charged conduct in the same case is er-
       ror, regardless of the forum, the number of victims, or whether
       the events are connected. Whether considered by members or a
       military judge, evidence of a charged and contested offense, of
       which an accused is presumed innocent, cannot be used as pro-
       pensity evidence in support of a companion charged offense.

                                      10
                  United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003

The CAAF reiterated that, where such error exists, the Govern-
ment must “prove there was no reasonable possibility that the error contrib-
uted to [the] verdict.” 

   The Government concedes that, in light of Hills and Hukill, the military
judge erred in permitting evidence of the charged sexual offenses to be used
pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 413 and instructing the court members accordingly.
We agree. Although the military judge’s ruling is understandable coming as it
did before the decision in Hills, we must “apply the clear law at the time of
appeal, not the time of trial.” United States v. Mullins, 

, 116
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Harcrow, 

, 159 (C.A.A.F.
2008)); see also Johnson v. United States, 

, 469 (1997).
    The military judge instructed the members as follows concerning the use
of evidence:
       An accused may be convicted based only on evidence before the
       court and not on evidence of a general criminal disposition.
       Each offense must stand on its own and you must keep the evi-
       dence of each offense separate. Stated differently, if you find or
       believe that the accused is guilty of one offense, you may not
       use that finding or belief as a basis for inferring, assuming, or
       proving that he committed any other offense.
       If evidence has been presented which is relevant to more than
       one offense, you may consider that evidence with respect to
       each offense to which it is relevant. For example, if a person
       were charged with stealing a knife and later using that knife to
       commit another offense, evidence concerning the knife, such as
       that person being in possession of it or that person’s finger-
       prints being found on it, could be considered with regard to
       both offenses. But the fact that a person’s guilt of stealing the
       knife may have been proven is not evidence that the person is
       also guilty of any other offense.
       Further, evidence that the accused committed any sexual of-
       fense alleged in the Charge, Additional Charge I, and Addi-
       tional Charge II may have no bearing on your deliberations in
       relation to each other unless you first determine by a prepon-
       derance of the evidence that is more likely than not an offense
       alleged in one or more of the specifications under those charges
       occurred. This evidence has no bearing on Additional Charge
       III and its Specification.



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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


       If you determine by a preponderance of the evidence any of-
       fense alleged in the Charge, Additional Charge I or Additional
       Charge II occurred, even if you are not convinced beyond a rea-
       sonable doubt that the accused is guilty of that offense, you
       may nonetheless then consider the evidence of that offense for
       its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant in relation to
       the remaining offenses under the Charge, Additional Charge I
       and Additional Charge II. You may also consider the evidence
       of such other sexual offense for its tendency, if any, to show the
       accused’s propensity or predisposition to engage in sexual of-
       fenses.
       You may not, however, convict the accused of any offense solely
       because you believe the accused has a propensity or predisposi-
       tion to engage in sexual offenses. In other words, you cannot
       use this evidence to overcome a failure of proof in the govern-
       ment’s case, if you perceive any to exist. The accused may be
       convicted of an alleged offense only if the prosecution has prov-
       en each element of that offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
       You are further advised: First, that the accused is presumed to
       be innocent until the accused’s guilt is established by legal and
       competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. (2) Second, if
       there is reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, that
       doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused, and he must be
       acquitted. And lastly, the burden of proof to establish the guilt
       of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt is on the government.
       The burden never shifts to the accused to establish innocence
       or to disprove the facts necessary to establish each element of
       each offense.
   Additionally, the trial counsel in this case argued the use of propensity evi-
dence in his closing argument. Senior trial counsel’s argument went on for al-
most 90 minutes, contained numerous references to the use of propensity evi-
dence, and explicitly referred to the very burden of proof language addressed
in Hills:
       And this is where we tie in, we start to tie in the propensity evi-
       dence . . . that’s the lens through which you have to view this
       entire court. He has a propensity not to stop when someone
       says no. Five women told him no, and he kept going.
           ....




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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


       The law realizes that people who engage in sexual offenses may
       have a propensity to commit that crime again and again and
       again what is what happened here.
           ....
       [T]hat propensity evidence, what do we see here again and
       again? And if you find by a preponderance of the evidence,
       okay, which is more likely than not, in fact even if it’s not be-
       yond a reasonable doubt, if you find it more likely than not that
       he did this, then you can use that when you are looking at oth-
       er crimes in this case.
           ....
       [A]nd you can use that to determine that he has a propensity to
       do this type of stuff.
   Nevertheless, the Government contends the error in Appellant’s case is
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We agree as to the specification of sex-
ual assault and abusive sexual contact involving KF, but not the sexual as-
sault involving Amn KG.
       a. Strength of the Evidence of findings of not guilty
    The Government argues the fact that the court members acquitted Appel-
lant of seven of the ten specifications indicates that the panel did not improp-
erly use the evidence because if the members had improperly used propensity
evidence that was not established beyond a reasonable doubt, they would
have convicted Appellant of all specifications. To some, this position may be
disregarded as being based on sheer speculation regarding the panel’s
thought process. While it is impossible to identify the rationale for the mem-
bers’ findings based solely on the results themselves, a closer examination of
the record allows us to resolve whether or not the error involving the use of
propensity evidence contributed to all aspects of the verdict, not just the con-
victions. Such a review, by definition, requires analysis of each specification.
    All six allegations resulting in not guilty findings for which propensity
was allowed 7 were weak. Five of them involved offenses from three of the four
“additional” complaining witnesses. All of these witnesses were reluctant par-
ticipants for differing reasons. The day before the first preliminary hearing,
the Government representative requested that the preliminary hearing of-


7 This does not include the assault consummated by a battery charge involving JH as
it is did not allege sexual conduct.




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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


ficer also investigate a newly revealed allegation by Airman First Class (A1C)
JH, a paralegal from the base legal office. The paralegal had been inter-
viewed by AFOSI some five months earlier as part of their investigation of
KF’s allegations, described an event that took place on 31 December 2013,
but denied Appellant had ever done anything to her. She provided a sworn
statement recounting the event that described Appellant as “flirty and lovea-
ble” and a close friend. The night before the preliminary hearing, Appellant’s
defense counsel interviewed A1C JH and requested she be made available as
a potential Defense witness. After the Defense interview, A1C JH was inter-
viewed by the Government representatives. She was read her rights for un-
derage drinking and after consulting with a defense counsel, resumed the in-
terview. She then alleged that on 31 December 2013, both she and Appellant
had been drinking, both of them were on his bed, Appellant kissed her re-
peatedly and touched her without her consent. In addition to the fact that
A1C JH did not report the assault but rather had affirmatively denied any
inappropriate conduct, when A1C JH left Appellant’s room, another Airman
went with her, and the two of them engaged in consensual kissing. That ac-
tivity only stopped when A1C JH’s boyfriend texted that he was back and on
his way up to her room. In addition, an eyewitness testified that he observed
A1C JH and Appellant kissing in Appellant’s room that night, and described
it as mutual.
  The remaining offenses for which Appellant was acquitted involved two
women who had been involved in some level of relationship with Appellant.
    KP was a civilian who had led a very sheltered life. She worked and went
to school on base and routinely went to Appellant’s dorm room when he was
not there between classes or after class before going to work. Although their
relationship was unknown to her family, it was not a secret. In fact, she testi-
fied she and Appellant planned to marry. When her parents learned of the
relationship, and its sexual component, they made her quit her job, took her
phone and iPad, essentially restricted her to their home (she was 20 years
old), and sent their pastor to inform Appellant the relationship was over.
Nevertheless, she reinitiated contact with Appellant a few months later, se-
cretively met him at a local park, and testified that at that time they engaged
in mutual kissing. She never reported any inappropriate touching by Appel-
lant until she was contacted by AFOSI, and only agreed to participate when
the legal office told her some of the charges Appellant was facing were al-
leged to have happened during their relationship and that her testimony
would help their case.
    CW was another non-military-affiliated civilian who met Appellant on an
online dating website in October 2014. Twice she invited him to her apart-
ment, and on both occasions they engaged in sexual activity. She indicated


                                      14
                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


that she did not consent to all of the sexual activity. Despite asking Appellant
to leave her apartment the second night after being reluctant to continue to
engage in sexual behavior with Appellant, she texted him a few days later to
ask if their relationship was going to “go any further.” Appellant never re-
sponded to this text. She did not report anything until an Airman she worked
with, who knew she had gone out with Appellant, told her about the charges
Appellant was facing. She went to AFOSI but told them she “didn’t believe
she was a victim and did not want to participate” in part because she did not
think Appellant would recognize her. After Appellant and a large group of his
friends showed up at the arcade where she worked, and Appellant said “hi” to
her, she changed her mind. She agreed to help because AFOSI said it would
be helpful for them if she testified as to what happened.
    Only the allegation that Appellant committed abusive sexual contact of
KF by kissing directly her breast without consent involves a complaining
witness where there were mixed findings. As previously stated, KF was
named in the original charges and had made a timely report to law enforce-
ment. Nevertheless, like the specifications discussed above, the evidence of
this allegation was weak. The evidence available to the factfinders was that
after allowing Appellant to rub her back and breasts, KF turned over onto
her back when Appellant took her phone out of her hand and never voiced an
objection to Appellant’s actions until his hand wandered from her breasts to
her waist and below. The military judge gave a general mistake of fact in-
struction which stated:
       The evidence has raised the issue of mistake of fact as to con-
       sent in relation to the offenses of sexual assault by causing bod-
       ily harm, abusive sexual contact by causing bodily harm, and
       attempted abusive sexual contact by causing bodily harm as al-
       leged in Specifications 1, 2, and 3 of the Charge, the Specifica-
       tion of Additional Charge I, and Specifications 1, 2, 3, and 4 of
       Additional Charge II. There has been testimony tending to
       show that, at the time of the alleged offenses, the accused mis-
       takenly believed that the named victims consented to the sexu-
       al conduct alleged in each of these specifications.
       Mistake of fact as to consent is a defense to these charged of-
       fenses. “Mistake of fact as to consent” means the accused held,
       as a result of mistake, an incorrect belief that the other person
       consented to the sexual conduct alleged. The mistake must
       have existed in the mind of the accused and must have been
       reasonable under all the circumstances. To be reasonable, the
       mistake must have been based on information, or lack of it,
       that would indicate to a reasonable person that the other per-


                                      15
                    United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


       son consented. Additionally, the mistake cannot be based on
       the negligent failure to discover the true facts. “Negligence” is
       the absence of due care. “Due care” is what a reasonably careful
       person would do under the same or similar circumstances.
   Additionally, the military judge gave a tailored instruction informing the
members they may consider the evidence that KF hugged Appellant, accom-
panied him to his room, lay in his bed, and allowed him to massage her body
as evidence of whether she consented to the charged sexual acts or whether
Appellant had a reasonable mistake of fact as to consent. 8
    The evidence surrounding this allegation was primarily from KF’s testi-
mony, and there is no mention of this conduct in the pretext text conversation
with Appellant. It is not at all unreasonable to conclude that the members
believed KF either consented to this conduct, or that Appellant mistakenly
believed that KF consented.
    Despite the erroneous instruction regarding the use of propensity evi-
dence, the reliance by the prosecution on the fact that there were five women
who came forward, and the trial counsel’s argument appealing to the mem-
bers to look at the entire case through a “propensity lens,” the members in
this case found Appellant not guilty of six sexual conduct specifications in-
volving four women. Thus we are persuaded the members declined trial coun-
sel’s invitation to “view this entire court” through a propensity lens that un-
dermined Appellant’s presumption of innocence.
    That leaves us with the three specifications of which Appellant was con-
victed involving KF and Amn KG. The evidence the members could consider
included the direct evidence of each of these specifications, as well as the po-
tential propensity evidence from not only these specifications themselves but
also from the six specifications resulting in not guilty findings. This is a very
different fact pattern than was presented in Hills, but involves the same legal
principle, and one which is addressed in cases not involving propensity in-
structions. As our superior court stated in Moran, to say that an error did not
contribute to the ensuing verdict is not to say that the members were “totally


8 Similarly, the military judge instructed the members they may consider that CW
engaged in consensual sexual contact with Appellant; KP engaged in past acts of con-
sensual sexual activity with Appellant; A1C JH may have flirted with Appellant im-
mediately preceding the charged offenses and may have kissed him; and that
Amn KG may have flirted with Appellant and engaged in consensual sexual activity
with him as evidence of whether each consented to the charged sexual acts or wheth-
er Appellant had a reasonable mistake of fact as to consent.




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                  United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


unaware” of that feature of the trial later held to have been 

. In Moran, the CAAF held that they were “convinced that inde-
pendent evidence of [Appellant’s] guilt was overwhelming,” a conclusion that
renders any error, assumed or otherwise, harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. 

       b. Strength of the Evidence of Convictions involving KF
    The independent evidence regarding the sexual assault and abusive sexu-
al contact convictions involving KF included the testimony of KF that when
Appellant started trying to go into her pants, she tried to push him away and
said “no.” When Appellant put his hand in her pants anyway, she told him to
“stop or I’m going to hit you,” and when Appellant then penetrated her vagi-
na with his fingers she slapped his head. Shortly after being slapped, Appel-
lant removed his hands from her vagina and her pants. While the sexual as-
sault may have ended, after kissing KF’s breasts for some period of time, Ap-
pellant then proceeded to rub his noticeably erect penis on KF’s groin, and
only after doing so, uttered the words “you’re not enjoying this, are you,” and
stopped.
    In addition to KF’s testimony, the text conversation between KF and Ap-
pellant is compelling evidence. Appellant confirms that he digitally penetrat-
ed KF and does not deny rubbing his penis on her groin over her clothes after
she said “no” and hit him. When asked to explain why he did so, his response
is that “he wanted to have sex,” he “was pushing it,” and he was “trying to get
her in the mood,” and when KF challenged this explanation with “by finger-
ing me after I said no” Appellant responded “yup.” He acknowledged that
“what [he] did was wrong,” apologized and “did not know what [else] to say.”
    The members also had the opportunity to consider the evidence derived
from defense counsel’s cross-examination of KF. That cross-examination fo-
cused on establishing that KF had a motive to fabricate the allegations to get
back together with her fiancé, and establishing that KF’s behavior of consen-
sually hugging Appellant, willingly coming to his room, and willingly lying in
his bed and allowing him to massage her body, should be considered as evi-
dence of consent or mistake of fact as to consent. The testimony elicited on
cross-examination resulted in the military judge giving mistake of fact and
motive to fabricate instructions.
    Additionally, the members acquitted Appellant of the abusive sexual con-
tact involving his kissing of KF’s breasts. This could have been based on a
finding that KF consented, that Appellant mistakenly believed she consented,
or that the members disbelieved that portion of her testimony, which is per-
fectly acceptable under the law. See United States v. Harris, 

, 59




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                  United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


(C.M.A. 1979) (a factfinder “may believe one part of a witness’ testimony and
disbelieve another”).
    We are convinced that the members had overwhelming evidence as to
each element of sexual assault and abusive sexual contact of KF beyond a
reasonable doubt. Furthermore, we are convinced that there is no reasonable
possibility that the military judge’s instructions concerning propensity evi-
dence and the members’ consideration, if any, of the charged offenses as pro-
pensity evidence contributed to their findings that Appellant sexually as-
saulted KF by penetrating KF’s vulva with his finger without her consent
and committed abusive sexual contact by touching her groin through her
clothing with his penis without her consent. Accordingly, we find the error to
be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to the offenses against
KF.
       c. Strength of the Evidence of Convictions involving KG
    The Government’s evidence regarding Amn KG’s allegations, on the other
hand, was vulnerable for a variety of reasons. Unlike KF, the case regarding
KG hinged on her credibility and was not corroborated by a very damning
admission. Her credibility, furthermore, was substantially attacked. Accord-
ingly, we are not convinced that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. Thus, we cannot sustain the conviction of Specification 1 of Additional
Charge II.
B. Factual Sufficiency of Sexual Assault and Abusive Sexual Contact
Convictions
    This court reviews issues of factual sufficiency de novo. United States v.
Washington, 

, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). The test for factual sufficiency
is “whether, after weighing the evidence in the record of trial and making al-
lowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, [we are] con-
vinced of [Appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Reed, 

, 41 (C.A.A.F. 2000); United States v. Turner, 

,
325 (C.A.A.F. 1987). In conducting this unique appellate role, we take “a
fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of in-
nocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determi-
nation as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element
beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

.
   To sustain a conviction for sexual assault as charged in Specification 1 of
Charge I, the Prosecution was required to prove: (1) that Appellant commit-
ted a sexual act upon KF, to wit: penetrating her vulva with his finger with
an intent to gratify the sexual desires of Appellant; (2) that Appellant did so
by causing bodily harm to KF, to wit: penetrating her vulva with his finger;



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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


and (3) that Appellant did so without KF’s consent. Article 120, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 920 (2012).
    To sustain a conviction for abusive sexual contact as charged in Specifica-
tion 3 of Charge I, the Prosecution was required to prove: (1) that Appellant
committed sexual contact upon KF, to wit: touching her groin through the
clothing with his penis with an intent to gratify the sexual desires of Appel-
lant; (2) that Appellant did so by causing bodily harm to KF, to wit: touching
her groin through the clothing with his penis; and (3) that Appellant did so
without the consent of KF. Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920 (2012).
    The evidence presented at trial, discussed extensively above, satisfy all of
the elements of these charged offenses. Having reviewed the entire record of
trial and making allowances for not personally observing the witnesses, we
are ourselves convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

                              III. CONCLUSION
   The findings of guilt as to Specifications 1 and 3 of Charge I are AF-
FIRMED. The finding of guilt as to Specification 1 of Additional Charge II
and the sentence are SET ASIDE. A rehearing as to the set-aside finding
and as to the sentence is authorized. The record is returned to the Judge Ad-
vocate General for remand to the convening authority for action in accord-
ance with this opinion.


JOHNSON, Senior Judge (concurring in part and dissenting in part):
    I concur with my colleagues in their conclusion that the finding of guilt as
to Specification 1 of Additional Charge II with respect to KG must be set
aside in light of United States v. Hills, 

(C.A.A.F. 2016) and Unit-
ed States v. Hukill, 

(C.A.A.F. 2017). However, I cannot agree that
the erroneous instructions and use of evidence of charged offenses for propen-
sity with respect to Specifications 1 and 3 of Charge I involving KF was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, and therefore I respectfully dissent.
    Under our superior court’s holdings in Hills and Hukill, an error of consti-
tutional dimensions occurred in Appellant’s trial—one that compromised Ap-
pellant’s presumption of innocence. See 

. Therefore, we
must set aside the findings unless we find the error is harmless beyond a rea-
sonable doubt. 

words, if there is any “reasonable possibility that
the [error] complained of might have contributed to the conviction,” we are
compelled to set aside that finding of guilt. 

internal quota-
tion marks omitted). The question is not whether this court is satisfied that,
absent the evidence of propensity to commit sexual assault, the evidence es-


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                   United States v. Prasad, No. ACM 39003


tablishes Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, the question is
whether there is a reasonable possibility the improper propensity evidence
and erroneous instructions contributed to the court members’ findings of
guilty.
    I believe there is such a possibility. KF was sober and voluntarily followed
Appellant into his dorm room. As KF rested on Appellant’s bed, she permit-
ted him to progress from rubbing her back and stomach, to unclasping her
bra, to exposing, fondling and kissing her breasts, without objecting or at-
tempting to leave. KF admitted that she had previously testified she believed
Appellant thought she was joking when she told him to stop, and that she
previously testified Appellant stopped when he realized she did not want to
participate. The military judge found the evidence raised the issue of reason-
able mistake of fact as to all of the charged offenses against KF and instruct-
ed the court members accordingly. That the court members acquitted Appel-
lant of one of the charged offenses against KF suggests they did, in fact, have
concerns regarding the extent to which she consented, or Appellant reasona-
bly believed she consented, to his actions. Appellant’s conciliatory text ex-
change with KF, although useful evidence for the Prosecution, did not neces-
sarily extinguish all reasonable doubts the members may have harbored that
Appellant, at the time, believed KF was consenting to his advances.
    In argument, trial counsel emphasized the number of alleged victims in
the case, and repeatedly invited the court members to consider and use evi-
dence of the charged offenses as evidence of Appellant’s propensity to commit
sexual offenses. Unlike the majority, I am not persuaded that Appellant’s ac-
quittal of six specifications of sexual offenses against four alleged victims, in-
cluding KF, demonstrates the court members did not improperly use the pro-
pensity evidence and instructions. I believe it is reasonably possible the
members followed the Government’s advice and applied the military judge’s
erroneous instructions to use propensity evidence from at least some of the
charged offenses to overcome doubts regarding Appellant’s guilt. Accordingly,
under Hills and Hukill, Appellant is entitled to a new trial, and I would set
aside and authorize a rehearing on all of the findings of guilty.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 KURT J. BRUBAKER
                 Clerk of the Court




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