U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
              C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                             ________________________

                                  No. ACM 39061
                             ________________________

                               UNITED STATES
                                   Appellee
                                          v.
                         Jonathan P. ROBERTSON
                 Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                             ________________________

            Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                             Decided 30 October 2017
                             ________________________

Military Judge: Marvin W. Tubbs II.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge and reduction to E-3. Sentence ad-
judged 29 January 2016 by GCM convened at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska.
For Appellant: Captain Patrick A. Clary, USAF.
For Appellee: Major Mary Ellen Payne, USAF; Major Meredith L. Steer, USAF;
Major Matthew L. Tusing, USAF; James W. Beckwith, Legal Extern 1; Gerald
R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before MAYBERRY, JOHNSON, and MINK, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior
Judge MAYBERRY and Judge MINK joined.
                             ________________________

                  PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT
                             ________________________



1 In accordance with Rule 6.1 of the court’s Rules of Practice and Procedure, Mr. Beck-
with was at all times supervised by counsel for the Government during his participa-
tion.
                  United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


JOHNSON, Senior Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members convicted
Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of abusive sexual contact
in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C.
§ 920. 2 The court-martial sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge and
reduction to the grade of E-3. The convening authority approved the adjudged
sentence.
    Appellant raises three issues for our consideration on appeal: (1) whether
the military judge erroneously denied the Defense the opportunity to investi-
gate evidence of panel member misconduct; (2) whether his conviction is legally
or factually insufficient; and (3) whether the finding of guilty and the sentence
must be set aside in light of the holding of the Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces (CAAF) in United States v. Hills, 

(C.A.A.F. 2016). We an-
swer the first two questions in the negative, and although we find the military
judge did err in light of Hills we find the error harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. Therefore, we affirm the findings and sentence.

                                I. BACKGROUND
    Staff Sergeant (SSgt) AO met Appellant in 2010 when they were both sta-
tioned at Offutt Air Force Base (AFB), Nebraska, where they served as aircraft
maintainers. SSgt AO and Appellant became part of a close-knit group of
friends who spent a considerable amount of time together, particularly on
weekends at the house Appellant shared with another maintainer, SSgt MM.
The group would eat, drink alcohol, play games, listen to music, and generally
“hang out.” Although SSgt AO was the only female member of the core group,
they were “like brothers” to her and she was treated and behaved as “one of
the guys.” For a period of six or seven months, as she was divorcing her then-
husband, SSgt AO temporarily moved into the house Appellant and SSgt MM
shared.
    One evening, when SSgt MM was away on temporary duty, the rest of the
group gathered at Appellant’s house as usual. Because SSgt MM was away,
SSgt AO decided to sleep in his room. While SSgt AO was awake but lying on
the bed, Appellant got on the bed, “cuddled up” next to her, and began “kissing
[her] neck or whispered something in [her] ear.” Appellant departed after SSgt
AO told him to stop. SSgt AO did not feel “threatened” or “bothered” by the
incident and told their other friends about it the next day. On other occasions,
Appellant would “smack [her] butt” or “grab [her] boob” in a way SSgt AO did


2The court-martial found Appellant not guilty of two specifications of rape and one
specification of abusive sexual contact in violation of Article 120, UCMJ.


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                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


not perceive as “overtly sexual” and which “didn’t make [her] feel uncomforta-
ble,” because “that’s how he interacted with everybody.”
    Sexual banter was also common within the group. On another occasion, in
the presence of another friend, SSgt AO repeatedly asked Appellant to show
his penis to her. Appellant eventually agreed, provided SSgt AO would reveal
her breasts to him in return. After the other friend stepped away, Appellant
and SSgt AO briefly exposed themselves to each other as agreed.
    In the fall of 2012, Appellant travelled to Kadena Air Base (AB), Japan, for
three months as part of a routine unit deployment. In December 2012, SSgt
AO also travelled to Kadena AB for a deployment that overlapped Appellant’s
by two or three days. At the time, SSgt AO was living with her boyfriend, SSgt
JS, a friend of Appellant’s who was also stationed at Offutt AFB. Appellant
had a civilian girlfriend who lived near Offutt AFB in Omaha, Nebraska.
    On the night she arrived at Kadena AB, SSgt AO attended an all-night
party with numerous other members of the unit, including Appellant. The
party was held in a billeting room in the same building where SSgt AO was
staying. At one point, Appellant asked SSgt AO for her room key so that he
could sleep in her room because his room was in another building significantly
further away. SSgt AO declined to give him the key, but she let him into her
room and told him he could “pass out” on the bed. SSgt AO then returned to
the party.
     Later SSgt AO returned to her room to get dressed for a briefing she had to
attend that morning. Another member of the unit, SSgt RS, went with her and
unsuccessfully attempted to awaken Appellant, who was still there. SSgt AO
changed into her uniform in the bathroom while SSgt RS waited at the door,
and then she departed for her in-processing appointment. When SSgt AO re-
turned to the room alone several hours later, Appellant was still sleeping on
the bed. Having been awake for over 24 hours, feeling “[e]xhausted,” “[h]ung
over,” and “[j]ust very out of it,” SSgt AO changed out of her uniform into a t-
shirt and gym shorts, laid down in the bed facing away from Appellant, and
fell asleep.
    SSgt AO testified she awoke to find Appellant lying “just behind her” and
“kind of cuddling” her. Initially she pretended to be asleep as he began touch-
ing her. However, when he inserted his fingers in her vagina, she said “Johnny,
stop. What are you doing?” Appellant then grabbed her arm and put her hand
on his penis. SSgt AO repeatedly told him to stop and asked him to think about
his girlfriend and her boyfriend. When Appellant persisted, she squeezed his
penis as hard as she could, causing Appellant to temporarily let go of her arm.
However, he grabbed her wrist again and tried to insert his penis in her vagina




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                     United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


despite her continued pleas to stop. SSgt AO locked her legs together and Ap-
pellant was only able to insert the tip of his penis. SSgt AO testified Appellant
then “flipped” her over on her stomach, placed his knee on her in the area of
her thigh, waist, or hips, and began to masturbate as he grabbed her buttocks
and tried to grab her breasts. Appellant then flipped SSgt AO onto her back
and straddled her with his knees on her arms. Appellant continued to mastur-
bate until he ejaculated on SSgt AO’s stomach. Appellant then got up, retrieved
a washcloth from the bathroom, and placed it on SSgt AO’s stomach. SSgt AO
told Appellant to leave and locked herself in the bathroom.
    Appellant also testified regarding the December 2012 incident. He stated
he awoke in SSgt AO’s room at Kadena AB and found SSgt AO sleeping next
to him in a t-shirt and underwear. According to Appellant, he shook SSgt AO
to wake her up and they had a brief work-related conversation. Appellant then
asked SSgt AO if she wanted to “mess around” and she agreed, though she
refused when he asked if they could have sex. After kissing SSgt AO and touch-
ing her breast, Appellant moved his hand toward her vagina but she stopped
him. Appellant got undressed and SSgt AO removed her own shirt. They then
continued kissing, and Appellant “grabbed her breasts and sucked on her
breasts.” Appellant again asked SSgt AO if she wanted to “have sex,” and she
again refused. He denied ever penetrating her vagina with his fingers or penis,
or placing SSgt AO’s hand on his penis. Although Appellant was “not exactly
sure how much time went on after that,” he “ended up getting on top of her
with her legs kind of closed and I was straddled over her in, kind of like, her
hip area and I kept grabbing her breasts and then I started masturbating.”
Appellant testified he ejaculated on SSgt AO’s stomach, then retrieved a rag
from the bathroom and wiped her stomach with it. At that point, according to
Appellant, “she kind of like freaked out. It was almost kind of like a light switch
went off and she jerked out of bed. When she got up, she was like, ‘Johnny, I
think you need to leave,’ and ran into the bathroom and turned on the shower.”
    SSgt AO testified she remained in the bathroom for approximately an hour,
scrubbing her stomach in the shower. When she emerged, Appellant was gone;
however, he left a note which read “Please don’t be mad. Let’s do dinner to-
night.” Shortly thereafter, SSgt AO contacted her boyfriend, SSgt JS, via Skype
and told him what happened. She also called her mother and informed her
parents. Later on the same day of the assault, SSgt AO received a series of
messages from Appellant via Facebook which read: “hungry? I think we are
goin to cocos,” 3 “??” and “u mad at me?” SSgt AO did not respond and never
directly spoke to Appellant again. Appellant departed Kadena AB within a few
days; on the day he left, SSgt AO made a restricted sexual assault report to the


3   Cocos is a chain of curry restaurants in Japan.


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                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


Kadena AB Sexual Assault Response Coordinator (SARC). Because the report
was restricted, the SARC did not inform the unit commander or law enforce-
ment at that time.
    SSgt AO also informed two of their mutual friends, SSgt MM and Master
Sergeant (MSgt) WL, of the incident shortly after it occurred. MSgt WL and
SSgt MM confronted Appellant soon after he returned to Offutt AFB from
Kadena AB. Appellant, who appeared “nervous” and “uncomfortable” to SSgt
MM, related a similar version of events to what SSgt AO had told them, except
in Appellant’s version she consented. Neither MSgt WL nor SSgt MM reported
the incident to their command or to law enforcement at that time, but both
stopped speaking with Appellant after this confrontation. However, Appellant
sent MSgt WL a text message which resulted in the following exchange:
      Appellant: [MSgt WL] im sry u have to deal w all this. I apoligize
      a million times and for you to have to lie to [Appellant’s girl-
      friend] is unacceptable. I know u hate me right now but I just
      hope u can forgive me for what ive done wrong. [sic]
      MSgt WL: I don’t hate you. Just really disappointed and I hate
      the situation.
      Appellant: I def hate it as well and understand why u r disap-
      pointed. I truly am sry . . . [sic]
   In May 2013, SSgt JS told SSgt AO that Appellant had briefly spoken to
him on duty without mentioning the Kadena AB incident. SSgt AO then sent
the following text message to Appellant and received the following response:
       SSgt AO: I never intended to speak to after that first night in
       Kadena when you took so much away from me, but I feel like you
       have left me with no choice. I am at a loss for words that you,
       someone I considered to be like a brother to me and one of my
       closest friends, can’t even act like a decent human being and
       leave my loved ones alone. You have no right to so much as look
       at [SSgt JS], let alone say “hello” or try to talk about ANYTHING
       besides how sorry YOU are for doing what YOU did to me, him
       and the rest of our friends. We have all been hurt from what
       YOU have done. The fact that you have decided that you can go
       on with your life pretending that nothing has happened disgusts
       me. Just seeing your face or hearing the sound of your voice
       makes me sick to my stomach. I have struggled to understand
       what YOU have done to me for the last 5+ months. You and I
       both know what happened that day, and we both know that YOU
       threw away an amazing friendship for disgusting and UN-
       WANTED sexual gratification. You have degraded me enough,


                                      5
                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


       you don’t need to continue to degrade me anymore. Leave [SSgt
       JS] and I alone. You don’t need to look at us, speak to us or even
       to acknowledge or [sic] presence.
       Appellant: there is no excuse for my actions and I fully respect
       what you are saying and I will avoid all contact with you. Im
       terribly sorry for what happened and obviously wish I could take
       that day back. You were family to me and I crossed the line. This
       is the last you will here from me [sic]
   SSgt AO and SSgt JS ended their relationship in October 2013. In May
2014, SSgt AO made an unrestricted report of the sexual assault. Afterwards,
she obtained a reassignment to another base.
    Appellant was charged with one specification of rape by digitally penetrat-
ing SSgt AO’s vagina by unlawful force, one specification of rape by penetrating
her vulva with his penis by unlawful force, one specification of abusive sexual
contact by forcing her hand onto his penis, and one specification of abusive
sexual contact by touching her buttocks and breasts, all in violation of Article
120, UCMJ, and all arising from the December 2013 incident in SSgt AO’s bil-
leting room at Kadena AB. A panel of officer and enlisted members convicted
Appellant of the last of these specifications and acquitted him of the others.

                               II. DISCUSSION
A. Evidence of Panel Member Misconduct
   1. Additional Background
    After findings but before sentencing proceedings began, the military judge
stated for the record that one of the court members, MSgt GO, had attempted
to speak with him during a recess. The military judge declined to speak with
him. The military judge stated MSgt GO then “went and spoke with the bailiff
that another member had something in his – or her because he did not identify
who it was – past that should have been disclosed that swung the vote in favor
of conviction.” The military judge advised the parties he intended to conduct a
limited inquiry with MSgt GO before further discussing with counsel how to
resolve the matter. After informing MSgt GO of the general prohibition on dis-
closing court member deliberations, the military judge conducted the following
colloquy with MSgt GO:
       Military Judge [MJ]: First, as I understand it, last night you
       made a statement to the bailiff, something to the effect of there
       was something from another member that should have been dis-
       closed that was not that swung the vote in favor of conviction. Is




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          United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


that an accurate summary of what you said? If the answer is no,
go ahead and say no.
MSgt GO: No.
MJ: When you spoke to the bailiff, did you identify any other
member by name?
MSgt GO: No.
MJ: Did you identify any specific piece of information?
MSgt GO: No.
MJ: Did you tell the bailiff that there was a piece of information
on the part of another member that should have been disclosed?
MSgt GO: Yes.
MJ: And did you say that had an impact on the vote?
MSgt GO: No.
...
MJ: So what was the second half of that statement?
MSgt GO: That one of the members experienced an event that I
do not believe was disclosed.
MJ: Okay. Then the second half was -- did you say that it had
some sort of impact to the bailiff?
MSgt GO: Not on the vote, sir. On whether or not the member
should have been there.
MJ: Let me -- I’m going to summarize, so let me make sure I
understand what I think you have said; that there was some-
thing in a member’s past that was not disclosed and that had
some sort of impact on a discussion as to whether the member
should have been there. Is that what you just said?
MSgt GO: I’m not sure that the member --
MJ: I know you’re not sure as to what was or was not disclosed
during portions of the selection process. I understand. I’m just
trying to get at what you told the bailiff.
MSgt GO: Yes, sir.
MJ: Did I summarize that accurately?
MSgt GO: I believe so, sir.




                                7
                  United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


       MJ: Okay. My next question to you is, do you feel that whatever
       you are talking about would constitute unlawful command influ-
       ence -- was this something about something that a superior or --
       MSgt GO: No, sir.
       MJ: -- convening authority or somebody had brought to bear on
       somebody that was brought to the attention of the panel?
       MSgt GO: No, sir.
       MJ: So this is -- what you are talking about is something that
       occurred during the member selection process, the voir dire pro-
       cess where I asked questions and both counsel asked questions?
       MSgt GO: Yes, sir.
       MJ: You may be excused at this point, [MSgt GO].
    After a short recess, the Defense moved for a mistrial as to the finding of
guilty, citing Military Rule of Evidence (Mil. R. Evid.) 915. The Government
opposed the motion, citing the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Warger v. Shauers, 

(2014). In an oral ruling, the military judge
denied the motion. He noted MSgt GO was “not in a position to make a deter-
mination that a member should or should not sit on the court-martial,” and he
stated that Mil. R. Evid. 606(b)’s general prohibition against inquiring into
court-martial deliberations prevented delving further into discussions among
the panel to ascertain whether a declaration of mistrial was manifestly neces-
sary.
    The Defense then sought to reopen voir dire based on MSgt GO’s disclosure,
not to impeach the verdict but to potentially exclude for cause one or more court
members from the sentencing proceedings. The Government again opposed.
The military judge denied the request, finding MSgt GO’s disclosure was an
improper disclosure of court member deliberations, and therefore could not
serve as a basis to reopen voir dire. After the military judge denied a further
Defense request to reconsider his denial of the request for a mistrial, the court-
martial proceeded to the sentencing phase.
    On appeal, Appellant contends the military judge erroneously determined
MSgt GO’s disclosure could not, under Mil. R. Evid. 606(b), be considered, with-
out adequately exploring whether the situation fit an exception under Mil. R.
Evid. 606(b)(2) to the general rule of non-disclosure. Accordingly, Appellant
requests this court remand the case for a post-trial evidentiary hearing to de-
termine if one of the exceptions is implicated, and if so, whether the panel was
impartial, whether there was court member misconduct, and whether a rehear-
ing is warranted. We are not persuaded.



                                        8
                  United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


   2. Law
    “[I]n the context of inquiring into members’ conduct during the proceedings
or deliberations, a military judge’s decision is reviewed for an abuse of discre-
tion.” United States v. Lambert, 

, 296 (C.A.A.F. 2001). “In making
the determination whether to investigate [alleged court member misconduct]
and what kind of investigation to make, as well as whether and to what extent
the conduct was prejudicial, the trial court has wide discretion.” 

(ci-
tations omitted). “A military judge abuses his discretion if his findings of fact
are clearly erroneous or his conclusions of law are incorrect.” United States v.
Erickson, 

, 234 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (quoting United States v. Olson, 

, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2015)) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation
omitted).
    A court member’s failure to disclose information in voir dire entitles an ap-
pellant to a new trial when the appellant demonstrates both (1) the member
failed to answer honestly a material question on voir dire, and (2) a correct
response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause. United
States v. Mack, 

, 55 (C.M.A. 1994).
   Mil. R. Evid. 606(b)(1) provides:
       Prohibited Testimony or Other Evidence. During an inquiry into
       the validity of a finding or sentence, a member of a court-martial
       may not testify about any statement made or incident that oc-
       curred during the deliberations of that court-martial; the effect
       of anything on that member’s or another member’s mental pro-
       cesses concerning the finding or sentence; or any member’s men-
       tal processes. . . .
Exceptions permit court members to testify as to whether “extraneous prejudi-
cial information was improperly brought to the members’ attention,” “unlawful
command influence or any other outside influence was brought to bear on any
member,” or “a mistake was made in entering the finding or sentence on the
finding or sentence form.” Mil. R. Evid. 606(b)(2). Similarly, Rule for Courts-
Martial (R.C.M.) 923 provides “[f]indings which are proper on their face may
be impeached only when extraneous prejudicial information was improperly
brought to the attention of a member, outside influence was improperly
brought to bear upon any member, or unlawful command influence was
brought to bear upon any member.”
    Interpreting Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b), the civilian counterpart to
Mil. R. Evid. 606(b), in Warger the Court found the prohibition on juror testi-
mony regarding statements made during jury deliberations applies “during a
proceeding in which a party seeks to secure a new trial on the ground that a
juror lied during voir 

.


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                  United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


   3. Analysis
    MSgt GO’s disclosure regarding another member’s statements during de-
liberations clearly implicated Mil. R. Evid. 606(b). The military judge’s care-
fully limited inquiry indicated the statement by the unnamed member did not
involve unlawful command influence, other outside influence, or extraneous
prejudicial information regarding the case, but rather an “event” the member
“experienced” that MSgt GO believed should have been disclosed in voir dire.
Such personal experiences are not “extraneous prejudicial information” for
purposes of the rule. As the Court explained,
       Generally speaking, information is deemed ‘extraneous’ if it de-
       rives from a source ‘external’ to the jury. ‘External’ matters in-
       clude publicity and information related specifically to the case
       the jurors are meant to decide, while ‘internal’ matters include
       the general body of experiences that jurors are understood to
       bring with them to the jury room.

(citations omitted). In some cases a court member’s
failure to disclose information in voir dire may be grounds for a new trial. See

. However, as illuminated by Warger, Mil. R. Evid. 606(b)
and R.C.M. 923 clearly establish that court member testimony regarding court-
martial deliberations cannot be the means by which such nondisclosure is
proven, unless one of the exceptions is also met.
    We note that after Appellant’s trial, the Court established an additional,
constitutional exception to the general rule of nondisclosure. In Pena-Rodri-
guez v. Colorado, 

, 869 (2017), the Court held that “where a juror
makes a clear statement that indicates he or she relied on racial stereotypes
or animus to convict a criminal defendant, the Sixth Amendment requires that
the no-impeachment rule give way in order to permit the trial court to consider
the evidence of the juror’s statement and any resulting denial of the jury trial
guarantee.” We perceive no reason why this concern would not apply equally
to trial by court-martial. However, in this case, there is no trace of “racial ste-
reotypes or animus,” much less a “clear statement.” Therefore we find no abuse
of discretion in light of Pena-Rodriguez, although military judges should be
cognizant of this new constitutional exception to Mil. R. Evid. 606(b).
    In summary, in this case, the military judge’s limited inquiry revealed no
indication of an exception to Mil. R. Evid. 606(b), and he did not abuse his “wide
discretion” by declining to delve further into the court’s deliberations. 

.
B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
  We review issues of factual and legal sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 

, 399

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                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


(C.A.A.F. 2002). Our assessment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to
the evidence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 

, 272 (C.M.A.
1993).
    The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 

(C.M.A. 1987); see also United States v. Hum-
pherys, 

, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002). The “reasonable doubt” standard does
not require that the evidence be free from conflict. United States v. Lips, 

, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986). “[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency,
we are bound to draw every reasonable inference from the evidence of record
in favor of the prosecution.” United States v. Barner, 

, 134 (C.A.A.F.
2001).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” 

; see also United States v. Reed, 

, 41
(C.A.A.F. 2000). In conducting this unique appellate role, we take “a fresh, im-
partial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor
a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determination as to
whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a rea-
sonable doubt.” 

.
    As the military judge instructed the court members, Appellant’s conviction
for abusive sexual contact required the Government to prove the following el-
ements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) at or near Kadena AB, Japan, on or
about 13 December 2012, Appellant committed sexual contact upon SSgt AO
by touching her buttocks and breasts; (2) Appellant did so by causing bodily
harm to SSgt AO by touching her buttocks and breasts; and (3) Appellant did
so without SSgt AO’s consent. See 10 U.S.C. § 920(d); Department of the Army
Pamphlet 27–9, Military Judges’ Benchbook [Benchbook], ¶ 3–45–6 (10 Sep.
2014). “Sexual contact” includes touching the breast or buttocks with an intent
to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Benchbook, ¶ 3–45–6.d.
The military judge further advised the members that Appellant was not guilty
of the offense if at the time he “held, as a result of ignorance or mistake, an
incorrect belief that [SSgt AO] consented to the sexual conduct as alleged. The
ignorance or mistake must have existed in the mind of [Appellant] and must
have been reasonable under all the circumstances.’” Furthermore, “[t]he pros-
ecution has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that [Appellant]
did not reasonably believe that [SSgt AO] consented to the sexual conduct.” See
Benchbook, ¶ 3–45–6, Note 7.1.



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                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


    SSgt AO provided testimony establishing each of the required elements.
She testified that she repeatedly told Appellant “no” and invoked the names of
Appellant’s girlfriend and her boyfriend. She squeezed Appellant’s penis to
force him to let go of her. She locked her legs together in an attempt to prevent
him from penetrating her vagina with his penis. After all of this occurred, Ap-
pellant grabbed SSgt AO’s breasts and buttocks as he masturbated over her,
without her active participation, until he ejaculated on her stomach.
    Additional evidence reinforced SSgt AO’s testimony regarding the offense.
SSgt JS, SSgt AO’s mother KK, MSgt WL, and SSgt MM all confirmed SSgt
AO reported the incident to them shortly after it occurred. SSgt JS testified
that as they spoke over Skype, SSgt AO displayed both the note Appellant left
in her room and a bruise or mark Appellant left on her arm. SSgt AO ceased
communication with Appellant, her heretofore close friend. Captain EM, the
Kadena AB SARC in December 2012, confirmed she did recall meeting with
SSgt AO. In addition, Appellant’s response to SSgt AO’s lengthy and accu-
satory text message in May 2013 stated he was “terribly sorry” and had “no
excuse,” and did not challenge her assertions that his actions were “unwanted”
and “degrad[ing]” to SSgt AO, nor the implication that he rather than she was
solely responsible for the incident.
    Appellant’s own testimony supported SSgt AO’s account in several re-
spects. His description of his friendship with SSgt AO and the events leading
up to the charged sexual assaults is largely consistent with SSgt AO’s testi-
mony. With respect to the charged offenses, Appellant agreed that SSgt AO
refused his requests for sexual intercourse; that he “groped” her by grabbing
her breasts, but she did not “grope” him; that she brought up the name of SSgt
JS, her then-boyfriend; that he straddled her, masturbated, and ejaculated on
her stomach; that he brought a rag or towel from the bathroom; that she was
“very upset” immediately after the incident and fled to the bathroom; and that
he left the note she described finding, and then he left her room without at-
tempting to speak with her.
    Appellant emphasizes the testimony of several Defense witnesses regard-
ing Appellant’s character for truthfulness and/or to SSgt AO’s character and/or
reputation for untruthfulness. However, none of these witnesses were present
in SSgt AO’s billeting room when the assault occurred, and Appellant’s own
bias as a witness in this case is plain. Assuming arguendo there was no actual
consent, Appellant also points to the “sexual undertones” of his previous inter-
actions with SSgt AO and to her actions on the day of the offense as indicating
a reasonable if mistaken belief on his part that she consented to his touching,
evidence he contends the Government cannot rebut beyond a reasonable doubt.
Appellant made similar arguments at trial, and we do not find they substan-



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                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


tially undermine the evidence supporting his conviction. Drawing “every rea-
sonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution,” the
evidence is legally sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction beyond a reason-
able doubt. 

. Moreover, having weighed the evidence in
the record of trial and having made allowances for not having personally ob-
served the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. See 

. Appellant’s conviction is therefore both le-
gally and factually sufficient.
C. Mil. R. Evid. 413
   1. Additional Background
  Without objection from the Defense, the military judge instructed the court
members, inter alia, as follows with respect to their findings:
       Each offense must stand on its own and you must keep the evi-
       dence of each offense separate. Stated differently, if you find or
       believe that the accused is guilty of one offense, you may not use
       that finding or belief as a basis for inferring, assuming or prov-
       ing that he committed any other offense.
       ...
       The burden is on the prosecution to prove each and every ele-
       ment of each offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Proof of one of-
       fense carries with it no inference that the accused is guilty of any
       other offense.
       ...
       Evidence that the accused committed the Rape alleged in Speci-
       fications 1 [digital penetration of the vagina] and 2 [penile pen-
       etration of the vagina], and the Abusive Sexual Contact in Spec-
       ification 4 [forcing SSgt AO’s hand onto Appellant’s penis] of the
       Charge may have no bearing on your deliberations in relation to
       Specification 3 [abusive sexual contact by grabbing the breasts
       and buttocks] of the Charge unless you first determine by a pre-
       ponderance of the evidence, that is more likely than not, the of-
       fense alleged in Specifications 1, 2 or 4 of the Charge occurred.
       If you determine by a preponderance of the evidence the offense
       alleged Specifications 1, 2 or 4 of the Charge occurred, even if
       you are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the ac-
       cused is guilty of those offenses, you may nonetheless then con-
       sider the evidence of those offenses for their bearing on any mat-
       ter to which it is relevant in relation to Specification 3 of the
       Charge. You may also consider the evidence of such other sexual


                                       13
                   United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


        offenses for their tendency, if any, to show the accused’s propen-
        sity or predisposition to engage in a sexual offense. 4
        ...
        You may not, however, convict the accused solely because you
        believe he committed this offense or solely because you believe
        the accused has a propensity or predisposition to engage in sex-
        ual assault. In other words, you cannot use this evidence to over-
        come a failure of proof in the government’s case, if you perceive
        any to exist. The accused may be convicted of an alleged offense
        only if the prosecution has proven each element beyond a rea-
        sonable doubt.
        Each offense must stand on its own and proof of one offense car-
        ries no inference that the accused is guilty of any other offense.
        In other words, proof of one sexual offense creates no inference
        that the accused is guilty of any other sexual offense. However,
        it may demonstrate that the accused has a propensity to commit
        that type of offense. The prosecution’s burden of proof to estab-
        lish the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt remains as to
        each and every element of each offense charged. Proof of one
        charged offense carries with it no inference that the accused is
        guilty of any other charged offense.
   In his closing argument on findings, the senior trial counsel did not refer to
the preponderance or propensity instructions above, nor did he suggest the
court members should conclude from a preponderance of the evidence of the
four charged offenses that Appellant had a propensity to commit sexual as-
saults.
    2. Law
   The meaning and scope of Mil. R. Evid. 413 is a question of law that is
reviewed de novo. 

. Instructional errors are also reviewed
de novo. 

    Mil. R. Evid. 413(a) provides that in a court-martial where the accused is
charged with a sexual offense, evidence that the accused committed other sex-
ual offenses may be admitted and considered on “any matter to which it is rel-
evant.” This includes using evidence of sexual assaults to prove the accused




4The military judge’s instructions also included equivalent paragraphs not reproduced
here with respect to considering evidence of the other charged specifications in relation
to Specifications 1, 2, and 4.


                                           14
                 United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


has a propensity to commit sexual assault. United States v. James, 

, 220 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
     However, in Hills, the CAAF held that evidence of the accused’s commis-
sion a sexual assault may not be used in this way if that alleged sexual assault
is charged in the same court-martial and the accused has pleaded not guilty to

. The CAAF further held that the instructions accompanying
the admission of evidence of charged offenses for Mil. R. Evid. 413 purposes
implicate fundamental constitutional due process concerns by undermining an
accused’s presumption of innocence and the Government’s requirement to
prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Because “constitutional di-
mensions are in play,” prejudice for such an error must be tested for harmless-
ness beyond a reasonable doubt. 

words, the Government must
demonstrate there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the
conviction. 

v. Hukill, 

(C.A.A.F. 2017), the CAAF clarified
that Hills is not to be interpreted narrowly. The court stated:
       [T]he use of evidence of charged conduct as M.R.E. 413 propen-
       sity evidence for other charged conduct in the same case is error,
       regardless of the forum, the number of victims, or whether the
       events are connected. Whether considered by members or a mil-
       itary judge, evidence of a charged and contested offense, of which
       an accused is presumed innocent, cannot be used as propensity
       evidence in support of a companion charged offense.

The court reiterated that, where such error exists, the Government
must “prove there was no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to
[the] verdict.” 

    We agree with Appellant that, in light of Hills and Hukill, the military
judge erred in instructing the court members that evidence of the sexual as-
saults charged in the same case, to which Appellant had pleaded not guilty,
could, under a preponderance of the evidence standard, be used to find Appel-
lant had a predisposition or propensity to commit sexual assault and, if rele-
vant, thereby contribute to a finding of guilty. Although the military judge’s
ruling, as well as the Government’s request for the instruction and the De-
fense’s failure to object, are understandable in light of commonly-held under-
standings of Mil. R. Evid. 413 prior to the CAAF’s decision in Hills, we must
“apply the clear law at the time of appeal, not the time of trial.” United States
v. Mullins, 

, 116 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omitted).




                                       15
                  United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


    Nevertheless, the Government contends that any error in Appellant’s case
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Under the particular circumstances
of this case, we agree.
    In this case, all of the charged offenses arose from a single incident involv-
ing Appellant and a single victim, SSgt AO. Each of the specifications was
based on SSgt AO’s account of Appellant’s actions between the time he awoke
her on the bed in her room at Kadena AB and the time a few minutes later
when she told him to leave and locked herself in the bathroom. The acts she
described were discrete alleged offenses, but were all part of the same sexual
encounter. Such a situation is less suggestive of a predisposition or propensity
to commit sexual assault than a case involving multiple alleged victims or mul-
tiple incidents over a period of time. In this regard, it is telling that senior trial
counsel’s argument to the members on findings made no reference to the mili-
tary judge’s Mil. R. Evid. 413 instructions, nor did he argue Appellant had a
propensity or predisposition. It is also significant this case did not involve evi-
dence of uncharged, “proper” Mil. R. Evid. 413 evidence that would suggest a
predisposition or propensity on Appellant’s part. Simply put, notwithstanding
the military judge’s erroneous instruction, this was a case about a single inci-
dent, not about a propensity on Appellant’s part to commit sexual offenses.
    Although it is impossible to know the court members’ exact reasoning, the
findings in this case also suggest they carefully focused on, as the military
judge instructed them, the “prosecution’s burden of proof to establish the ac-
cused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt . . . as to each and every element of
each offense charged,” rather than on any sense that Appellant was more likely
to be guilty because of a propensity to commit such offenses. The members ac-
quitted Appellant of three of the four specifications, including all of the acts
Appellant specifically denied had occurred at all—the penetration of SSgt AO’s
vagina by Appellant’s fingers and penis, and the placing of her hand on his
penis. They convicted Appellant of the act that his own testimony partially
confirmed—the touching of her breasts and buttocks. Significantly, according
to SSgt AO’s testimony, this touching was the last in time of the four alleged
offenses, and it occurred in conjunction with Appellant’s decision, after SSgt
AO’s repeated refusals to engage in sexual intercourse, to complete his own
sexual gratification on top of her.
    Under the particular circumstances of this case, we are satisfied beyond a
reasonable doubt that the military judge’s erroneous Mil. R. Evid. 413 instruc-
tions did not contribute to the verdict.




                                         16
                   United States v. Robertson, No. ACM 39061


                                 III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. 5 Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.



                  FOR THE COURT



                  KATHLEEN M. POTTER
                  Acting Clerk of the Court




5 We note an error in the promulgating order with respect to the language of Specifi-
cation 4 of the Charge, where Appellant’s name is misspelled. We direct the publication
of a corrected court-martial order to remedy this error.


                                          17