U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                              No. ACM S32365
                          ________________________

                             UNITED STATES
                                 Appellee
                                      v.
                       Michael D. MORGAN, Jr.
                   Airman (E-2), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________

           Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                            Decided 13 April 2017
                          ________________________

Military Judge: Andrew Kalavanos.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 3 months, and re-
duction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 23 September 2015 by SpCM convened at
Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakenhurst, New Jersey.
For Appellant: Major Johnathan D. Legg, USAF.
For Appellee: Major J. Ronald Steelman III, USAF; Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before MAYBERRY, JOHNSON, and KIEFER, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge KIEFER delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge MAY-
BERRY and Senior Judge JOHNSON joined.
                          ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                          ________________________

KIEFER, Judge:
   Appellant was tried at a special court-martial by a military judge sitting
alone of one specification of assault and five specifications of assault consum-
mated by a battery against two different female Airmen in violation of Article
128, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 928. The military
                  United States v. Morgan, No. ACM S32365


judge convicted Appellant contrary to his pleas of all five specifications of as-
sault consummated by a battery and found Appellant not guilty of the simple
assault. Appellant was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for
three months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority ap-
proved the sentence as adjudged.
    Appellant raises a single assignment of error: whether the court-martial
lacked jurisdiction over the accused. Appellant argues that he was discharged
from the Air Force prior to trial, and therefore, the court lacked personal juris-
diction over him. We disagree and affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND
    On 19 June 2014, Appellant was selected for discharge through a quality
force review board (QFRB) conducted by the Air Force Personnel Center
(AFPC). Pursuant to this program, Appellant received a separation date of 29
September 2014. In early September, the military personnel flight prepared a
DD Form 214 which reflected a 29 September 2014 discharge date. Appellant
alleges that he was able to obtain a copy of this DD Form 214 on 9 September
through an electronic personnel database. The form Appellant downloaded
showed a 29 September 2014 discharge date.
    On 11 September 2014, the 87th Air Base Wing legal office sent a letter to
the military personnel flight requesting that Appellant be placed on adminis-
trative hold pending a court-martial. On 24 September 2014, the staff judge
advocate sent a letter to the AFPC requesting that Appellant be extended on
active duty for a period of six months past his projected 29 September 2014
date of separation “in anticipation of preferring charges in a court-martial ac-
tion.” In response, on 26 September 2014, three days before the effective date
of Appellant’s separation, his discharge order was “totally revoked” by a Re-
quest and Authorization for Change of Administrative Order.
    At trial, Appellant submitted various pay records in support of his motion
to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, but there was no testimony explain-
ing or interpreting this information. Additionally, there was no evidence that
Appellant ever completed final out-processing from the base.

                                II. DISCUSSION
    “When an accused contests personal jurisdiction on appeal, we review that
question of law de novo, accepting the military judge’s findings of historical
facts unless they are clearly erroneous or unsupported in the record.” United
States v. Hart, 

, 276 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (quoting United States v.
Melanson, 

, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).



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                      United States v. Morgan, No. ACM S32365


    A court-martial does not have jurisdiction over persons lawfully discharged
from the armed forces. * Smith v. Vanderbush, 

, 59 (C.A.A.F. 1997).
Servicemembers, however, “do not have an unconditional right to be dis-
charged.” 

“The authority to retain servicemembers past their period
of obligated service for purposes of trial by court-martial is a longstanding fea-
ture of military law.” 

    Even when a servicemember has been approved for separation, unit com-
manders must “report serious misconduct . . . to the separation authority at
once,” and the “separation authority may withhold execution of a separation
and, upon review of additional evidence, may withdraw approval of a voluntary
or involuntary separation.” Air Force Instruction (AFI) 36-3208, Administra-
tive Separation of Airmen, ¶ 1.14 (2 July 2013).
      A servicemember will be considered to have been lawfully discharged if:
          (1) the member received a valid discharge certificate or a certif-
          icate of release from active duty, such as a Department of De-
          fense Form (DD Form) 214; (2) the member’s ‘final pay’ or ‘a sub-
          stantial part of that pay’ is ‘ready for delivery’ to the member;
          and (3) the member has completed the administrative clearance
          process required by the Secretary of the service of which he or
          she is a member.

.
    “Delivery” of a valid discharge certificate requires both a physical delivery
as well as an intent to discharge. United States v. Harmon, 

, 102
(C.A.A.F. 2006); United States v. King, 

, 329 (C.A.A.F. 1989). Unless
otherwise specified, a discharge takes effect at 2400 on the date of separation
reflected on the DD Form 214. AFI 36-3208, ¶ 1.11.4; see also United States v.
Batchelder, 

(C.A.A.F. 1994).
    In this case, the military judge found that Appellant entered active duty on
10 May 2011. In May 2014, Appellant met a QFRB, which determined he would
be discharged prior to the end of his term of service effective 29 September
2014. On 9 September 2014, a DD Form 214 was signed by an authorizing
official establishing Appellant’s separation date as 29 September 2014.
    The military judge further found that on 11 September 2014, the base legal
office sent a memorandum to the military personnel flight requesting Appel-
lant be placed on administrative hold pending court-martial. On 24 September
2014, the legal office sent a memorandum to the AFPC requesting Appellant
be placed on administrative hold for six months past his approved separation


*   This general rule has certain limited exceptions, but none are applicable to this case.


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                  United States v. Morgan, No. ACM S32365


date pending referral of court-martial charges. On 26 September 2014, Appel-
lant’s separation order was revoked through a Request and Authorization for
Change of Administrative Orders.
   Finally, the military judge determined that in April 2015, the legal office
made another request to the AFPC that Appellant be placed on an additional
indefinite hold in anticipation of referring court-martial charges. The military
judge also noted that Appellant never objected to continued retention on active
duty until filing his motion for lack of personal jurisdiction at trial. Upon re-
view of the entire record, we find the military judge’s findings of fact are sup-
ported by the evidence and are not clearly erroneous.
    The military judge concluded there was no discharge because there was no
“delivery” of a valid DD Form 214 on or after 29 September 2014, the effective
date of Appellant’s projected separation. We further find that Appellant’s sep-
aration was revoked by competent authority prior to the effective date. Addi-
tionally, we find the record does not support that Appellant received a final
accounting of pay or that he completed the required out-processing.
    Appellant cites our opinion in United States v. Russell, Misc. Dkt. No 2014-
11, 2015 CCA LEXIS 80 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 

) (unpub. op.), in
support of his argument that he was discharged on 9 September 2014 when he
claims he had access to a copy of the DD Form 214 in an electronic database.
Russell, however, involved a completely different set of facts. In that case, the
appellant had received a final accounting of pay, completed a final out-pro-
cessing, and received a DD Form 214 on or after the effective date of his sepa-
ration. 

in that case was the process used to return the appellant
to active duty.
    The record here does not support a valid discharge on 9 September or any
other date. Instead, the record clearly indicates the separation was revoked
prior to its effective date, there was no final accounting of pay, and Appellant
did not complete the required out-processing.
    We further find that the legal office took proper steps to continue Appel-
lant’s administrative hold in April 2015. Appellant alleges that the original six-
month hold took effect in late September 2014, and it had ended by late March
2015. He thus argues he should have been discharged upon expiration of the
first six-month hold. While the preferred procedure is to act within the first
hold period to ensure there are no lapses between administrative holds, as pre-
viously noted, members “do not have an unconditional right to be discharged.”

. In this case, none of the factors establishing a valid
discharge occurred in March or April 2015.
    Despite being able to access a DD Form 214 in an electronic database prior
to formal delivery and the effective date of the separation, Appellant was never


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                 United States v. Morgan, No. ACM S32365


discharged from the Air Force. Accordingly, the court-martial had personal ju-
risdiction over Appellant at the time of trial.

                              III. CONCLUSION
    The findings and the sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error ma-
terially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Articles
59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the findings
and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 KURT J. BRUBAKER
                 Clerk of the Court




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