U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                               No. ACM 39640
                          ________________________

                            UNITED STATES
                                Appellee
                                      v.
                      Anthony W. HARRIS, Jr.
              Master Sergeant (E-7), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________

           Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 2 September 2020
                          ________________________

Military Judge: Andrew R. Norton (arraignment); Joseph S. Imburgia.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 7 years, forfeiture
of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 19 October
2018 by GCM convened at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea.
For Appellant: Major Mark J. Schwartz, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel
Brian C. Mason, USAF; Captain Kelsey B. Shust, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne,
Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Chief Judge J. JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior
Judge POSCH and Judge KEY joined.
                          ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                          ________________________

J. JOHNSON, Chief Judge:
   A general court-martial composed of officer members convicted Appellant,
contrary to his pleas, of one specification of sexual assault by causing bodily
                     United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


harm and one specification of abusive sexual contact, both in violation of Arti-
cle 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920. 1,2 The court
members sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for
seven years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of
E-1. The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises four issues on appeal: (1) whether the evidence is legally
and factually sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction for sexual assault
against Senior Airman (SrA) LS; (2) whether the evidence is legally and factu-
ally sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction for abusive sexual contact 3
against Airman First Class (A1C) DG; (3) whether the military judge erred by
failing to instruct the court members that SrA LS was capable of consenting to
the alleged sexual act; and (4) whether the convening authority was constitu-
tionally required to direct a post-trial session or a new trial in light of SrA LS’s
testimony having materially changed months after Appellant was convicted. 4
In addition, we consider whether Appellant is entitled to relief for facially un-
reasonable appellate delay. We find no error materially prejudicial to Appel-
lant’s substantial rights, and we affirm the findings and sentence.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
    In the summer of 2017, Appellant was stationed at Osan Air Base (AB),
Republic of Korea, where he lived in a dormitory designated for senior noncom-
missioned officers. Appellant often visited a nearby outdoor designated smok-
ing area known as the “smoke pit,” where he would socialize with other Airmen
from various dormitories.




1 All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Rules
for Courts-Martial, and Military Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for Courts-Mar-
tial, United States (2016 ed.).
2The court members found Appellant not guilty of one specification of abusive sexual
contact in violation of Article 120, UCMJ.
3 Both Appellant’s brief and the Government’s answer refer to “Appellant’s conviction
for sexually assaulting A1C DG” (emphasis added). However, Appellant was not con-
victed for the offense of sexual assault against A1C DG; he was convicted for the offense
of abusive sexual contact by “touch[ing] directly the genitalia of [A1C DG] when [Ap-
pellant] knew that [A1C DG] was asleep, with an intent to gratify his sexual desire.”
Accordingly, we have analyzed Appellant’s appeal as a challenge to the legal and fac-
tual sufficiency of his conviction for abusive sexual contact against A1C DG.
4Appellant personally raises issue (4) and some aspects of issue (1) pursuant to United
States v. Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982).


                                           2
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


A. A1C DG
   A1C DG was also stationed at Osan AB in the summer of 2017 and lived in
a dormitory for junior Airmen. A1C DG first met Appellant at an off-base bar,
where he had a casual conversation with Appellant and some “lady friends”
who were with Appellant that evening.
    A1C DG encountered Appellant again on the evening of 2 August 2017 at
the smoke pit. Appellant and A1C DG conversed casually for a while before
A1C DG asked Appellant if he could invite one of Appellant’s “lady friends”
that A1C DG had met before to join them at the smoke pit. The particular
friend A1C DG had in mind did not respond to Appellant’s texts, but another
female friend of Appellant’s, Technical Sergeant (TSgt) VC, did join them.
Three male individuals later joined the group and brought beer with them, at
which point A1C DG began consuming alcohol.
    Eventually Appellant invited the group to his dormitory room to listen to
music and drink soju, a Korean alcohol. In Appellant’s room, A1C DG initially
spent most of his time talking to TSgt VC, engaging in what he later charac-
terized as “light flirting.” A1C DG also began drinking soju provided to him by
Appellant. After some period of time, the group returned to the smoke pit with
the exception of TSgt VC, who lay down on Appellant’s sofa to rest. After more
drinking and socializing, Appellant, A1C DG, and one other male individual
Appellant did not know, SrA MW, returned to Appellant’s quarters, where
TSgt VC still was.
   A1C DG later testified that he remembered greeting TSgt VC when he re-
entered Appellant’s quarters, Appellant and SrA MW walked around A1C DG
and into Appellant’s bedroom and closed the door, and then there was a gap in
A1C DG’s memory. A1C DG’s next memory is of being “awoken” when SrA MW
rapidly exited the bedroom and Appellant’s quarters, “walk[ing] out very fast.”
A1C DG then looked over at TSgt VC, lay his head back down, and experienced
another gap in his memory. A1C DG’s next memory was of being in an elevator
with TSgt VC, who “looked very disgruntled and upset.” A1C DG’s next
memory after that was waking up on the morning of 3 August 2017 in his dor-
mitory room when TSgt VC and TSgt DM, a male friend of both Appellant and
TSgt VC and an acting first sergeant at the time, knocked at his door.
    TSgt VC testified at Appellant’s court-martial and filled in many of the
gaps in A1C DG’s testimony. TSgt VC had been sleeping but awoke when Ap-
pellant, A1C DG, and SrA MW returned to the dormitory room. TSgt VC did
not see SrA MW go into Appellant’s bedroom, but she did see him run out of




                                      3
                    United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


the quarters after a short period of time. 5 A1C DG told TSgt VC he did not feel
well and he could not remember where he lived, so TSgt VC had him sleep on
the sofa while she would sleep in a recliner. A1C DG was fully clothed at that
point, with a small blanket over him.
    TSgt VC then fell asleep but was awakened by a noise. She saw Appellant
standing and holding A1C DG up from behind, and “pulling” A1C DG towards
Appellant’s bedroom. A1C DG was not moving or making any sound. Appellant
had evidently bumped into a table, which made the noise that awoke TSgt VC.
TSgt VC asked Appellant if everything was “okay,” and Appellant responded
that A1C DG was “fine” and Appellant was just putting him to bed. Appellant
then dragged A1C DG to his bedroom and placed him on Appellant’s bed. While
Appellant was in his bathroom, TSgt VC went to Appellant’s bedroom to look
at A1C DG. TSgt VC saw that the blanket had shifted, A1C DG’s pants were
pulled down, and his genitals were exposed. According to TSgt VC, at that
point she “yelled a little” which seemed to “startle” A1C DG, she put on her
shoes and jacket, and she shook A1C DG and told him it was time to go. TSgt
VC did not recall speaking with Appellant before she departed with A1C DG.
TSgt VC then followed A1C DG as he walked to his dormitory room and helped
him inside, where A1C DG lay on his bed.
    Over the course of the morning of 3 August 2017, TSgt VC had the following
text message exchange with Appellant:
       [Appellant:] I’m so sorry V….Idk what came over me [sad face
       emoji]
       [TSgt VC:] Anthony he is drunk
       [TSgt VC:] He doesn’t even know what you did
       [TSgt VC:] I just can’t
       [TSgt VC:] I mean Anthony he is black out drunk…..I just can’t
       deal with this
       [Appellant:] I don’t f**king know V
       [Appellant:] I don’t know



5 SrA MW also testified at Appellant’s trial. SrA MW’s account was generally con-
sistent with the testimony of A1C DG and TSgt VC. In addition, he testified that when
the group was at the smoke pit for the second time, Appellant texted him to say that
SrA MW was “cute” and should “come up privately” to Appellant’s quarters. SrA MW
testified that he went into Appellant’s room, where Appellant invited SrA MW to get
into the bed with him and “nothing had to happen.” When SrA MW “kept telling [Ap-
pellant] no,” Appellant eventually “basically kicked [SrA MW] out of his room.”


                                         4
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


       [Appellant:] Wtf
       [Appellant:] Idk
       [TSgt VC:] What was done to him while I was sleep?
       [Appellant:] Nothing. Just picked him up
       [TSgt VC:] Why were his pants down?
       [Appellant:] V, at this point, Idk. When you said wtf Anthony, i
       asked myself the same. I just kinda threw him on my bed, sat
       for a second thinking wtf, and walked out of my room. I wasn’t
       in my room long enough to do s**t. Idk boo. I apologize for eve-
       rything. I know you probably won’t forgive me….Idk wtf came
       over me
       [Appellant:] [large sad face emoji]
       [Appellant:] Can I come back over? Or we talk outside?
       [TSgt VC:] I don’t think either is good
    After TSgt VC and TSgt DM arrived at A1C DG’s room that morning, they
explained that they suspected A1C DG had been a victim of sexual assault.
A1C DG initially did not understand that Appellant was the object of their
suspicions, until TSgt VC invited A1C DG to have lunch with her at an on-base
restaurant and there described in more detail what she had seen the previous
night. At some point TSgt DM joined them, and then they noticed Appellant
entered the same restaurant. A1C DG confronted Appellant at the restaurant
and demanded to know what Appellant had done and why; Appellant re-
sponded only that he did not know what he was doing. TSgt DM drew Appel-
lant away from A1C DG to another table. TSgt DM told Appellant “the situa-
tion is not going to go away,” to which Appellant responded, “[I]f I have to face
the music, I’ll face the music.”
   A1C DG reported the incident and underwent a sexual assault forensic
exam. Testing disclosed the presence of Appellant’s DNA on swabs taken from
A1C DG’s penis and rectal area. At trial, MT, the forensic biologist who per-
formed the DNA testing, testified as an expert witness and explained that on
the swab taken from A1C DG’s penis, 93 percent of the DNA present was from
Appellant’s epithelial (skin) cells and only seven percent was from A1C DG.
MT opined the presence of so much of Appellant’s DNA was more likely due to
a “wet direct transfer” rather than a simple dry touch or an indirect transfer
from another object with Appellant’s DNA on it.
   Agents of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) inter-
viewed Appellant regarding this incident. Appellant acknowledged that “for
whatever reason” he picked A1C DG up from the couch where he was sleeping.


                                       5
                      United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


Appellant acknowledged he had had no discussion with A1C DG about any
“romantic interest.” He denied having a romantic interest in A1C DG, although
he acknowledged A1C DG was “decent looking.” He told the agents he did not
know why he picked up A1C DG, which he described as “the million-dollar
question” and “the most stupidest thing [he had] ever done.” Appellant specu-
lated that he picked up A1C DG for “comfort . . . almost like a cuddle buddy
maybe.” He denied knowing A1C DG’s pants were down, although he “be-
lieve[d]” TSgt VC when she said that they were.
B. SrA LS
    In the course of AFOSI’s investigation of A1C DG’s report, an agent inter-
viewed SrA LS, another Airman stationed at Osan AB who frequented the
smoke pit and was an acquaintance of Appellant. SrA LS did not initially pro-
vide the agent any information related to Appellant. However, SrA LS later
testified that after the interview, he realized that the case the agent had de-
scribed “had a lot of similarities” to an experience SrA LS had with Appellant,
and he called the agent back the same day.
    SrA LS initially became acquainted with Appellant when he would “see him
once in a while at the smoke pit.” One evening in June or July 2017, Appellant
invited SrA LS to join him and a group of Appellant’s friends who were drink-
ing alcohol and socializing at the smoke pit. SrA LS had already consumed a
significant amount of alcohol that evening, including two shots of tequila and
between five and seven shots of whiskey. SrA LS did not know the other indi-
viduals with Appellant, but they included TSgt DM 6 and A1C JH among oth-
ers. SrA LS stayed with the group and drank with them for approximately 45
minutes before a group of five individuals, including SrA LS, proceeded to Ap-
pellant’s dormitory room to watch movies and continue drinking.
    At Appellant’s quarters, SrA LS drank whiskey and several glasses of wine.
Appellant sat next to SrA LS, talked with him, and touched him on the arm.
Eventually, Appellant pulled SrA LS up from his seat and directed him to Ap-
pellant’s bedroom. At trial, SrA LS described himself as “intoxicated” and
“fairly wobbly” at this point, and testified he initially believed he was being
taken back to his own room. SrA LS recalled being lifted up and then falling
face-down onto Appellant’s bed. Appellant then rolled SrA LS over and re-
moved his clothes. SrA LS testified he “wasn’t sure exactly what was happen-
ing at this point,” and he said “no” in a “fairly nonchalant” tone that “wasn’t
very loud.”
   SrA LS’s next memory was of Appellant “attempting to perform oral sex”
on him, with his penis in Appellant’s mouth. SrA LS described his memory as


6   This is the same TSgt DM who later spoke with A1C DG on 3 August 2017.


                                          6
                    United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


“very blotty, and splotchy, and very hazy” at this point, but SrA LS did not
consent and he did recall saying “no” several times. The final time SrA LS said
“no,” he spoke “a bit louder and pushed [Appellant] off.” According to SrA LS,
the bedroom door opened and TSgt DM and A1C JH entered; they were naked,
as was Appellant and SrA LS at this point. According to SrA LS, Appellant
made a comment to the effect that SrA LS could not get an erection, at which
point the three individuals took turns attempting to perform oral sex on SrA
LS. Eventually, TSgt DM “stated that it was not going to happen” and told the
others to leave the room, which they did. SrA LS got dressed and departed with
TSgt DM, who went with SrA LS to SrA LS’s dormitory room. According to SrA
LS, he told TSgt DM that TSgt DM could sleep on the floor, but when SrA LS
awoke in the morning TSgt DM was sleeping in SrA LS’s bed, so SrA LS told
TSgt DM to leave.
    A1C JH and TSgt DM also testified regarding this incident under grants of
testimonial immunity from the convening authority. Each professed to have no
memory of significant portions of the night and each provided a significantly
different account of events.
    TSgt DM was called by the Government. He described being with Appellant
and A1C JH when they met SrA LS at the smoke pit. SrA LS agreed to go with
them back to Appellant’s room. SrA LS brought his own alcohol, and the group
drank heavily. TSgt DM testified that from that point on, “[his] memory
start[ed] going in and out.” He recalled at one point there was a dare that SrA
LS would kiss him if he drank a glass of cognac, which happened. 7 TSgt DM
also had a vague memory of putting his shoes on at one point to return to the
smoke pit. TSgt DM’s next memory was of waking up in Appellant’s living room
and needing to vomit. TSgt DM ran into the shower and turned it on and vom-
ited in the shower. When TSgt DM finished his shower, A1C JH came into the
bathroom naked and told him to come into Appellant’s bedroom. TSgt DM went
to the bedroom wearing only a towel around his waist. There he saw SrA LS
lying face-down on the bed with Appellant lying on top of him, and A1C JH
sitting nearby on the bed; all three were naked. Appellant was whispering in
SrA LS’s ear and “kissing his neck . . . kind of kissing on his body and rubbing
his body;” SrA LS was awake but “just wasn’t reciprocating.” According to TSgt
DM, he felt uncomfortable with this situation and asked Appellant and A1C
JH to leave the room, which they did. TSgt DM then asked SrA LS if he was
“okay.” SrA LS responded that he was not “comfortable,” but if he could go to
sleep and “nobody touche[d] [him],” he would be “okay.” However, Appellant


7SrA LS had previously testified on cross-examination that he remembered the dare
being made but did not remember who proposed it or that he and TSgt DM had followed
through on it.


                                        7
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


returned to the room and lay down on top of SrA LS again in the same position.
At that point TSgt DM left the room, got dressed, returned to the bedroom and
“yelled” to SrA LS that if he was uncomfortable and needed to go home, TSgt
DM would take him home. According to TSgt DM, at that point everyone got
dressed and returned to the smoke pit. Appellant expressed to TSgt DM that
he was “upset” that TSgt DM had “stopped it.” From the smoke pit, TSgt DM
walked with SrA LS back to SrA LS’s room. TSgt DM spoke with Appellant
about the incident the following day. Appellant complained that TSgt DM in-
terfered, that “they weren’t doing anything that [SrA LS] didn’t want to do,”
and that TSgt DM had “c*ck blocked” Appellant.
    A1C JH was called by the Defense. He testified that he did not recall how
SrA LS came to be part of the group that evening. Once the group arrived at
Appellant’s quarters, they drank and talked for a while. A1C JH began “mak-
ing out” with TSgt DM while Appellant and SrA LS went into Appellant’s bed-
room with the door closed. A1C JH and TSgt DM then “had sex” on the couch
for “[a]bout 45 minutes.” At one point Appellant came out of the bedroom,
watched A1C JH and TSgt DM for some period of time, and then slapped A1C
JH on the buttocks, none of which A1C JH found offensive. At that point A1C
JH could see SrA LS through the bedroom door with no shirt on; A1C JH could
not tell if SrA LS was wearing anything else. Appellant returned to the bed-
room, and eventually A1C JH and TSgt DM stopped having sex and took sep-
arate showers. After the showers, A1C JH saw Appellant exit the bedroom and
TSgt DM go in. A1C JH did not remember how the night ended or where he
slept. In particular, he had no memory of being in Appellant’s bedroom or en-
gaging in oral sex with SrA LS.
    The Defense called another Airman, A1C MG, to testify about this incident.
A1C MG was present during earlier portions of the evening, and was evidently
the fifth individual who SrA LS described going to Appellant’s room that even-
ing. A1C MG testified he went with Appellant, a “Security Forces guy” (evi-
dently SrA LS), TSgt DM, and another individual (presumably A1C JH) from
the smoke pit to Appellant’s room. A1C MG perceived that SrA LS was “getting
hit on” by the other three, especially Appellant, although “everyone was laugh-
ing and joking” and SrA LS “wasn’t mad about it.” At one point, A1C MG heard
SrA LS say, “if I were gay you wouldn’t be able to handle this.” A1C MG even-
tually left because he “didn’t really feel in place.” He saw the group again later
that night at the smoke pit, at which point SrA LS appeared “heavily intoxi-
cated,” was vomiting, and had to be supported when he walked.
    SrA LS did not initially report this incident to law enforcement or the chain
of command, and he continued to have some contact with Appellant until he
was interviewed by AFOSI in relation to A1C DG in September 2017. For ex-
ample, Appellant continued to send SrA LS messages inviting him to the


                                        8
                     United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


smoke pit; SrA LS became “Facebook friends” with Appellant on 3 August
2017; and on 12 August 2017 SrA LS invited Appellant to an event being held
by a running club of which SrA LS was a member. SrA LS testified that Appel-
lant did not try to initiate sexual activity with him again, and SrA LS was not
concerned that Appellant would try. SrA LS testified he “didn’t quite know
what to think of the whole situation” and was inclined to “pass it off” as simply
“drunk idiots” doing “really dumb stuff.” However, SrA LS was motivated to
“come forward” after the AFOSI interview when he learned that “it was hap-
pening to other people.”
   Appellant was convicted of touching directly A1C DG’s genitalia when he
knew A1C DG was asleep, with the intent to gratify his sexual desire; and
causing penetration of Appellant’s mouth by SrA LS’s penis by causing bodily
harm to him, specifically by causing the penetration without SrA LS’s consent.

                                   II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency8
    1. Law
   We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v.
Washington, 

, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). Our assess-
ment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial.
United States v. Dykes, 

, 272 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted).
    The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 

, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citation omitted); see also
United States v. Humpherys, 

, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted).
“[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every rea-
sonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.”
United States v. Barner, 

, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” 

. “In conducting this unique appellate role, we
take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption




8 Appellant raises his challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of his conviction
for sexual assault against SrA LS and A1C DG as separate assignments of error, but
we consider them together in this section of the opinion.


                                           9
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent deter-
mination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Wheeler, 

, 568 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting 

), aff’d, 

(C.A.A.F. 2018).
   2. Analysis
       a. SrA LS
    The elements of the specification of the charge of sexual assault in violation
of Article 120, UCMJ, for which Appellant was convicted included: (1) that at
or near Osan AB between on or about 1 June 2017 and on or about 31 July
2017, Appellant committed a sexual act on SrA LS by causing SrA LS’s penis
to penetrate Appellant’s mouth; (2) that Appellant did so by causing bodily
harm, to wit: causing penetration of Appellant’s mouth by SrA LS’s penis with-
out consent. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (MCM), pt. IV,
¶ 45.b.(3)(b).
    The Government introduced direct evidence in support of both elements
through SrA LS’s testimony. SrA LS testified that Appellant placed SrA LS’s
penis in Appellant’s mouth. SrA LS further testified that he did not consent,
and that he repeatedly told Appellant “no” as Appellant was removing his
clothing and when Appellant was placing SrA LS’s penis in his mouth, before
SrA LS eventually pushed Appellant off of him.
    Appellant challenges SrA LS’s credibility in several respects. First, he ar-
gues that SrA LS acknowledged he was very drunk that night and his memory
was hazy. Although there are parts of the evening he cannot recall, his testi-
mony that Appellant placed SrA LS’s penis in Appellant’s mouth was clear and
unequivocal. Moreover, SrA LS testified the initial sexual assault by Appellant
lasted about 30 minutes; it stands to reason he would be more likely to recall
such an extended event as opposed to passing details of the evening.
    Appellant also argues TSgt DM and A1C JH denied sexually assaulting
SrA LS as he testified they did, or that they saw anyone else touch SrA LS’s
penis. However, the testimony of both TSgt DM and A1C JH is fraught with
its own credibility problems. Notwithstanding their grants of testimonial im-
munity, it is evident that both had a strong personal interest in not admitting
that they committed sexual acts on SrA LS without his consent. In addition,
both TSgt DM and A1C JH testified that they also could not recall extended—
and, arguably, convenient from their perspective—portions of the evening. For
example, TSgt DM purported to have no memory of much of the night before
he woke up, vomited, and took a shower, including no memory of engaging in
sex with A1C JH for approximately 45 minutes as A1C JH testified. For his



                                       10
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


part, A1C JH testified he could not remember what happened that night after
he and TSgt DM took showers.
    What we find to be more probative is that the testimony of TSgt DM and
A1C JH, such as it was, reinforced SrA LS’s testimony in two significant re-
spects. First, A1C JH’s testimony confirmed Appellant was alone in the bed-
room with SrA LS for an extended period of time, and TSgt DM’s purported
lack of memory was hardly inconsistent in this respect. Second, although TSgt
DM did not testify to seeing Appellant specifically touch SrA LS’s penis when
he entered the bedroom after the shower, his description of Appellant lying
naked on top of a naked but nonreciprocating SrA LS, evidently attempting to
stimulate or entice him, strongly suggested Appellant’s sexual intent with re-
gard to SrA LS as well as SrA LS’s lack of interest. TSgt DM’s account of how
the night ended with TSgt DM extracting SrA LS from Appellant’s unwanted
sexual attention, although not identical to SrA LS’s account, strongly echoes
his testimony.
   Appellant also focuses on the fact that SrA LS continued to associate with
Appellant after this incident. However, we find SrA LS’s confusion and initial
desire to put the incident behind him to be plausible. There is no particular
expected way for a sexual assault victim to act, and SrA LS’s behavior was not
such that it substantially undermines his credibility. Similarly, we find SrA
LS’s re-evaluation of the incident in light of learning Appellant had allegedly
committed a sexual offense against another Airman to also be plausible.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction for sexual assault on SrA LS beyond a reasonable doubt. See 

(citations omitted). Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the
record of trial and having made allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses as the military judge did, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. See 

. Appellant’s conviction
of the Charge and its specification of sexual assault on SrA LS are therefore
both legally and factually sufficient.
       b. A1C DG
    The elements of the specification of the charge of abusive sexual contact in
violation of Article 120, UCMJ, for which Appellant was convicted included: (1)
that at or near Osan AB on or about 3 August 2017, Appellant committed sex-
ual contact upon A1C DG by touching directly A1C DG’s genitalia; (2) that
Appellant did so when A1C DG was asleep; (3) that Appellant knew A1C DG
was asleep; and (4) that Appellant did so with the intent to gratify his sexual
desire. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(7)(e).




                                       11
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


    Although A1C DG, unlike SrA LS, did not remember the offense, the Gov-
ernment’s case that Appellant committed abusive sexual contact against A1C
DG was strong. A1C DG was clothed when TSgt VC had him lie down to sleep
on Appellant’s sofa. TSgt VC awoke to find Appellant dragging an apparently
unconscious A1C DG into Appellant’s bedroom. When TSgt VC looked into the
bedroom, she saw A1C DG’s pants were lowered and his genitals exposed. Ap-
pellant failed to defend or explain himself in any coherent way the following
day when TSgt VC confronted Appellant by text message or when A1C DG
confronted him in person. Instead, Appellant only indicated he “did not know”
why he did what he did, and told TSgt DM he would “face the music” if he had
to. Furthermore, the DNA sample from A1C DG’s penis found an overwhelm-
ing concentration of Appellant’s DNA, suggesting a “wet direct transfer” rather
than a secondary transfer from Appellant’s blanket, bed, or other source.
    Appellant argues TSgt VC saw Appellant moving A1C DG, but did not see
Appellant touch A1C DG’s penis. However, TSgt VC did not testify that she
maintained “line of sight” on Appellant and A1C DG after she woke up; on the
contrary, she estimated that between one and two minutes elapsed before she
got up from the recliner in the living room to go look in the bedroom. Even
setting aside that opportunity, it is evident Appellant had the opportunity to
touch A1C DG’s penis before TSgt VC awoke, while A1C DG was still asleep on
the sofa.
   Appellant contends it was possible that the epithelial cells which were the
source of the DNA found on A1C DG’s penis and rectal area were from Appel-
lant’s bed or blanket, but we find this suggestion contrary to the weight of the
expert testimony and other evidence. Similarly, we do not find Appellant’s de-
nials during his AFOSI interview to be persuasive.
   We conclude the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support
Appellant’s conviction for abusive sexual contact against A1C DG beyond a
reasonable doubt. See 

(citations omitted); 

.
B. Defense-Requested Instruction
   1. Additional Background
    The Defense requested that the military judge provide the following in-
struction to the court members for their deliberations on findings:
       There has been some evidence concerning [SrA LS’s] state of in-
       toxication at the time of the alleged offenses. The charge and its
       specifications do no[t] allege that [SrA LS] was incapable of con-
       senting to sexual activity, due to impairment by alcohol. There-
       fore, as a matter of law, you are instructed that [SrA LS] was
       capable of consenting to the sexual activity at issue in this case.

                                       12
                    United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


       You may consider his intoxication, if any, for any other purpose,
       to include whether or not he actually consented to the sexual
       conduct at issue.
    Senior defense counsel explained that by charging Appellant with sexual
assault and abusive sexual contact against SrA LS by bodily harm, specifically
the absence of consent, the Government had “made this decision for the mem-
bers” that SrA LS “was capable of consenting.” He contended the requested
instruction was necessary in order to prevent the court members from deciding
SrA LS was not able to consent and convicting Appellant on that basis, thereby
finding him “guilty of something that he wasn’t charged with, without a proper
understanding of the law.”
    The Government opposed the instruction, and the military judge declined
to give it. The military judge explained his ruling on the record. Relying on
United States v. Pease, 

, 185 (C.A.A.F. 2016), United States v. Ele-
spuru, 

, 329 (C.A.A.F. 2014), and United States v. Cagle, No. ACM
38592, 2015 CCA LEXIS 294, at *7 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 16 Jul. 2015) (unpub.
op.), the military judge concluded that “the victim’s level of intoxication, if any,
is relevant to the issue of whether the victim consented or did not consent. The
Court will not give an instruction that the victim, by operation of law, was
capable of consenting simply because of the government’s charging theory.”
   2. Law
     “[A]ny party may request that the military judge instruct the members on
the law as set forth in the request.” Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 920(c).
However, the military judge has substantial discretionary power in deciding
what non-required instructions to give. United States v. Damatta-Olivera, 

, 478 (C.M.A. 1993) (citing R.C.M. 920(c), Discussion; United States v.
Smith, 

(C.M.A. 1992)). Denial of a defense-requested instruction
is reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Carruthers, 

,
345–46 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citations omitted). We apply a three-part test to eval-
uate whether the failure to give a requested instruction is error: “(1) [the re-
quested instruction] is correct; (2) it is not substantially covered in the main
[instruction]; and (3) it is on such a vital point in the case that the failure to
give it deprived [Appellant] of a defense or seriously impaired its effective
presentation.”

(first and second alteration in original) (quoting
United States v. Gibson, 

, 7 (C.A.A.F. 2003)). All three prongs of the
test must be satisfied in order to find error. United States v. Barnett, 

, 253 (C.A.A.F. 2012).
   The adequacy of the military judge’s instructions is reviewed de novo.
United States v. Dearing, 

, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations omitted).




                                        13
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


    As charged in this case, in order for the court members to find Appellant
guilty of sexual assault against SrA LS, the Government was required to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that, inter alia, Appellant caused the penetration
of Appellant’s mouth by SrA LS’s penis without SrA LS’s consent. See MCM,
pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(3)(b). “Consent” is defined as “a freely given agreement to the
conduct at issue by a competent person.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(8)(A). “Lack
of consent may be inferred based on the circumstances of the offense. All of the
surrounding circumstances are to be considered in determining whether a per-
son gave consent . . . .” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(8)(C).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant asserts the military judge was “constitutionally required” to in-
struct the court members that SrA LS was capable of consenting to the alleged
sexual act by Appellant, and his failure to do so “resulted in Appellant being
convicted under a theory of liability that was not charged.” Appellant’s argu-
ment is founded on the idea that “[a] bodily harm theory [of sexual assault]
requir[ing] proof that an act was done without . . . lawful consent” is “mutually
exclusive” with an “incapacitation theory requir[ing] proof the alleged victim
was unable to say ‘no’ because of ‘impairment.’” Therefore, he argues, in order
to preserve both theories at trial, the Government is required to charge each
theory separately in the alternative. We disagree.
    On appeal, as at trial, Appellant entirely fails to explain why proof that SrA
LS could not consent due to impairment by alcohol would not be relevant to
prove that he did not consent, and thereby satisfy the elements of sexual as-
sault by causing bodily harm, with which he was charged and for which he was
convicted. The military judge correctly concluded that SrA LS’s level of intoxi-
cation was part of the surrounding circumstances the court members could
evaluate to determine whether he actually consented, or potentially whether
Appellant made a reasonable mistake of fact as to whether SrA LS consented.
It is hardly a novel situation that the available evidence in a particular case
might meet the elements of multiple offenses, affording the Government some
discretion in its charging decisions. See 

. The Consti-
tution does not require the military judge to give instructions directing the
court members to presume certain facts about the case, which may be unwar-
ranted by the evidence, based on such charging decisions, in order to contradict
elements of an offense with which Appellant was not charged. Instead, the rel-
evant question is whether the military judge properly instructed the court
members with respect to the offenses with which Appellant was charged, and
whether the evidence in the case meets those elements.
    Accordingly, the proper framework to assess the Defense’s request for this
instruction is the three-part test articulated in 

(ci-
tations omitted). In order to prevail on appeal, Appellant must demonstrate all

                                       14
                    United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


three prongs, but in this case we need go no further than the first. See 

. It is not a correct statement of law that the court members must
presume, “as a matter of law,” that SrA LS was capable of consenting to sexual
activity simply because Appellant was charged under a bodily harm theory of
sexual assault rather than a theory that he was incapable of consenting. More-
over, we have reviewed de novo the adequacy of the instructions the military
judge did give, see 

, and we find the military judge
properly instructed the members with respect to the elements, definitions, and
potential defense of mistake of fact as to consent with respect to the charged
sexual assault on SrA LS by causing bodily harm, in accordance with the Man-
ual for Courts-Martial and 

.
C. Post-Trial Hearing or New Trial
   1. Law
    Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 839(a), authorizes a military judge to call
a court-martial into session without the court members for various purposes,
including inter alia hearing motions and other matters to be determined by the
military judge. A convening authority may direct a post-trial Article 39(a),
UCMJ, session “any time before the convening authority takes initial action on
the case or at such later time as the convening authority is authorized to do so
by a reviewing authority.” R.C.M. 1102(d); see also United States v. Hull, 

, 151 (C.A.A.F. 2011). Such post-trial sessions may be called, inter alia,
“for the purpose of inquiring into, and, when appropriate, resolving any matter
that arises after trial and that substantially affects the legal sufficiency of any
findings of guilty or the sentence.” R.C.M. 1102(b)(2). “When an appellant re-
quests the convening authority to order a posttrial [sic] Article 39(a) session, it
is a matter for the convening authority’s sound discretion whether to grant the
request.” United States v. Ruiz, 

, 348 (C.A.A.F. 1998).
    A petitioner may petition for a new trial “on the grounds of newly discov-
ered evidence or fraud on the court.” Article 73, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 873. A
petition for a new trial does not proceed through the usual appellate process.
See id.; United States v. Brooks, 

, 68 (C.A.A.F. 1998). Instead, it is
submitted to The Judge Advocate General, who acts on the petition unless the
case is pending before an appellate court, in which case he refers the petition
to the appellate court where the case is pending. R.C.M. 1210(a), (e).
“[R]equests for a new trial . . . are generally disfavored,” and are “granted only
if a manifest injustice would result absent a new trial . . . .” 

(quoting United States v. Williams, 

, 356 (C.M.A. 1993)).
   2. Analysis
   Appellant personally asserts he has suffered a “manifest injustice” that
“constitutionally required” the convening authority to take corrective action,


                                        15
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


either by directing a post-trial Article 39(a), UCMJ, session or a new trial pur-
suant to Article 73, UCMJ. Appellant relies substantially on documents he
moved to attach to the record regarding events after his court-martial con-
cluded in October 2018. These documents tend to indicate that after the con-
vening authority took action on Appellant’s sentence: (1) a pending charge that
TSgt DM sexually assaulted SrA LS was dismissed, with SrA LS’s support; and
(2) A1C JH was acquitted of one specification of sexually assaulting SrA LS.
The essence of Appellant’s complaint is that it is unjust that he was convicted
of sexual assault against SrA LS while the other two alleged perpetrators were
not, and that he was denied the opportunity to use these developments to fur-
ther attack the reliability of SrA LS’s testimony at his own trial. Appellant
cannot prevail on the asserted grounds.
    With regard to reviewing the convening authority’s failure to direct an Ar-
ticle 39(a), UCMJ, session for an abuse of discretion, as an initial matter we
find we cannot consider the documents regarding the non-prosecution of TSgt
DM and acquittal of A1C JH upon which Appellant relies. These materials are
outside the “entire record” as our superior court recently explained that term
in United States v. Jessie, 

, 440–41 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (citations omit-
ted); see Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c). Generally, Article 66, UCMJ,
does not authorize a Court of Criminal Appeals to consider materials outside
the “entire record” when reviewing issues that were not raised by anything in
the record. 

.
    Additionally, the convening authority took action on Appellant’s court-mar-
tial on 29 January 2019. At that point—months before the charge against TSgt
DM was dropped and A1C JH was acquitted—the convening authority lost the
ability to direct a post-trial hearing, unless and until a reviewing authority
authorized him to do so. Thus, the events Appellant now relies on as the basis
for the convening authority’s alleged abuse of discretion had not occurred while
the convening authority still had the ability to act. Furthermore, the record
contains no indication the Defense requested either the military judge or the
convening authority to hold or direct a post-trial session, for any reason. Under
these circumstances, Appellant’s claim that the convening authority abused
his discretion by failing to direct a post-trial Article 39(a), UCMJ, session must
fail.
    Our analysis of Appellant’s complaint that the convening authority was re-
quired to direct a new trial pursuant to Article 73, UCMJ, is even more suc-
cinct. The convening authority does not act on petitions for a new trial pursu-
ant to Article 73, UCMJ. Such petitions are to be directed to The Judge Advo-
cate General, who either acts upon the petition or, if the case is pending before
an appellate court, refers the petition to the court for action. In any event, we



                                       16
                    United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


have no indication Appellant has submitted such a petition to The Judge Ad-
vocate General. Accordingly, Appellant’s claim is without merit.
D. Post-Trial Delay
   Appellant’s case was initially docketed with this court on 21 February 2019.
Appellant filed his initial assignments of error on 18 September 2019 after re-
questing and receiving four enlargements of time. On 2 October 2019, Appel-
lant moved for leave to file a supplemental brief and declaration in order to
personally raise matters pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982); the court granted this motion on 10 October 2019. The Govern-
ment filed its answer on 22 October 2019. This opinion is issued 18 months and
12 days after Appellant’s case was initially docketed with this court.
    “We review de novo claims that an appellant has been denied the due pro-
cess right to a speedy post-trial review and appeal.” United States v. Moreno,

, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 246 (C.A.A.F. 2004); United States v. Cooper, 

, 58 (C.A.A.F.
2003)). In Moreno, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
(CAAF) established a presumption of facially unreasonable delay when the
Court of Criminal Appeals does not render a decision within 18 months of dock-

. Where there is such a delay, we examine the four factors
set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 

, 530 (1972): “(1) the length of the
delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of the right to
timely review and appeal; and (4) prejudice [to the appellant].” 

(citing United States v. Jones, 

, 83 (C.A.A.F. 2005); Toohey v.
United States, 

, 102 (C.A.A.F. 2004)). “No single factor is required
for finding a due process violation and the absence of a given factor will not
prevent such a finding.”

(citing 

).
    However, where an appellant has not shown prejudice from the delay, there
is no due process violation unless the delay is so egregious as to “adversely
affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice
system.” United States v. Toohey, 

, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). In Moreno,
the CAAF identified three types of cognizable prejudice for purposes of an Ap-
pellant’s due process right to timely post-trial review: (1) oppressive incarcer-
ation; (2) anxiety and concern; and (3) impairment of the appellant’s ability to
present a defense at a 

–39 (citations omitted). In this
case, we find no oppressive incarceration because Appellant’s appeal has not
resulted in any reduction in his term of confinement. Similarly, where the ap-
peal does not result in a rehearing on findings or sentence, Appellant’s ability
to present a defense at a rehearing is not impaired.

As for anxiety
and concern, the CAAF has explained “the appropriate test for the military
justice system is to require an appellant to show particularized anxiety or con-
cern that is distinguishable from the normal anxiety experienced by prisoners

                                        17
                   United States v. Harris, No. ACM 39640


awaiting an appellate decision.”

such particularized anxiety
in Appellant’s case.
    In this case, the delay in issuing the court’s opinion exceeded the 18-month
Moreno standard by less than two weeks. The record of trial is substantial,
including over 1,100 pages of transcript and numerous exhibits. Moreover, the
evidence is complex and consists of several conflicting accounts marked by sig-
nificant gaps in memory, requiring careful consideration and analysis. On the
whole, we do not find the delay so egregious as to adversely affect the perceived
fairness and integrity of the military justice system. See

under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we have also consid-
ered whether relief for excessive post-trial delay is appropriate even in the ab-
sence of a due process violation. See United States v. Tardif, 

, 225
(C.A.A.F. 2002). After considering the factors enumerated in United States v.
Gay, 

, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 

(C.A.A.F.
2016), we conclude it is not.

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 CAROL K. JOYCE
                 Clerk of the Court




                                       18