Filed: Feb. 06, 2003
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: Appointment of Member of Holocaust Memorial Council, The process of appointing an individual as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, was not completed. Even if the tenure of the office is not protected, the President is still, without discretion as to the appointment.
Appointment of Member of Holocaust Memorial Council
The process of appointing an individual as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council
was not completed.
Even if the process of appointing a member of the Council had been completed, the President’s
appointment of another individual to that same position effected a removal of that appointee.
February 6, 2003
MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
You have asked for our opinion whether an individual who claims to occupy a
position as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council (“Coun-
cil”) was actually appointed to that position. On the facts presented to us, which
we set forth below, this question is indistinguishable from a question we previous-
ly answered regarding persons claiming to occupy positions as trustees of the John
F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. See Memorandum for Timothy E.
Flanigan, Deputy Counsel to the President, from Daniel L. Koffsky, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Re: Kennedy Center Board of Trustees (Oct. 10,
2001) (“Kennedy Center Memorandum”). Consistent with the Kennedy Center
Memorandum, we conclude that the process of appointing the putative appointee
was never completed.
You have further informed us that on May 29, 2002, President Bush appointed
another individual to serve as a Council member in the very position to which the
putative appointee claims to have been previously appointed. We conclude below
that if arguendo (and contrary to our conclusion on your first question) the
putative appointee was in fact actually appointed to that position, President Bush’s
subsequent appointment of another individual to that same position effected a
removal of the putative appointee.*
I.
The Council operates as the board of trustees of the United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum (“Museum”): it has “overall governance responsibility for the
Museum, including policy guidance and strategic direction, general oversight of
Museum operations, and fiduciary responsibility.” 36 U.S.C. § 2302(a) (2000).
The Council consists of 65 voting members. Of these voting members, 55 are
appointed by the President; five are appointed by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives from among members of the House; and five are appointed by the
President pro tempore of the Senate from among members of the Senate. Id.
*
Editor’s Note: We are not identifying in the published version of this opinion the names of the
putative appointee to the Council or the other individual appointed to the Council.
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Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 27
§ 2302(b). In addition, the Council has three “ex officio nonvoting members”—
one appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, one by the Secretary of State, and
one by the Secretary of Education. Id.1
Our opinion rests on the following understanding of the facts:
In a memorandum dated May 18, 2000, Bob Nash, who was Assistant to the
President and Director of Presidential Personnel, recommended that President
Clinton “approve” the putative appointee for the vacant position on the Council
“vice: Beth Dozoretz.” The memorandum provided lines labeled “Approve” and
“Disapprove” immediately after the recommendation. President Clinton checked
the “Approve” line.
On May 25, 2000, the Office of Presidential Personnel sent the White House
Counsel’s Office (“Counsel’s Office”) a memorandum stating that “President
Clinton has approved” the putative appointee and asking that the Counsel’s Office
“initiate a preliminary background investigation on” the putative appointee. Letter
for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, from Lanny A. Breuer,
Covington & Burling, Tab C (Aug. 9, 2002) (“Covington Memorandum”). On
May 31, 2000, the putative appointee submitted information requested of him for
the background investigation. See id., Tabs G–H. By letter dated June 21, 2000,
Mr. Nash congratulated the putative appointee “on your selection by the President
to be a member” of the Council; in that same letter, he advised the putative
appointee of forms that needed to be completed “in order for the appointment
process to proceed.”
Id., Tab I. On June 26, 2000, the Counsel’s Office sent a
memorandum back to Mr. Nash reporting that it had “completed its clearance
review of the nomination” of the putative appointee and advising that “such
nomination may proceed.”
Id., Tab J. On June 29, 2000, the Office of the Press
Secretary released a statement that the President had “today announced his intent
to appoint” the putative appointee and three other individuals to the Council.
Id.,
Tab K.
According to White House appointments practice, the following steps remained
to be taken after the Counsel’s Office memorandum reporting on the background
investigation. The Director of Presidential Personnel would then draft a memoran-
dum to the President, stating that the appointment could proceed. This memoran-
dum would go first to the Executive Clerk’s Office, so that the Executive Clerk
could prepare either a commission, if time permitted, or an order of appointment,
with a commission to follow. The Executive Clerk would then forward the
memorandum and the appointment papers to the President, through the Staff
Secretary. The President’s signature would typically be affixed by autopen. The
package would then return to the Executive Clerk, who would record the appoint-
ment and transmit the appointment papers to the Department of State.
1
The statutory designation of appointing authorities for certain Council members and the inclusion
of members of Congress on the Council raise serious constitutional questions that are beyond the scope
of the issue that you have asked us to address.
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Appointment of Member of Holocaust Memorial Council
In the case of the putative appointee, a search of documents has not uncovered
any memorandum from the Director of Personnel, nor has it uncovered a commis-
sion or order of appointment signed by President Clinton. We assume, for
purposes of this analysis, that no commission or order of appointment exists. Each
of the three other individuals whom the June 29 press release stated that President
Clinton intended to appoint to the Council was thereafter appointed by commis-
sion. One commission was signed on July 28, 2000, and two other commissions
were signed on September 5, 2000.
On May 29, 2002, President Bush appointed another individual to serve as a
Council member. President Bush appointed that individual to the same seat—“for
a term expiring January 15, 2005 (vice Beth E. Dozoretz)”—to which the putative
appointee had sought appointment.
On January 9, 2003, counsel for the putative appointee provided your Office an
affidavit that former President Clinton had signed on November 25, 2002, setting
forth his understanding of the facts and law relating to the appointment process for
the putative appointee. See Affidavit of William Jefferson Clinton (“Clinton
Affidavit”), attached to Letter for David G. Leitch, Deputy Counsel to the Presi-
dent, from Robert A. Long, Jr., Covington & Burling (Jan. 9, 2003). In that
affidavit, Mr. Clinton states:
While serving as President of the United States, I made a final deci-
sion to appoint [the putative appointee] to serve as a member of the
Holocaust Memorial Council and exercised the authority conferred
on me as President of the United States to appoint him to that posi-
tion. As described in detail below, I made a record of my decision to
appoint [the putative appointee] by placing a check mark next to his
name on a Decision Memorandum prepared for me by the Director
of Presidential Personnel. My decision to appoint [the putative ap-
pointee] was final, subject only to the requirement that [the putative
appointee] successfully complete a background check. [The putative
appointee] satisfied this requirement, his appointment was publicly
announced and he entered into service as a member of the Holocaust
Council, where I understand he has served with honor for two years.
Clinton Affidavit ¶ 4 (emphasis added). Mr. Clinton further states:
As a matter of routine, members of the White House staff took the
ministerial steps in connection with an appointment following com-
pletion of the background check, including issuing a press release,
preparing and delivering a commission to the appointee, etc. These
steps were not essential to the valid exercise of my Presidential pow-
er of appointment.
Id. ¶ 9.
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Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 27
II.
We first address whether the putative appointee was actually appointed a mem-
ber of the Council.
The definitive statement of many aspects of appointment law is Chief Justice
Marshall’s opinion for the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1
Cranch) 137 (1803).2 There, President John Adams had signed a commission to
appoint William Marbury as a justice of the peace, and the seal of the United
States had been affixed to the commission, but the commission had never been
delivered. Although the case had to do with an appointment by the President with
the Senate’s advice and consent, the Court’s analysis of the acts constituting or
evidencing an appointment appears equally applicable to appointments by the
President alone. According to Marbury, “[t]he appointment being the sole act of
the president, must be completely evidenced, when it is shown that he has done
everything to be performed by him.” Id. at 157. Typically, that last act is the
President’s signing a commission for the appointee. However, because the
Constitution treats as separate the making of an appointment and the issuing of a
commission, the appointment might “be evidenced by any public act other than the
commission.”
Id. at 156. In either case—the signature on a commission or the
other public act – the “appointment is evidenced by an open, unequivocal act; and
being the last act required from the person making it, necessarily excludes the idea
of its being, so far as respects the appointment, an inchoate and incomplete
transaction.”
Id. at 157.
We believe that under the White House’s regular appointments practice the
signing of a commission or an appointment order would be the “open, unequivocal
act,”
id. (emphasis added), showing the appointment to be complete; and on the
facts as we understand them, no such document was signed. Nor was there any
other “open, unequivocal act” of appointment. Therefore, the appointment of the
putative appointee was never made.
The documents made available to us, which were prepared in or issued by
officials at the White House, indicate that until the signing of a commission or
appointment order, an appointment was still “inchoate and incomplete.”
Id. After
the President checked “Approve” on the memorandum conveying the recommen-
2
Whether or not members of the Council appointed by the President are “Officers of the United
States” in the constitutional sense, see U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2, the statute providing for their
appointment calls for applying the principles applicable to appointment of such officers. Under the
statute, these members are “appointed . . . by the President,” 36 U.S.C. § 2302(a), and “[i]n our view,
the statute uses the term ‘appointment’ in the same sense as does the Constitution.” Federal Election
Commission—Appointment of Members (2 U.S.C. § 437), 2 Op. O.L.C. 359, 359–60 (1977).
Furthermore, the practice has been to treat appointment of members in the same way as appointment of
officers, both in the signing of commissions or appointment orders and in the affixing of the seal to the
commissions. See 5 U.S.C. § 2902(a) (2000) (seal to be affixed to “the commission of an officer
appointed by the President”).
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Appointment of Member of Holocaust Memorial Council
dations of the Office of Presidential Personnel, a memorandum from the Office of
Presidential Personnel to the White House Counsel’s Office requested a “prelimi-
nary background investigation” on the candidate approved by the President. See
Covington Memorandum, Tab C. When the background investigation was
finished, the Counsel’s Office notified the Office of Presidential Personnel that the
“nomination may proceed.” See id., Tab J. The press release then issued about the
putative appointee and the three other persons selected announced the President’s
“intent to appoint” those persons. See
id., Tab K. These documents are incon-
sistent with the view that an appointment had already been made when the
President checked the “Approve” line on the May 18 memorandum or when the
press release was issued.
Indeed, if a commission had been issued at the end of this process, it would
have begun with these words: “Know ye, that reposing special trust and confi-
dence in the Integrity and Ability of [name of appointee], I do appoint him [name
of office], and do authorize and empower him to execute and fulfil the duties of
that Office according to law.” See E-mail for Daniel L. Koffsky, Office of Legal
Counsel, from G. Timothy Saunders, Executive Office of President, Re: Standard
Straight Appointment Commission Language (Oct. 1, 2001). If an appointment
order had been used, it also would have stated on its face that the President was
then making the appointment: “I hereby appoint [name of appointee] to be a
Member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council for a term expiring
[date].”
The practice of the Executive Clerk, as explained to us, conforms to the conclu-
sion that it is the commission or, when an appointment order is used, the appoint-
ment order that signifies the appointment: the Executive Clerk records the date of
the appointment as the date of the commission or, in cases when an appointment
order has first been issued, the date of the appointment order. The issuance of a
commission or order of appointment, as well as the Executive Clerk’s recording of
the date of appointment, makes up the “practice of the Executive” and provides the
framework in which the events surrounding appointments are to be understood.
See Bennett v. United States, 19 Ct. Cl. 379, 383 (1884).3
To be sure, the signature on the commission or appointment order might typi-
cally, although apparently not invariably, be inscribed by autopen rather than the
President’s own hand. But “the executive practice which existed at that time in
such cases . . . must be taken to have been done with the knowledge and consent of
the President, if not by his express direction.” Id. at 385. The autopen, like the
President’s own hand, could give effect to an instrument signifying that a person
had been appointed. “Where the President’s signature is to appear on a document,
the signature generally may be affixed by any means, such as . . . by the use of a
3
Within the framework of the White House’s appointments practice, we therefore do not agree with
former President Clinton’s legal assertion that the execution of a commission or appointment order was
“not essential” to his exercise of his appointment power. Clinton Affidavit ¶ 9.
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Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 27
mechanical signature device.” Letter for John D. Ehrlichman, Counsel to the
President, from William H. Rehnquist, Assistant Attorney General, Office of
Legal Counsel, Att. at 7 (Mar. 20, 1969). The signing of the commission or
appointment order, therefore, was the “last act required from the person making
[the appointment],” Marbury, 5 U.S. at 157, and until that act, the appointment
was “inchoate and incomplete,”
id.
The putative appointee nonetheless contends that he was actually appointed. He
appears to rely either on the President’s checking the “Approve” line on the May
18 memorandum or on the June 29 White House press release stating the Presi-
dent’s “intent to appoint” the putative appointee. This argument, we believe,
cannot overcome what the documents say.
Reliance on the President’s checking the “Approve” line mistakes the character
of the “open, unequivocal act” that shows an appointment to have been made.
Marbury, 5 U.S. at 157. After such an unequivocal act, there can be no discretion
as to the appointment, because the appointment is complete. The Court in Mar-
bury, addressing an office with protected tenure, explained:
The discretion of the executive is to be exercised until the appoint-
ment has been made. But having once made the appointment, his
power over the office is terminated in all cases, where by law the of-
ficer is not removable by him. The right to the office is then in the
person appointed, and he has the absolute, unconditional power of
accepting or rejecting it.
Id. at 162. Even if the tenure of the office is not protected, the President is still
without discretion as to the appointment. Although he may arrest the commission
before delivery, he is then removing the officer, not declining to appoint him.
Id.
And it is, of course, not just the President who has no further discretion over the
appointment. To his subordinates, too, are left only ministerial acts, such as
putting the seal on the commission.
Id. at 158.
Here, when the President checked the “Approve” line on the May 18 memoran-
dum, the “preliminary background investigation” of the putative appointee had not
been completed. Former President Clinton’s own affidavit confirms this point:
“My decision to appoint [the putative appointee] was final, subject only to the
requirement that [the putative appointee] successfully complete a background
check.” Clinton Affidavit ¶ 4 (emphasis added). The judgment whether, in light of
the background investigations, the putative appointee was fit for office had not yet
been made. Such judgment can be exceedingly delicate and, in any event, calls for
the exercise of discretion. The act of checking the “Approve” line on the May 18
memorandum, therefore, cannot be the “unequivocal act” signifying an end to
discretion about making an appointment.
Nor does the June 29 press release show that the appointment had been com-
pleted. The press release announced only the President’s “intent to appoint” the
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Appointment of Member of Holocaust Memorial Council
putative appointee and three other persons. The reference is clearly to a future act,
not to one that already had taken place on, or as of, a specified date. Indeed, each
of the three other persons was later appointed by commission.
For the putative appointee, “the last act required from the person making [the
appointment]” was never performed. Marbury, 5 U.S. at 157. The appointment
remained an “inchoate and incomplete transaction.”
Id.
III.
On the assumption arguendo that the putative appointee was properly appoint-
ed a member of the Council, we next turn to the question whether he would remain
a member. This question is easily answered. It has long been established that
appointment of a successor to a removable officer has the effect of displacing the
incumbent. See, e.g., Wallace v. United States,
257 U.S. 541, 545 (1922); Mullan
v. United States,
140 U.S. 240, 246–47 (1891); Nominations for Prospective Va-
cancies on the Supreme Court,
10 Op. O.L.C. 108, 109 (1986). By subsequently
appointing another individual to the same position4 that the putative appointee
would have occupied, President Bush would have effected the putative appointee’s
removal from that position. Therefore, even if (contrary to our conclusion) he had
been properly appointed in the first instance, the putative appointee would no
longer be a member of the Council.
IV.
Applying the same analysis as in the Kennedy Center Memorandum, we con-
clude that the putative appointee was never actually appointed to a position as a
member of the Council. If he had been, President Bush’s appointment of another
individual would have effected the putative appointee’s removal from that
position.
M. EDWARD WHELAN III
Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
4
The other individual’s commission states that he was appointed “vice Beth E. Dozoretz.” If,
contrary to fact, the putative appointee had previously been appointed to the seat previously occupied
by Ms. Dozoretz, it would have been better form for his commission to state that he was appointed
“vice [the putative appointee].” But any imperfection in form would not have affected the validity of
the other individual’s appointment, so long as it would have been clear (as it would have) to which
office he was being appointed. See Marbury, 5 U.S. at 157 (“appointment is evidenced by an open,
unequivocal act”).
57
