MAASSEN, Justice.
The superior court adjudicated Candace
Candace is a 17-year-old girl from a small village in southwestern Alaska.
In the fall of 2012, Candace's teacher noticed she was withdrawn, had stopped talking to her friends, and seemed depressed. Candace spent about two weeks sleeping on friends' couches, including one night when she stayed with her teacher. One day Douglas came to school and told Candace to come home or he would call the village public safety officer to bring her home. Candace locked herself in the girls' bathroom, where she slammed her head against the floor and walls. She texted her teacher and said that she couldn't go back home because "bad things [were] happening." The teacher reported this to the school principal and OCS. A state trooper and an OCS worker spoke with Candace, who reported that she had been sexually abused by her adoptive brother. A few days later Douglas and Emma agreed to send Candace to a boarding school in Bethel.
Candace repeated her reports of abuse while at boarding school, telling the school principal that her home "was a bad place" and she did not want to live there. She said that Douglas and Emma hid the "bad things" she reported. The "dorm parent" at the boarding school gave Candace a journal, in which Candace wrote other details about abuse at home. When the school principal contacted OCS about what Candace described, Candace again locked herself in the bathroom, destroyed the journal, and threatened to commit suicide; the principal had to call the police to remove her from the bathroom. Candace refused to talk about what she had written in her journal or to give additional details about the abuse.
Candace returned to her village during the 2012 winter break. OCS worked with Douglas and Emma to find a safe place for Candace to stay while she was home, away from her adoptive brother. Candace was supposed to stay with Douglas's sister but actually spent some of her time at her parents' house. When she returned to Bethel after
In February 2013, Candace was expelled from the boarding school dorms because of a drinking incident. She and her girlfriend went to the airport in Bethel but were picked up by the police and brought to the OCS office, where Candace told an OCS worker she was afraid to go back to her village because her adoptive brother sexually abused her. OCS contacted Emma, who suggested that Candace spend the night at an aunt's house in Bethel.
OCS took emergency custody of Candace the next day. In a forensic interview, Candace said that her adoptive brother had had sexual intercourse with her a year or two earlier and that he had attempted to do so several times since, including during the winter break she spent in the village.
The OCS social worker, Barbara Cosolito, then spoke with Douglas and Emma. Douglas was skeptical of Candace's allegations. He agreed that his son (Candace's adoptive brother) could stay someplace else in the village when Candace was home, but he wanted his son to be able to come over for family meals. Cosolito did not believe this would be safe for Candace, who could be assaulted again, feel re-victimized or traumatized, and engage in more self-harming behaviors. Cosolito therefore drafted an emergency petition to adjudicate Candace a child in need of aid. Douglas and Emma stipulated that probable cause existed for temporary OCS custody pending adjudication. The superior court committed Candace to OCS's temporary custody and authorized placement in a foster home in Bethel. Candace continued to attend boarding school while in foster care.
OCS referred Candace to a therapist. Candace told the therapist that she cut herself, and that she engaged in other activities she knew were dangerous such as riding four-wheelers with strangers after drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana. The therapist diagnosed her with minor chronic depression, PTSD, sexual abuse, alcohol abuse, and cannabis abuse.
In March 2013, Candace's OCS caseworker took her to the emergency room, fearing she had overdosed on antidepressants. Following an evaluation, Candace was admitted to North Star Behavioral Health in Anchorage. The doctors at North Star agreed with the diagnoses of Candace's therapist and also diagnosed her with reactive attachment disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and probable ADHD.
Candace's behavior worsened while she was at North Star. She acted aggressively toward the staff and threatened to harm herself as well. The superior court held a placement review hearing in April 2013 and denied OCS's request to continue Candace's placement there. OCS then moved Candace to a group home run by Presbyterian Hospitality House in Palmer.
The superior court held an adjudication hearing over the course of several days, from May to early July 2013, to determine whether Candace was a child in need of aid and whether removal from her family home continued to be justified. OCS called Barbara Cosolito to provide the expert testimony ICWA requires to show "that the continued custody of the child by the parent ... is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child."
Cosolito testified that she was the initial assessment supervisor at OCS's Bethel office, a position she had held for over two years. She testified that she supervised eight people; that the Bethel office processed "anywhere from 60 to 104 [cases] in a month"; that a "[h]undred percent" of those cases involved Alaska Native families; and that it was her responsibility to provide "supervisory support over those people ... [f]or all of those cases." Her responsibilities included not only daily supervision of the other OCS employees but also "staff[ing] cases with them when they're out in the village to help them either identify safety threats or if there are no safety threats to identify the safety threshold and whether or not we need a ... safety plan." As supervisor she made the final decisions about whether OCS should assume custody of a child. Another part of her duties was to provide expert testimony — she testified that she had been qualified as an expert witness in the area of child welfare "numerous times" and had never been offered and found not qualified. Finally, she testified that as supervisor she participated in "collaboration efforts between the tribes and OCS."
As for her prior experience, Cosolito testified that before becoming an OCS supervisor she spent a year as "an initial assessment line worker" in the same office, where she "received the reports of harm ... and ... went out and assessed the situations" for safety. Before that she served for four years as an "administrator/social worker for a charter school in [the] rural community of Camp Verde, Arizona." She "[o]versaw the charter school"; "worked with the Yavapai-Apache Tribe in correlating grants and services for their children in our school"; worked with students "in developing [individual education plans and] behavioral plans[;] work[ed] with families that were either homeless or needing assistance"; and collaborated with "the local behavioral health clinic" on assisting children with behavioral issues.
As for her education, Cosolito testified that she had both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in social work. Each level of education required a 500-hour internship: for one she worked for Arizona Child Protective Services, "both in the initial assessment unit and also in the family services unit"; for the other she worked for the same agency in "kinship care," which she defined as "family members raising other family members' children." She testified that she received "original skills" training when she was first hired by OCS, including training in racism and ICWA, and received further supervisory training when she advanced in the agency. She testified that to maintain her license she receives 45 hours of continuing education every two years in subjects that in the past have included substance abuse, child abuse, and the "impact of adverse childhood experiences." In response to questions from the judge, Cosolito disclaimed a special expertise in Alaska Native cultural standards but said she considered herself a "lay expert" in the area of "delivery of child and family services... to Indians" based on both her work in Arizona and her three years with OCS in Bethel. She acknowledged that whether her experience was "substantial" for purposes of the BIA standards depended on one's point of view, but she also testified that there were only a few OCS workers who had been in the region longer than she had, as the OCS "turnover rate is pretty high" statewide and "most workers are one to two years in this region."
Douglas and Emma objected to Cosolito's qualification as an expert on grounds that she lacked substantial experience and knowledge regarding the relevant tribal customs and social standards (thus failing to meet one part of the BIA guidelines) and that she was not a "professional" (thus failing to meet another part of the BIA guidelines). The
OCS then gave notice of another proposed expert, Nancy Kirchoff, who was Candace's clinical social worker at Presbyterian Hospitality House and who, like Cosolito, was expected to testify in support of a decision "that it is contrary to the welfare of the child to return her to the home at this time." Kirchoff became a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Alaska in 1999 and testified that she had been working in that capacity at Presbyterian for about two years. She worked with children who had been diagnosed as seriously emotionally disturbed, which meant conducting client interviews, collecting collateral information, and completing behavioral health assessments, then developing treatment plans based on those assessments. She testified that she also conducts individual and group psychotherapy sessions; her treatment of Candace involved both these types of therapy. Kirchoff testified that she also maintains a private practice performing child custody investigations and adoption home-studies. Her work history also included, as most relevant here, four years as a mental health clinician with the Alaska Department of Corrections, seven years as a social worker with OCS, a year with a juvenile assessment center in Wasilla as a "[c]linician providing psycho-social assessments for school-aged children," a year as a clinician at Southcentral Counseling in Anchorage providing school-based services to emotionally disturbed children, and four years as a public school social worker in Minnesota. Like Cosolito, Kirchoff had both bachelor's and master's degrees in social work; her master's studies involved working with children with "social-emotional disorders." Kirchoff testified that she took continuing education courses in a variety of topics, including substance abuse and drug-endangered children. She testified that she had been qualified as an expert in prior court proceedings 10 or 15 times while employed by OCS, in categories that included "ICWA, child protection, and children's mental health," and particularly whether under the ICWA standards it was "contrary to the welfare of the child to return home."
Douglas and Emma again objected that Kirchoff was not qualified to give the expert testimony required by ICWA, and the court again agreed with their objections, finding that Kirchoff lacked "the necessary expertise or knowledge of the Indian culture that's at issue here." The court did qualify Kirchoff as an expert with regard to Candace's treatment plan and did allow her to testify about the specifics of that plan, but it refused to consider her testimony as supporting a finding of likely harm under ICWA.
Ultimately, the superior court found that Candace was a child in need of aid due to sexual abuse by her adoptive brother, including a sexual assault in the home during the most recent winter break. However, in the absence of qualified expert testimony, the superior court held that OCS failed to meet its burden of showing that Candace was likely to suffer serious emotional or physical harm if she were returned to her parents' custody. The court concluded, therefore, that Candace should be returned home, albeit under OCS supervision "in order that appropriate safeguards are developed and implemented to ensure [Candace's] safety from [her adoptive brother]."
OCS filed a motion to stay and a petition for review, both of which we granted. The petition asks that we review the superior court's conclusion that OCS's two proposed witnesses, Cosolito and Kirchoff, were not "qualified experts" for purposes of ICWA, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(e).
When reviewing a superior court's decision to exclude proposed expert testimony under ICWA, we apply two different standards of review. First, "whether the expert testimony requirement of ICWA is satisfied is a pure question of law to be reviewed de novo."
We conclude that the superior court's refusal to qualify OCS's proposed expert witnesses was based on two legal errors: first, overlooking controlling law that expertise in Alaska Native culture is not required when the issues presented do not implicate cultural biases; and second, failing to recognize that well-educated and experienced social workers are "professional persons."
ICWA reflects a national purpose "to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families"; the act seeks to accomplish this purpose by imposing "minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from their families and the placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes."
These requirements of federal law are reflected in Alaska's child-in-need of-aid rules. Under CINA Rule 10(c)(3), the court may approve the removal of an Indian child from her home only if either "(A) ... removal ... is necessary to prevent imminent physical damage or harm to the child; or (B) ... there is clear and convincing evidence, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the child is likely to suffer serious emotional or physical damage if left in the custody of the parent or Indian custodian."
The critical phrase "qualified expert witnesses" is defined neither in ICWA nor in Alaska's CINA rules. But as noted above, the federal BIA has provided guidelines describing the witnesses who are "most likely" to meet ICWA's expert requirements:
We have held that the required expert testimony may be aggregated with other expert testimony or with the testimony of lay witnesses to support the conclusion that a parent's continued custody of the child is likely to cause the child serious harm.
The superior court found that Cosolito and Kirchoff failed to satisfy either of two arguably relevant BIA guidelines. First, the superior court found that they failed to satisfy the second BIA guideline — as lay experts "with substantial experience and knowledge regarding relevant Indian social and cultural standards and childrearing practices and the delivery of child and family services to Indians." But we have repeatedly held that expertise in Alaska Native culture is not necessarily required under ICWA. "Congress intended ICWA to prevent Native children from being separated from their families solely on the basis of testimony from social workers who were unable to `distinguish between cultural variations in child-rearing practices and actual abuse or neglect.'"
Even assuming that Cosolito and Kirchoff lacked expertise in Alaska Native culture, that would not disqualify them as experts under the circumstances of this case, because whether a child is likely to be harmed by exposure to sexual abuse in the home does not depend on particular cultural mores. In L.G. we held that evidence of the mother's "addictive and habitual use of alcohol and cocaine," causing the physical neglect of her children, showed that the children were "at a clear risk of future harm if returned to [the mother's] custody," a finding that "did not require testimony from an expert in Native culture."
The superior court also erred when it credited Douglas's argument that social workers are not "professionals" under the third BIA guideline ("[a] professional person having substantial education in the area of his or her specialty"), noting its "agree[ment] with the characterization of [the `professional'] class of experts put forward by Father." Douglas's argument relies on the definition of "professional" in Black's Law Dictionary: "A person who belongs to a learned profession or whose occupation requires a high level of training and proficiency."
Social work in Alaska has all the earmarks of a profession. The law requires a state licence for the practice of social work.
Kirchoff appeared even more amply qualified to testify about the risks of serious emotional or physical harm if Candace were returned to her home. Kirchoff had a lengthy work history as a mental health clinician, working with children with emotional and behavioral problems in a variety of institutional and agency settings, as well as a private practice of custody investigations and adoption home-studies. As Candace's own clinician, treating her in both individual and group therapy, Kirchoff was uniquely qualified to testify with authority about Candace's susceptibility to emotional harm. Though the superior court did not consider Kirchoff's testimony in support of the required findings under ICWA, the testimony she was allowed to give proved directly relevant to the issue: she testified that Candace was at risk of reverting to dangerous substance-abuse behaviors if she were returned to her village, and that if she reverted to those behaviors she would make herself more vulnerable to harm by others. Kirchoff was also concerned that despite some progress in developing healthy coping skills, Candace was not yet "able to practice them without a lot of prompts" and was therefore still at risk of harming herself.
The testimony of both these well-qualified witnesses would have been highly relevant to the finding under ICWA § 1912(e) that the superior court was obliged to make. Although we reverse the court's exclusion of the testimony because of its misinterpretation of the governing standards, we observe that, under a correct application of the law, it would have been an abuse of discretion to exclude the witnesses' testimony.
We REVERSE the superior court's rulings on whether OCS's two proffered witnesses were qualified experts for purposes of 25 U.S.C. § 1912(e). We VACATE the portion of the July 26, 2013 adjudication order placing Candace with her parents and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.