STUART, Justice.

Ligon Capital, LLC ("Ligon"), and its subsidiary HTI Hydraulic Technologies, LLC ("HTI"), sued CNH America, LLC ("CNH"), in the Jefferson Circuit Court, asserting breach-of-contract, fraudulent-misrepresentation, and fraudulent-suppression claims stemming from CNH's decision to stop using HTI as a supplier of hydraulic cylinders. Following a two-week trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Ligon and HTI on their fraudulent-suppression claims, awarding them $3.8 million in compensatory damages and $7.6 million in punitive damages. The trial court entered a judgment on that verdict, and CNH appeals. We affirm.

I.

In July 2007, Hydraulic Technologies, Inc. ("Hydraulic"), a manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders based in Ohio, filed for bankruptcy. Hydraulic's primary customer at the time was CNH, which incorporated Hydraulic's custom-made cylinders into various pieces of construction and agricultural equipment that it manufactured at different plants throughout the United States. Hydraulic was CNH's sole supplier for a number of custom-made cylinders, and CNH depended on Hydraulic's delivering its cylinders to CNH plants on schedule in order for CNH to meet its own production schedule. For some period before Hydraulic filed for bankruptcy, it had been suffering economic problems and had had difficulty fulfilling CNH's orders with quality products in a timely fashion, largely as a result of credit problems that were interfering with its ability to purchase materials from its own overseas suppliers.

Seeing an opportunity, Ligon, a holding company based in Birmingham that specializes in purchasing underperforming hydraulic-cylinder manufacturers, began investigating Hydraulic as a potential acquisition. As part of the due-diligence process, Ligon representatives visited Hydraulic's Ohio facility, where they met with CNH's on-site representative and participated in a conference call during which CNH's difficulties with Hydraulic were discussed. In order to keep Hydraulic production — and by extension CNH production — going, Ligon ultimately agreed to guarantee payment to Hydraulic's suppliers so that Hydraulic could obtain the materials it needed to produce the cylinders destined for CNH. In September 2007, the bankruptcy court approved the sale of substantially all of Hydraulic's assets to HTI, an entity Ligon had formed for this purpose. HTI, with Ligon's financial aid and support, then began producing cylinders and supplying them to CNH.

CNH's quality and efficiency concerns continued after HTI replaced Hydraulic as a supplier. Throughout the fall of 2007, CNH conducted daily conference calls with HTI to make sure that HTI distributed completed cylinders to the CNH plants that most needed the cylinders. CNH also provided HTI with a quality engineer who worked at HTI's facility as many as four or five days a week to help HTI improve its manufacturing processes. For its part, HTI absorbed hundreds of thousands of dollars in excess freight charges to express-order raw materials and to express-deliver completed cylinders to CNH, and, in early 2008, HTI invested $3.2 million in new machinery to be used to fill CNH orders.

Throughout this time, the relationship between HTI and CNH was not governed by a contract guaranteeing that CNH would purchase or that HTI would supply a certain number of cylinders for any set period. In fact, when Hydraulic's assets were purchased, HTI chose not to assume an existing contract Hydraulic had with CNH that required CNH to give 180 days' notice before terminating their relationship.1 Instead, CNH and HTI did business based on orders and forecasts CNH communicated to HTI using a computer system known as the CNH supplier communications network ("the CSCN"). Through the CSCN, HTI was provided weekly updates of CNH's firm orders, as well as forecasts for future orders expected over approximately the next year. It was expected that HTI would use the forecasts to ensure that its supply of raw materials, which sometimes took over six months to arrive, would allow it to fulfill CNH's orders as they became final. The CSCN contained disclaimers indicating that its forecasts were not binding, and it is undisputed that HTI understood that the forecasts were subject to change; however, CNH repeatedly emphasized to HTI that it needed to purchase its raw materials based on the forecasts so that CNH's supply of cylinders would be uninterrupted.

Unbeknownst to Ligon or to HTI, CNH had made a decision no later than September 2007 to terminate its relationship with HTI and to obtain the cylinders Hydraulic and HTI formerly provided from an alternate supplier. At the time CNH made that decision, it did not know exactly what company would replace HTI or when exactly the transition would occur; however, it was decided that HTI would no longer serve as a supplier once an alternate supplier was arranged. The finality of CNH's decision is evidenced by a September 2007 presentation made to CNH executives by Karthick Selvan, the CNH commodity buyer who primarily dealt with HTI, at which he stated that CNH's plan of action was to "Exit HTI 100%" and to "phase in alternate suppliers by May, 08." In fact, that plan was realized, and, on May 30, 2008, CNH notified HTI that it was terminating their relationship and that HTI was being replaced by Rosenboom Machine & Tool, Inc., which CNH had been working with as a possible replacement for HTI since at least August 2007. HTI continued to fill existing orders for CNH after being given notice; however, CNH placed no new orders with HTI after giving the termination notice, although the CSCN had previously contained forecasts predicting orders through April 2009. HTI thereafter attempted to cancel its outstanding orders for raw materials that were intended to be used in the production of custom cylinders for CNH; however, it was ultimately left with approximately $2.3 million of inventory that was unsuitable for any other purpose.

On January 30, 2009, Ligon and HTI sued CNH, alleging that they had suffered damages in excess of $6.8 million as a result of CNH's breach of contract, fraudulent misrepresentation, and fraudulent suppression. The trial court thereafter disposed of some of Ligon and HTI's claims on summary judgment; however, on December 5, 2011, two of HTI's breach-of-contract claims, as well as Ligon's and HTI's separate claims alleging fraudulent misrepresentation and fraudulent suppression, proceeded to trial. At the close of all the evidence, CNH moved for a judgment as a matter of law, which the trial court granted in part, entering a judgment in CNH's favor on the fraudulent-misrepresentation claims. The case was then submitted to the jury, which ultimately returned a verdict in favor of CNH on HTI's breach-of-contract claims and in favor of Ligon and HTI on their fraudulent-suppression claims. Without distinguishing between Ligon and HTI, the jury awarded them $3.8 million in compensatory damages and $7.6 million in punitive damages. The trial court subsequently entered a judgment consistent with that verdict.

CNH thereafter filed a postjudgment motion seeking a judgment as a matter of law or, in the alternative, a new trial, as well as a separate postjudgment motion seeking a remittitur of the punitive damages. Following a hearing, the trial court denied both motions. On June 1, 2012, CNH filed the instant appeal.

II.

On appeal, CNH argues that the trial court erred by denying CNH's motion for a judgment as a matter of law on Ligon's and HTI's fraudulent-suppression claims, that the trial court exceeded its discretion in denying CNH's motion for a new trial, and that the trial court erred by denying CNH's motion seeking a remittitur of the punitive damages.

We first review the trial court's decision denying CNH's motion seeking a judgment as a matter of law. We review that decision pursuant to the following standard of review:

Waddell & Reed, Inc. v. United Investors Life Ins. Co., 875 So.2d 1143, 1152 (Ala. 2003).

CNH argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for a judgment as a matter of law on Ligon's and HTI's fraudulent-suppression claims because, it argues, they failed to put forth substantial evidence establishing the elements of a fraudulent-suppression claim. The statutory basis of a fraudulent-suppression claim is § 6-5-102, Ala.Code 1975, which provides that "[s]uppression of a material fact which the party is under an obligation to communicate constitutes fraud. The obligation to communicate may arise from the confidential relations of the parties or from the particular circumstances of the case." This Court defined the elements of a fraudulent-suppression claim under § 6-5-102 in Lambert v. Mail Handlers Benefit Plan, 682 So.2d 61, 63 (Ala.1996):

The gravamen of Ligon's and HTI's fraudulent-suppression claims is that CNH decided in approximately September 2007 to replace HTI as a supplier of cylinders and then fraudulently suppressed that fact from Ligon and HTI for approximately eight months, inducing them to take actions and expend funds in an impossible attempt to foster an ongoing relationship between HTI and CNH. CNH denies that it made a definitive decision to terminate its relationship with HTI in September 2007 and that it had any duty to disclose to Ligon and HTI that it was terminating its relationship with HTI before it did so in May 2008. CNH further argues that, even if it did breach a duty to disclose and did conceal material facts, there is no evidence indicating that that concealment reasonably induced Ligon and HTI to act to their detriment. Thus, CNH effectively argues that substantial evidence is lacking with regard to each of the elements of fraudulent suppression.

We first consider whether Ligon and HTI established that CNH had a duty to disclose to them that, in approximately September 2007, CNH had made the decision to replace HTI as its supplier of certain cylinders. In Freightliner, L.L.C. v. Whatley Contract Carriers, L.L.C., 932 So.2d 883, 892 (Ala.2005), this Court explained that, in a commercial transaction involving arm's length negotiations, the parties have no general obligation to disclose any specific information to the other, but each has an affirmative duty to respond truthfully and accurately to direct questions from the other. Thus, whether CNH had a duty to disclose to Ligon and HTI, before May 2008, that it had decided to terminate its relationship with HTI depends on (1) whether Ligon and HTI ever asked CNH direct questions regarding the status of HTI's ongoing relationship with CNH and (2) whether CNH answered any such questions truthfully and accurately.

Ligon and HTI argue that evidence was adduced at trial indicating that HTI's general manager, Glen Campbell, did in fact direct multiple inquiries to CNH representatives regarding the status of HTI's ongoing relationship with CNH after CNH had already made the decision to terminate that relationship and that those representatives misled him with their responses. For example, Campbell testified that he specifically asked Selvan in September 2007 if HTI was "still going to be [CNH's] supplier going forward," and, according to Campbell, Selvan responded that "[CNH] need[ed][HTI] in the short term and long term, we are committed." Campbell further testified that, in early 2008, shortly after HTI purchased $3.2 million in machinery to meet CNH's demands, he had another conversation with Selvan in which he stated: "[W]e're spending a lot of money to fill your needs, and it's commitment on our part. Where does CNH lie?" He testified that Selvan responded by referring him to the CSCN, telling him to look at the firm orders and the forecast orders and to continue to send product to CNH in accordance with those orders. Campbell also testified that he had a similar conversation with Allessandra Canali, a commodity manager in the purchasing department at CNH, during which he inquired about entering into a contract with CNH. According to Campbell, Canali stated that CNH was not interested in entering into a contract but that it was committed to HTI short-term and long-term and that HTI needed to continue to follow the CSCN. CNH argues that Campbell's questions were too vague and otherwise insufficient to give rise to a duty to disclose.

In Freightliner, we explained what type of question would be sufficiently specific to give rise to a duty to disclose when we stated that "`[a] disclosing party cannot be punished for fraudulent suppression unless the questioning party articulates with reasonable clarity the particular information it desires.'" 932 So.2d at 893 (quoting Shutter Shop, Inc. v. Amersham Corp., 114 F.Supp.2d 1218, 1226 (M.D.Ala.2000)). In this case, there is no question but that the CNH representatives understood exactly what Campbell was inquiring about when he asked: "Is HTI still going to be [CNH's] supplier going forward?" and "Is [CNH] continuing to stay with us?" — whether CNH was going to replace HTI. Indeed, to its credit, CNH does not even argue that its employees did not understand the thrust of Campbell's questions; it essentially takes the position that those employees gave cleverly worded answers that might be technically true depending on one's view of the terms "long-term" and "commitment."2 Campbell's questions therefore "articulate[d] with reasonable clarity the particular information [he] desire[d]" and were accordingly reasonably specific and direct so as to impose a duty to disclose upon CNH.

Moreover, even if we were to conclude that Campbell's questions were not reasonably specific and direct, this Court also stated in Freightliner that "once a party elects to speak, he or she assumes a duty not to suppress or conceal those facts that materially qualify the facts already stated." 932 So.2d at 895. Ligon and HTI argue that once Selvan told Campbell that "CNH needed [HTI] in the short term and long term, we are committed," he and CNH assumed the duty to make a full and fair disclosure without concealing other relevant facts within his knowledge. See First Alabama Bank of Montgomery, N.A. v. First State Ins. Co., 899 F.2d 1045, 1056 (11th Cir.1990) ("Finally, even if one is not under a duty to speak, if he decides to do so, `he must make a full and fair disclosure,' without concealing any facts within his knowledge." (quoting Ellis v. Zuck, 409 F.Supp. 1151, 1158 (N.D.Ala.1976), and citing Jackson Co. v. Faulkner, 55 Ala.App. 354, 315 So.2d 591 (1975))). There can be no dispute but that the fact that CNH had already decided to replace HTI materially qualified Selvan's statement that CNH was "committed" to HTI. "The duty imposed on the speaking party is to disclose those facts that are material to the ones already stated so as to make them truthful." Freightliner, 932 So.2d at 895. See also Ellis, 409 F.Supp. at 1158 ("So it is that if a franchisee raises a question the franchisor must avoid half-truths."). Thus, even if a duty to disclose was not otherwise created by Campbell's questions, that duty was certainly assumed by CNH when Selvan and Canali voluntarily spoke of CNH's long-term commitment to HTI.

CNH argues on appeal, however, that even if Campbell's questions gave rise to a duty on the part of CNH to disclose the plan to switch suppliers, that duty extended only to Campbell's employer, HTI. There is no evidence, CNH argues, that anyone from Ligon asked a question or engaged in a conversation that might have given rise to such a duty. Therefore, CNH argues, it was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law on Ligon's fraudulent-suppression claim and, under the "good count-bad count" doctrine described in Aspinwall v. Gowens, 405 So.2d 134 (Ala. 1981), a new trial is required because the jury returned a general verdict in favor of both Ligon and HTI and this Court "cannot assume that the verdict was based only on those ... claims that were properly submitted to the jury." Waddell & Reed, 875 So.2d at 1165.

However, although it does appear that no one from Ligon separately asked a question that might give rise to a duty to disclose under Freightliner, we disagree that the trial court erred by failing to enter a judgment as a matter of law in favor of CNH on Ligon's fraudulent-suppression claim. At the close of Ligon's and HTI's case, and again at the close of all the evidence, CNH moved the trial court for a judgment as a matter of law on all of Ligon's and HTI's claims. Indeed, CNH submitted written motions asserting its arguments in that respect and the first numbered paragraph in each of those motions reads as follows:

(Emphasis added.) Elsewhere in these motions, CNH continued to argue as if Ligon and HTI jointly asserted one fraudulent-suppression claim, instead of each asserting their own claim. Indeed, the record reveals that the trial court and all the parties generally treated Ligon's and HTI's fraudulent-suppression claims as a collective claim throughout the trial. Nowhere in those two motions did CNH distinguish between Ligon's claim and HTI's claim, or argue that Ligon individually, as opposed to Ligon and HTI collectively, had failed to introduce substantial evidence in support of its claim. Moreover, following the close of evidence, CNH submitted a proposed verdict form that again treated Ligon's and HTI's individual fraudulent-suppression claims as a single collective claim. It was not until after the verdict was returned and a judgment entered thereon that CNH argued for the first time, in its postjudgment motion, that Ligon had a separate fraudulent-suppression claim, the elements of which were not proven even if HTI proved the elements of its own separate claim.

Although a judgment as a matter of law is generally appropriate when an element of a plaintiff's claim is not established, Kmart Corp. v. Bassett, 769 So.2d 282, 284 (Ala.2000), the opposing party still needs to properly move for that judgment. See generally Rule 50(a)(2), Ala. R. Civ. P. ("Motions for judgment as a matter of law may be made at any time before submission of the case to the jury. Such a motion shall specify the judgment sought and the law and the facts on which the moving party is entitled to the judgment."). In BellSouth Mobility, Inc. v. Cellulink, Inc., 814 So.2d 203, 213 (Ala.2001), this Court recognized that "`[t]echnical precision is not necessary in stating grounds for the motion so long as the trial court is aware of the movant's position.'" (Quoting Pruitt v. Pruitt, 343 So.2d 495, 500 (Ala. 1976) (internal quotation marks omitted).) In this case, we cannot conclude that CNH made the argument, much less that the trial court was aware of that argument, that Ligon failed to prove its fraudulent-suppression claim. Rather, CNH's sole argument regarding fraudulent suppression in its motions for a judgment as a matter of law was that Ligon and HTI failed to prove their fraudulent-suppression claim. In considering that argument, the trial court did not err in rejecting it because, as described supra, CNH did have a duty to disclose under the Freightliner test, and, as described infra, substantial evidence was adduced at trial supporting each of the other elements of a fraudulent-suppression claim. By treating Ligon's and HTI's separate claims as a collective claim in its motions for a judgment as a matter of law and throughout most of the trial, CNH invited the error it alleges occurred and thus lost the right to now make the waived argument to this Court. See Clements v. Alabama State Bar, 100 So.3d 505, 512 (Ala.2012) (stating that a party will not be permitted to allege an error in the trial court proceedings that was invited by him or that was the natural consequences of his actions), and Ex parte Grand Manor, Inc., 778 So.2d 173, 177 (Ala.2000) ("[W]here the defendant does not challenge the `bad counts' (i.e., those not supported by substantial evidence) with specificity in his motions for [a judgment as a matter of law], this Court will presume that the verdict was returned on the `good count.'" (emphasis added)).

We next consider whether Ligon and HTI established that CNH concealed or disclosed material facts. CNH denies that it did because, it claims, although it was exploring other suppliers in September 2007, a process it calls "re-sourcing," it did not make the final decision to terminate its relationship with HTI until May 2008, when it determined that Rosenboom was capable of replacing HTI. Ligon and HTI argue that CNH had decided to terminate its business relationship with HTI in September 2007 and to replace it with another supplier, regardless of whether CNH knew exactly who that supplier would be or when the transition would occur. The evidence adduced at trial supports Ligon and HTI's claim.

The fact that CNH had, in September 2007, made a definitive decision to replace HTI cannot seriously be disputed, although CNH and its executives have tried ably to do so both at trial and in CNH's brief to this Court. However, the fact that CNH did not know at the time its decision to replace HTI was made which of its potential replacements for HTI would ultimately be selected or the exact date the transition would occur does not negate the fact that the final decision to replace HTI had been made. The most direct evidence of this decision was the September 2007 presentation given to CNH executives by Selvan in which he stated that CNH's plan was to "Exit HTI 100%" and to "phase in alternate suppliers by May, 08." Notwithstanding this and other documentary evidence, including internal CNH e-mails, no less than three CNH employees attempted at trial to downplay the finality of the September 2007 decision to replace HTI. Each was subsequently impeached with previous deposition testimony indicating otherwise. For example, T.J. Bonfield, vice president of purchasing at CNH, testified as follows when questioned by Ligon and HTI's attorney:

Our standard of review requires us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to Ligon and HTI and to entertain such reasonable inferences as the jury would have been free to draw. Waddell & Reed, 875 So.2d at 1152. Flint Construction Co. v. Hall, 904 So.2d 236, 250 (Ala.2004), further instructs us that "a jury concluding that any witness was willfully not truthful about one material aspect of his or her testimony is free to disregard all or any part of the testimony." Thus, there is ample evidence indicating that by September 2007 CNH had made its final decision and formulated and implemented a plan to replace HTI with a new supplier by May 2008. That evidence is only confirmed by the additional evidence indicating that, in fact, this plan succeeded: in May 2008, CNH notified HTI that it was being replaced by Rosenboom, which CNH had been working with to replace HTI since at least August 2007. There is likewise ample evidence, which CNH does not dispute, that CNH intentionally acted to conceal its plan from Ligon and HTI. Thus, Ligon and HTI produced substantial evidence establishing the second element of their fraudulent-suppression claims, that CNH concealed or failed to disclose material facts — namely that it had decided by September 2007 to replace HTI as a supplier.

The final two elements of a fraudulent-suppression claim concern whether a plaintiff was induced to act to its injury by the defendant's suppression of material facts. Although it is a question of law whether a party has a duty to disclose material facts, Freightliner, 932 So.2d at 891, whether a party was induced to act to its injury because material facts were concealed is a question of fact for the jury. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Owen, 729 So.2d 834, 841-42 (Ala.1998). Accordingly, we do not review this element de novo; rather, we must consider only whether the jury had before it substantial evidence, that is "evidence of such weight and quality that fair-minded persons in the exercise of impartial judgment [could] reasonably infer," that Ligon and HTI were induced to act to their detriment based on CNH's months-long concealment of the fact that it had, by September 2007, made a final decision to replace HTI as a supplier. West v. Founders Life Assurance Co. of Florida, 547 So.2d 870, 871 (Ala.1989). Certainly, such evidence was adduced at trial; indeed, much of it came from CNH sources.

Although CNH argues that Ligon and HTI did not put forth substantial evidence of these elements, its argument is undercut by its own theory of the case. CNH acknowledges that it kept its decision to terminate its relationship with HTI from Ligon and HTI for months, which begs the question, why did it do so? The answer is readily discernible from the evidence — because CNH knew that if Ligon and HTI became aware of that decision they would act differently. Ligon and HTI summarize some of the evidence indicating as much in their brief to this Court:

Ligon and HTI's brief, pp. 7-8 (citations and emphasis omitted). Moreover, when CNH's employee Canali was specifically asked at trial if "one of the reasons [CNH] did not tell [HTI] about the resourcing is because [CNH] needed to induce [HTI] to continue to make the cylinders," she responded affirmatively. Finally, CNH's concern that HTI might have acted differently during the period between when CNH decided to replace it as a supplier and when HTI was told of that decision was not unfounded, because HTI confirmed at trial that it would in fact have acted differently had it known. Campbell testified that had HTI had known of CNH's decision to terminate its relationship with HTI, "[w]e'd have made totally different plans going forward. We would not have ordered the raw materials and the goods. We wouldn't have ordered the machinery for multiple million dollars, and we would have had time to backfill that business that was going to be pulled away."

CNH nevertheless argues that, even if there is evidence indicating that Ligon and HTI were induced to act based on CNH's suppression of material facts, it was not reasonable for them to do so. CNH emphasizes that HTI knew and understood that CNH had no commitment to buy any particular volume of materials from HTI or to continue to use HTI as a supplier for any length of time. However, it bears repeating here that Ligon's and HTI's fraudulent-suppression claims are not an argument that CNH breached an agreement to continue using HTI as a supplier for a defined length of time; it is undisputed at this point that there was no such agreement. Rather, the fraudulent-suppression claims are premised on the fact that, in September 2007, CNH decided to terminate HTI as a supplier, and it actively concealed that decision from Ligon and HTI in order to induce them to continue to act in a matter benefiting CNH. It was not merely suppression of the fact that CNH might replace HTI — Ligon and HTI acknowledge that that was always a possibility — it was suppression of the fact that CNH had already decided to replace HTI and there was nothing Ligon and HTI could do to alter that decision.

Thus, there was evidence indicating that CNH knew that disclosure of the decision to terminate HTI as a supplier would cause Ligon and HTI to act differently toward CNH than it always had and evidence indicating that Ligon and HTI did in fact take certain actions because that decision was concealed from them. Quite simply, Ligon and HTI's decision to invest millions of dollars in their relationship with CNH would not have occurred had they known that CNH had already decided to terminate that relationship. Moreover, there was evidence presented from which the jury could have concluded that Ligon and HTI's decision to invest that money was reasonable in light of the fact that CNH had told them that "CNH needed [HTI] in the short term and long term" and that "we are committed" in response to questions about the future of their business relationship, as well as the fact that CNH submitted approximately one-year forecasts listing projected orders to HTI using the CSCN up until the time HTI was told it was being replaced in May 2008. CNH even emphasized the importance of HTI's being able to meet those forecasts when asked by Campbell "[w]here does CNH lie?" even though CNH had already made the internal decision that HTI would not be used to fill those orders.3

In conclusion, there was substantial evidence adduced at trial to support the following findings of fact: (1) Based either on Campbell's reasonably specific questions regarding the future of HTI's relationship with CNH or CNH representatives' own voluntary statements regarding that future, CNH had a duty to disclose that it had made a decision in September 2007 to terminate HTI as a CNH supplier; (2) CNH instead deliberately chose to conceal that material fact from Ligon and HTI; (3) the concealment of the decision to terminate HTI as a supplier induced Ligon and HTI to take certain actions; and (4) taking those actions damaged Ligon and HTI. Because all the elements of a fraudulent-suppression claim were established, the trial court did not err in denying CNH's motion for a judgment as a matter of law.

III.

We next consider CNH's argument that the trial court exceeded its discretion by failing to grant CNH's motion for a new trial. "The decision whether to grant or to deny a motion for a new trial rests within the sound discretion of the trial court." CSX Transp., Inc. v. Miller, 46 So.3d 434, 446 (Ala.2010) (citing Jordan v. Calloway, 7 So.3d 310, 313 (Ala.2008)). CNH argues that it is entitled to a new trial because, it argues, a charge given the jury misstated the law.

Southeast Envt'l Infrastructure, L.L.C. v. Rivers, 12 So.3d 32, 43-44 (Ala.2008). CNH argues that the trial court erred by giving the jury the following charge regarding CNH's duty to disclose:

(Emphasis added.) CNH objects to the emphasized portion of the charge, arguing that it is an incorrect statement of law. Because this was a commercial transaction involving arm's length negotiations, CNH argues, the parties' respective intelligence, education, experience, knowledge, and power are irrelevant; all parties are presumed to be sophisticated. Ligon and HTI argue that the instruction was correct, that the emphasized portion was taken from the Alabama Pattern Jury Instructions, that CNH previously waived any objection, and that, even if the charge was lacking in some way, CNH has merely made a bare allegation of prejudice without establishing that it was indeed prejudiced by the charge.

We agree that any error in the charge did not prejudice CNH. The challenged jury instruction concerned whether CNH had a duty to disclose. "`"The question whether a party had a duty to disclose is a question of law to be determined by the trial court."'" Freightliner, 932 So.2d at 891 (quoting Armstrong Bus. Servs., Inc. v. AmSouth Bank, 817 So.2d 665, 676-77 (Ala.2001), quoting in turn Barnett v. Funding Plus of America, Inc., 740 So.2d 1069, 1074 (Ala.1999)). As we have already explained supra, under Freightliner CNH had a duty to disclose. Therefore, the only parties that might have been prejudiced by the challenged instruction are Ligon and HTI, because the challenged instruction implies that the jury could have found that CNH did not owe a duty to disclose and accordingly returned a verdict in favor of CNH on the fraudulent-suppression claims, notwithstanding the fact that determining whether there was a duty was a question of law for the trial court, which answered the question in the affirmative when it denied CNH's motions for a judgment as a matter of law. CNH is not entitled to a new trial on this basis.

IV.

Having established that the verdict in favor of Ligon and HTI should stand and that no new trial is warranted, it is necessary to consider CNH's final argument that the punitive-damages award should be remitted to $0. We described the considerations that guide our review of a punitive-damages award as follows in Ross v. Rosen-Rager, 67 So.3d 29, 41-42 (Ala.2010):

In making its argument that the punitive-damages award should be remitted, CNH does not address all the factors identified in BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996), and Green Oil Co. v. Hornsby, 539 So.2d 218 (Ala.1989). Our discussion of CNH's argument accordingly focuses on those factors identified by CNH as supporting its argument; nevertheless, our conclusion that no remittitur is warranted is ultimately based upon a review of all the relevant factors.

CNH first argues that no punitive damages are warranted because, it argues, Alabama has no interest in punishing CNH, an Illinois corporation, for harm caused to HTI, an Ohio company. In support of this argument, CNH relies on the following excerpt from Gore:

517 U.S. at 572-73, 116 S.Ct. 1589. However, this argument presumes that Ligon, a Birmingham-based company, was not damaged by CNH's conduct. As discussed supra, CNH failed to distinguish between Ligon and HTI when moving for a judgment as a matter of law at trial, thus waiving the argument that the jury's verdict was improper as to Ligon. Moreover, the trial court, in its order denying CNH's postjudgment motions, specifically explained the damage suffered by Ligon as a result of CNH's suppression, explaining that, based on that suppression, "Ligon embarked upon a course of action, namely, committing its financial resources to the HTI plant to service [CNH's] production needs while subordinating all other strategies." The punitive-damages award accordingly has a nexus to harm suffered by an Alabama entity, and Alabama therefore has an interest in punishing the entity that caused that harm, CNH.

CNH next argues that, even if Ligon and HTI proved their fraudulent-suppression claims by substantial evidence, they failed to prove their claims by clear and convincing evidence, thus precluding an award of punitive damages. See § 6-11-20(a), Ala.Code 1975 ("Punitive damages may not be awarded in any civil action ... other than in a tort action where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant consciously or deliberately engaged in ... fraud ... with regard to the plaintiff."); and § 6-11-20(b)(4), Ala.Code 1975 (defining "clear and convincing evidence" as "[e]vidence that, when weighed against evidence in opposition, will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm conviction as to each essential element of the claim and a high probability as to the correctness of the conclusion" and further noting that "[p]roof by clear and convincing evidence requires a level of proof greater than a preponderance of the evidence or the substantial weight of the evidence, but less than beyond a reasonable doubt"). We disagree. As the evidence recited in this opinion indicates, CNH orchestrated and carried out a months-long scheme to fraudulently suppress information from Ligon and HTI. Ample evidence of this "plan of trickery and deceit," as the trial court referred to the scheme in its postjudgment order, was adduced at trial and is contained in the record so as to constitute "clear and convincing evidence."

CNH next argues that the punitive-damages award should be remitted because, it argues, the award is arbitrary and amounts to a windfall for Ligon and HTI. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 155 L.Ed.2d 585 (2003) ("The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments on a tortfeasor." (citing Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc., 532 U.S. 424, 433, 121 S.Ct. 1678, 149 L.Ed.2d 674 (2001), and Gore, 517 U.S. at 562, 116 S.Ct. 1589)). CNH's argument on this point is premised on the fact that Ligon elected not to have HTI assume Hydraulic's contract with CNH at the time HTI purchased Hydraulic's assets. CNH alleges that that contract would have required CNH to give HTI 180 days' notice before terminating their relationship and that, if CNH breached that contract, Ligon and HTI would have been able to seek only compensatory damages, not punitive damages. See John Deere Indus. Equip. Co., 431 So.2d 1155, 1157 (Ala.1983) ("Punitive damages are generally not allowed in actions for breach of contract."). Thus, CNH reasons, Ligon and HTI are receiving a windfall as a result of their own decision to reject a contract they could have assumed that would have protected them.4

However, CNH's argument that Ligon and HTI could have avoided a situation where their relationship with CNH was terminated without notice is not supported by the facts in record. The contract HTI declined to assume provided as follows:

However, by its terms, this contract expired on December 31, 2007; thus, CNH could have terminated its relationship with HTI without notice at any time after that date regardless of whether the contract was assumed. CNH alleges that if HTI assumed this contract, CNH would have had to provide HTI with notice of its May 30, 2008, termination on December 2, 2007; however, no language in the contract imposed such a burden upon CNH. Rather, the language of the contract unambiguously states that the contractual term ends on December 31, 2007, and the parties' obligations to each other under that contract, barring some clear language to the contrary, expired on that date.

Moreover, CNH's windfall argument is further undercut by the evidence in the record indicating that HTI did, in fact, thereafter seek a contract with CNH, but its request was denied when Campbell was told by Canali that CNH was not interested in entering into a contract. CNH's lack of interest in entering into a contract with HTI is consistent with the jury's implicit finding that CNH had already decided to terminate its relationship with HTI at the time of the request and was in the midst of suppressing that information from Ligon and HTI. We are not persuaded by CNH's argument that the punitive-damages award entered on the jury's verdict amounts to a windfall for Ligon and HTI that is prohibited by the Fourteenth Amendment's bar on arbitrary punishments.

CNH next argues that no punitive damages are warranted because, it claims, its conduct was not reprehensible. See Gore, 517 U.S. at 575, 116 S.Ct. 1589 ("Perhaps the most important indicium of the reasonableness of a punitive damages award is the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct."). CNH argues that its course of conduct was standard business procedure and that it could not have known that it owed Ligon and/or HTI a duty to disclose until the jury returned a verdict. Compensatory damages are sufficient in this case, CNH argues, because such damages make Ligon and HTI whole while making it clear to CNH what its duties will be in similar situations going forward.

Ligon and HTI argue that CNH's conduct was, in fact, reprehensible, in light of the breadth and duration of the plan to conceal information from Ligon and HTI, while knowing that HTI would ultimately be stuck with millions of dollars worth of raw materials that were essentially worthless if CNH no longer purchased the hydraulic cylinders for which those raw materials were ordered. In considering the reprehensibility of CNH's conduct for the purpose of reviewing the punitive-damages award, the trial court recited the evidence and concluded:

We agree; although the level of reprehensibility of CNH's actions may be mitigated by certain factors, the punitive damages awarded by the jury are reasonable in light of the totality of the evidence.

CNH next argues that punitive damages should not be awarded because Alabama has no interest in discouraging confidentiality in commercial dealings. CNH articulates this argument as follows in its brief:

CNH's brief, pp. 68-69. CNH is correct that Freightliner stands for the general principle that businesses are permitted to keep internal operating information confidential. However, that principle is not absolute. The touchstone of the rule applied in Freightliner is that businesses need to be honest in their transactions; thus, the requirement that businesses respond truthfully to a specific request for information, as well as the additional requirement that any disclosure, whether prompted by a question or not, contain "those facts that are material to the ones already stated so as to make them truthful." 932 So.2d at 894. When that rule is violated and a business chooses trickery and deceit as opposed to the honest disclosure required by § 6-5-102 and by Freightliner, that business has committed a species of fraud, which Alabama clearly has an interest in discouraging, notwithstanding the simultaneous interest in allowing that business to keep its internal operating information confidential. See § 6-11-20(a) (authorizing punitive damages where there is clear and convincing evidence of fraud).

CNH's final argument is that it did not profit from its misconduct, which factor weighs against the imposition of punitive damages. Green Oil, 539 So.2d at 223. At most, CNH argues, its decision not to tell Ligon and HTI until May 2008 that the decision had been made to terminate HTI as a supplier merely preserved the status quo, because HTI did not have an opportunity to raise its prices or to pass additional costs on to CNH during the approximately nine-month interval during which it was unaware of that decision. Ligon and HTI dispute CNH's characterization of this factor and argue that CNH's fraud in fact resulted in a significant amount of profit for CNH.

The trial court essentially agreed with CNH, noting that the evidence indicated that CNH recognized it might eventually "be called upon to answer in damages for plaintiff's economic losses" and that CNH therefore was attempting merely to defer those costs rather than absolutely avoid them. However, even so, CNH had the use of those funds for some time and presumably benefited from them during that period. See National Ins. Ass'n v. Sockwell, 829 So.2d 111, 139 (Ala.2002) ("National contends that it has not profited from its misconduct because, it argues, it ultimately paid Sockwell the $40,000 UIM benefits that prompted this action. However, as the trial court noted in its posttrial order, National had use of the policy proceeds from September 1998 until April 2000, when Sockwell's claim was eventually paid. During that approximately 17 month period, National benefitted financially from having possession of the policy proceeds through earnings, interest, or through some other form of financial benefit. The exact amount of this profit or gain is unknown."). As in Sockwell, we conclude that "[w]hether [CNH] has profited from [its] conduct is unknown"; accordingly, this factor neither supports the punitive-damages award nor supports a remittitur of that award. However, considering all the Gore guideposts and Green Oil factors, we conclude that no remittitur is needed and that the punitive-damages award returned by the jury is appropriate and does not infringe upon CNH's due-process rights.

V.

Ligon and HTI sued CNH, asserting breach-of-contract, fraudulent-misrepresentation, and fraudulent-suppression claims after CNH terminated its relationship with HTI, which had previously supplied it with hydraulic cylinders. Following a jury trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Ligon and HTI on their fraudulent-suppression claims, awarding them $3.8 million in compensatory damages and $7.6 million in punitive damages. The trial court thereafter entered a judgment consistent with that verdict, and, for all the reasons discussed herein, that judgment is now affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

MOORE, C.J., and BOLIN, PARKER, MAIN, and WISE, JJ., concur.

SHAW and BRYAN, JJ., dissent.

SHAW, Justice (dissenting).

I respectfully dissent. Glen Campbell, general manager for HTI Hydraulic Technologies, LLC ("HTI"), asked the CNH America, LLC ("CNH"), employees if "HTI [was] still going to be [CNH's] supplier going forward" and if CNH was "continuing to stay with [HTI]."6 The issue is whether the responses where "accurate" and "truthful." Freightliner, L.L.C. v. Whatley Contract Carriers, L.L.C., 932 So.2d 883, 895 (Ala.2005). The main opinion states that CNH's "cleverly worded answers" were "technically true depending on one's view of the terms `long-term' and `commitment,'" 160 So.3d at 1202, but that the jury apparently "did not share CNH's interpretation of these terms." 160 So.3d at 1202 n. 2. The problem I have is that HTI undisputedly understood and "share[d] CNH's interpretation of these terms." Campbell knew that responses regarding any "short-term or long-term" commitments "[were not] commitment[s] for any specific length of time into the future that CNH was going to be placing firm orders"; he testified that there was "no statement by them that said you can, you can be guaranteed ... orders out in the future for 8 months, 12 months, 16 months"; and although he stated that he believed CNH was staying with HTI in the "short-term," he acknowledged that there was "no agreement about how long the short-term period would last" and "[n]o one from CNH committed to staying with HTI for a set period of time." Campbell was under no false illusion that CNH had no plans to switch suppliers: the responses, as Campbell testified that he understood, were that there was no commitment for a set period. There is much discussion with respect to the fact that CNH had ultimately decided to switch suppliers, but that undisputedly long-term process had no immediate impact on the relationship between CNH and HTI as it existed at the time Campbell asked the questions — a relationship in which HTI knew there would be continuing orders but no commitment or guarantee. Although the fact allegedly suppressed was that the relationship was going to end, HTI knew that the CNH employees were not indicating that the relationship would be permanent. Because HTI knew from CNH's responses that the relationship was not permanent, I do not see how the jury could reasonably have concluded that HTI was lulled by a suppression of facts to believe the exact opposite.

BRYAN, Justice (dissenting).

After a review of the record and the arguments presented in this appeal, I believe that CNH America, LLC ("CNH"), did not have a duty to disclose the allegedly suppressed fact to HTI Hydraulic Technologies, LLC ("HTI"), and Ligon Capital, LLC ("Ligon"), and, thus, that the trial court improperly denied CNH's motion for a judgment as a matter of law on the fraudulent-suppression claims brought by Ligon and HTI. A majority of this Court holds otherwise; I respectfully dissent.

To fully understand the underlying facts of this particular case, a discussion of the business relationship between CNH and HTI is necessary. CNH is an original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") of agricultural and construction equipment. When Ligon formed HTI in September 2007, HTI became the seventh hydraulic-cylinder company owned and managed by Ligon. HTI was a "sole-source supplier," i.e., the only supplier, of certain hydraulic cylinders to CNH for use in manufacturing CNH's products. T.J. Bonfield, vice president of purchasing at CNH, explained that the hydraulic cylinders produced by HTI were highly engineered components and that a supplier of these cylinders must be approved by the engineering, purchasing, and quality groups within CNH before that supplier is qualified to supply hydraulic cylinders to CNH. Bonfield testified that it takes approximately 12 months and costs CNH millions of dollars to qualify a new supplier under CNH's stringent qualification standards7 and that the only way CNH can remain competitive in its market is to rely on a sole-source supplier for specialized parts. Bonfield testified that sole-source supplying is a common practice in the industry.

Sole-source supplying facilitates a balance of power between an OEM and its supplier. For example, in this case, HTI had leverage over CNH because CNH had no other supplier for the specific hydraulic cylinders that were produced by HTI and, thus, no other way of obtaining the cylinders produced by HTI. HTI was also a "just-in-time" supplier of hydraulic cylinders to CNH, meaning that hydraulic cylinders were delivered to CNH only when CNH gave HTI a firm order. Thus, if HTI did not ship quality cylinders to CNH in a timely manner, CNH's manufacturing process could be delayed or brought to a halt. On the other hand, in the absence of a long-term supply contract, CNH, one of HTI's biggest customers, could withdraw its business from HTI at any time.8

John McMahon, an owner of Ligon with decades of business experience, testified that it was the job of purchasing managers at companies like CNH to make sole-source suppliers insecure about the business relationship in order to keep the suppliers working hard. McMahon testified that OEM's like CNH threaten to take their business elsewhere if the sole-source suppliers' prices are too high or the quality too low. The process of an OEM moving its business to another supplier is called "re-sourcing." To the OEM, it is essential that the re-sourcing decision be kept confidential so that the supplier does not use its leverage over the OEM to raise prices or stop shipment of parts and, thus, disrupt the OEM's supply chain. Bonfield testified that it was his experience in the industry that a decision to re-source is kept confidential in order to minimize the risk of supply disruption. Even if an OEM desires to re-source, the process takes as long as 12 months, and the timing of the actual re-sourcing is usually uncertain because the process depends heavily on the viability of a new supplier.

Here, Allessandra Canali, a commodity manager in the purchasing department at CNH, testified that when she began working for CNH in June 2007, "there was a very specific plan in place of who [CNH] intended to resource to, [and] exactly what suppliers [CNH] intended to enter agreements with other than [Hydraulic Technologies, Inc.]." Karthick Selvan, a commodity buyer at CNH, testified that, consistent with industry practices, CNH's decision to re-source business from HTI was to be kept confidential, and he identified HTI's knowledge of the re-sourcing plan as the greatest risk to successfully re-sourcing from HTI. Bonfield testified that no part of CNH's plan, either before or after Ligon purchased the assets of Hydraulic Technologies, Inc. ("Hydraulic"), included maintaining HTI as a supplier. However, Bonfield also testified that, as of September 2007, CNH did not have confirmation that any of the potential suppliers would actually meet CNH's qualification standards and be willing to take CNH's business for the price CNH was willing to pay for the hydraulic cylinders. It was undisputed that CNH could not actually resource from HTI to another supplier until another supplier had met CNH's stringent qualification standards.

In May 2008, CNH finally qualified an alternate supplier for the cylinders produced by HTI. On May 30, 2008, CNH notified HTI that it was re-sourcing to another supplier and that it would not place any additional firm orders with HTI. CNH considered the move from HTI to the alternate supplier a "textbook" example of how to properly manage a difficult re-sourcing transition in the industry.

HTI and Ligon argue that CNH fraudulently suppressed the fact that, "prior to September 2007, [CNH] had entered into a relationship with a supplier with whom [CNH] had decided to replace HTI" and that HTI and Ligon had suffered damage as a result of the fraudulent suppression. Whether CNH had a duty to disclose their decision to re-source the hydraulic cylinders is a question of law, and if there was no duty to disclose, then HTI and Ligon could not recover on their fraudulent-suppression claims. See Freightliner, L.L.C. v. Whatley Contract Carriers, L.L.C., 932 So.2d 883, 891 (Ala.2005).

As the main opinion implicitly acknowledges, it cannot seriously be disputed that CNH and HTI were involved in a series of arm's length commercial transactions and that there was no confidential relationship between CNH and HTI or CNH and Ligon. It also cannot be disputed that CNH, HTI, and Ligon each had a tremendous amount of experience in the industry and that none of the companies involved in this proceeding had any specialized knowledge of the industry that one of the other companies did not have. In Freightliner, this Court stated:

932 So.2d at 892 (emphasis added; footnote omitted).

Glen Campbell, the general manager of HTI, testified that, in September 2007, he asked Selvan if HTI was "still going to be [CNH's] supplier going forward," and, according to Campbell, Selvan responded that "[CNH] need[ed] [HTI] in the short term and long term, we are committed."9 Campbell admitted that there was no time frame attached to Selvan's answer and that he understood Selvan to say that CNH was making a commitment to place at least some firm orders for an unspecified time into the future. Campbell did not ask for clarification of that answer.

In early 2008, shortly after HTI had purchased $3.2 million in machinery to meet CNH's demands, Campbell told Selvan that HTI was spending a lot of money to meet CNH's needs and that HTI was making a commitment. Campbell asked Selvan, "Where does [CNH] lie?" Selvan responded by referring Campbell to the firm orders and the planning orders that were in place between CNH and HTI and telling him to continue to send product to CNH in accordance with those orders. Campbell also asked Canali for a long-term commitment from CNH. Canali responded by stating that most of CNH's suppliers did not operate pursuant to a long-term contract and that HTI should continue to send CNH product in accordance with the firm orders and the planning orders in place. According to Campbell, Canali also told him that CNH was committed to HTI in the short-term and the long-term. Campbell testified that the "natural" question for him to ask was whether CNH was planning to re-source, but he did not recall asking anyone from CNH that specific question. It was undisputed that Campbell was the only individual who asked representatives of CNH about their commitment to HTI.

When Ligon purchased Hydraulic's assets and formed HTI, McMahon was aware that HTI was considered an inefficient supplier and that there was a risk of losing CNH's business to an alternate supplier. McMahon testified that "it would have been crazy for [CNH] not to have considered other alternatives, given ... the fact that HTI was in bankruptcy. We certainly would have done it." Despite this, McMahon testified that no one from Ligon asked CNH if they were seeking alternative suppliers for the hydraulic cylinders produced by HTI and that he did not ask anyone from CNH how long CNH planned to be a customer of HTI. McMahon stated that he did not think he had any responsibility to ask the question that was "obvious under the circumstances" — whether CNH was planning to re-source — when he spoke to Bonfield before he purchased Hydraulic's assets.

McMahon testified that CNH's decision to re-source was "crucial information" that would have affected everything "we" did. According to McMahon, HTI would not have purchased $3.2 million in new machinery that was primarily for CNH parts in early 2008 if it had known that CNH was planning to re-source. However, McMahon also testified that HTI purchased the new equipment with the knowledge that the customer relationship with CNH could be lost at any time and that neither Ligon nor HTI had discussed with CNH its long-term commitment to HTI before the equipment was purchased.

The main opinion concludes that the questions presented by Campbell were "reasonably specific and direct so as to impose a duty to disclose upon CNH," because "the CNH representatives understood exactly what Campbell was inquiring about when he asked" Selvan about CNH's commitment to HTI. 160 So.3d at 1202. Even if CNH representatives knew what Campbell was "hinting" at, given the facts of this particular case — the delicate balance of power inherent in the business relationship of CNH and HTI as OEM and sole-source supplier, the parties' equal knowledge of the industry, McMahon's assumption that CNH would be looking for alternate suppliers, and Campbell and McMahon's acknowledgment that they knew the appropriate specific question to ask but did not ask it — I must conclude that Campbell's questions were not "reasonably specific and direct" questions that would give rise to a duty on CNH's part to disclose to HTI or to Ligon that CNH was pursuing a re-sourcing strategy. Pursuant to the standard set forth in Freightliner, "without a specific inquiry by [HTI], [CNH] had no duty to disclose any information regarding the internal [re-sourcing policies]" or CNH's ongoing negotiations with other potential suppliers. Freightliner, 932 So.2d at 892.

The main opinion further concludes that "even if a duty to disclose was not otherwise created by Campbell's questions, that duty was certainly assumed by CNH when Selvan and Canali voluntarily spoke of CNH's long-term commitment to HTI." 160 So.3d at 1203. This is so, the majority concludes, because "the fact that CNH had already decided to replace HTI materially qualified Selvan's statement that CNH was `committed' to HTI." 160 So.3d at 1203. See Freightliner, 932 So.2d at 895 ("The duty imposed on the speaking party is to disclose those facts that are material to the ones already stated so as to make them truthful.").

Had Campbell asked the direct, "natural," and "obvious" question, Selvan, if he chose to respond, would have been under a duty to respond "truthfully and accurately" to the question. 932 So.2d at 892. Pursuant to Freightliner, parties in arm's length commercial transactions are required to respond "`truthfully and accurately' to direct questions from the other [party]." Id. at 892. Campbell asked only general questions. Nevertheless, Selvan responded to those questions with a truthful, albeit nonspecific, response. Although CNH's internal policy indicated a plan to replace HTI, the undisputed evidence demonstrated that CNH was not certain when that goal would be realized. It was not until May 2008 that an alternate supplier was approved to replace HTI. Thus, at the time of Campbell's general inquiries, CNH had no choice but to be "committed" to doing business with HTI in the short-term and for the indefinite future. Furthermore, it is clear that Campbell did not take Selvan's and Canali's alleged statements regarding CNH's short-term and long-term commitment to HTI as a guarantee of future business from CNH for any set period. Campbell admitted that there was no time frame attached to Selvan's answer and that he understood Selvan to say only that CNH would place some firm orders for an unspecified amount of time.

Because a direct question was not asked, Selvan and Canali had no duty to respond or to materially qualify their general replies with information that was not specifically requested by Campbell. To conclude otherwise — that a nonspecific response to a nonspecific question requires "material qualifications" — essentially negates the "bright line rule" discussed earlier in Freightliner, that "`parties have no general obligation to disclose'" but, if they choose to respond, they must respond "`"truthfully and accurately" to direct questions.'" 932 So.2d at 892 (emphasis added). From all that appears, this is a well established industry standard.10

The majority's conclusion is contrary to the presumption under Alabama law "`that... parties [to commercial transactions] are capable of ... guarding their interests by asking reasonably specific, direct questions that will satisfy their need for information.'" Freightliner, 932 So.2d at 892 (quoting Shutter Shop, Inc. v. Amersham Corp., 114 F.Supp.2d 1218, 1225 (M.D.Ala. 2000)). Neither Campbell nor anyone from Ligon ever made a direct, specific inquiry regarding CNH's intent or plans to re-source its hydraulic-cylinder business, even though McMahon described CNH's re-sourcing decision as "crucial information" that would have affected "everything we did." Campbell and McMahon admitted that they did not ask the "natural" question that would have elicited the information HTI and Ligon now argue was fraudulently suppressed. It is beyond comprehension that Ligon and HTI have now obtained a windfall of $11.4 million, including punitive damages, when (1) they failed to ask the question that they concede was "obvious under the circumstances" and that would have entitled them to receipt of the "crucial information" they desired, and (2) HTI knew that the answers given by Selvan and Canali were not a commitment by CNH to a business relationship with HTI for any set period.

Because I believe that Ligon and HTI did not demonstrate, pursuant to Freightliner or otherwise, that CNH had a duty to disclose the allegedly suppressed facts as to its intent to re-source, I dissent from the majority's decision affirming the trial court's judgment. I believe that this Court has an obligation to uphold clearly established legal standards; the majority's decision today muddies the otherwise clear legal duties set forth in Freightliner.