MEMORANDUM OPINION

William R. Sawyer, United States Bankruptcy Judge.

This Chapter 13 bankruptcy case is before the Court on the motion to confirm the termination or absence of the automatic stay filed by White Coast Trust ("White Coast"). (Doc. 17). The issue raised by White Coast's motion is whether, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(A), the automatic stay completely terminates as to property of the debtor and the estate, or whether it merely terminates as to property of the debtor, when an individual debtor files Chapter 13 within one year after the dismissal of a prior bankruptcy. White Coast argues that the automatic stay terminates completely, while the Debtor argues that it does not terminate as to property of the estate. The Court held a hearing on August 2, 2016, and the parties have filed briefs in support of their respective positions. (Docs. 26 and 27). For the reasons set forth below, the Court concludes that the automatic stay does not terminate as to property of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(A). White Coast's motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Angela Roach ("Roach") financed the purchase of a 2009 Mitsubishi Galant with a loan from Auto Funding Services, which obtained a security interest in the vehicle and subsequently assigned its interest to White Coast. (Doc. 26). Roach defaulted on the vehicle loan and filed Chapter 13 bankruptcy on October 24, 2014. (Case No. 14-12154). The Court dismissed Roach's 2014 bankruptcy case on March 8, 2016 due to her failure to make plan payments. (Case No. 14-12154, Doc. 42).

Roach promptly filed the instant Chapter 13 case on March 29, 2016, and did not move to extend the automatic stay. (Doc. 1). Her plan proposed a cramdown of White Coast's secured claim1 and provided that property of the estate will remain in the estate after confirmation; the Court confirmed this plan on July 14, 2016. (Docs. 2 and 24). White Coast filed the motion at issue on June 20, 2016, seeking a determination that the automatic stay had terminated with respect to property of the estate.2 (Doc. 17). Both parties agree that the vehicle is property of the estate.

II. LAW

The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(a) and 157(a), and the District Court's General Order of Reference dated April 25, 1985. This is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(G). This is a final order.

A. Termination of the Automatic Stay

The automatic stay prohibits any entity from enforcing a lien against, or acting to obtain possession of or exercise control over, property of the estate. 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(a)(3)-(4). However, "if a single or joint case is filed by or against a debtor who is an individual in a case under chapter 7, 11, or 13, and if a single or joint case of the debtor was pending within the preceding 1-year period but was dismissed,...

11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(A) (emphasis added).3 When a repeat-bankruptcy-filer is subject to termination of the automatic stay under § 362(c)(3)(A), "a party in interest" may move for an extension of the automatic stay prior to the expiration of the 30-day period, and the Court may extend the stay "as to any or all creditors" if the movant "demonstrates that the filing of the later case is in good faith as to the creditors to be stayed[.]" 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(B); see also In re Muhammad, 536 B.R. 469, 473 (Bankr.M.D.Ala.2015).

In this case Roach did not move to extend the automatic stay, so there is no question that the automatic stay has terminated with respect to her property. See In re Berry, 340 B.R. 636, 637 (Bankr. M.D.Ala.2006). The question raised, however, is whether the automatic stay terminated as to property of the estate as well. The Court is unaware of any Alabama bankruptcy court that has considered that question,4 but the issue has been thoroughly dissected by other courts. The majority view5 is that under § 362(c)(3)(A) the automatic stay does not terminate with respect to property of the estate, while the minority view6 is that it does. The Court will review the leading cases from each position in making its determination.

B. The Majority View: The Automatic Stay Does Not Terminate as to Property of the Estate

The leading case of the majority view is Jumpp v. Chase Home Fin., LLC (In re Jumpp), 356 B.R. 789 (1st Cir. B.A.P. 2006). The Jumpp panel determined that § 362(c)(3)(A) is unambiguous and that the phrase "with respect to the debtor" means that the automatic stay only terminates with respect to property of the debtor, not property of the estate. Jumpp, 356 B.R. at 793. The Jumpp panel also explained that this differentiation between property of the debtor and property of the estate is consistent with several other provisions of the Bankruptcy Code that specifically delineate their applicability to property of the debtor or property of the estate. Id. at 794-95 (discussing 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(a), 362(c)(4)(A), and 521(a)(6)). Finally, the Jumpp panel determined that its interpretation of § 362(c)(3)(A) would not produce an absurd result, noting that termination of the automatic stay with respect to the debtor would permit creditors to continue lawsuits, attach or enforce liens, or bring eviction actions against the debtor. Id. at 796-97.

No circuit court has weighed in on this issue, but three district courts, one bankruptcy appellate panel, and a plethora of bankruptcy courts have followed Jumpp. Supra note 5. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the First Circuit also reaffirmed its original analysis in Jumpp, despite the subsequent emergence of the minority view. See Witkowski v. Knight (In re Witkowski), 523 B.R. 291, 296-97 (1st Cir. B.A.P. 2014).

C. The Minority View: The Automatic Stay Terminates Completely

The leading case of the minority view is Reswick v. Reswick (In re Reswick), 446 B.R. 362 (9th Cir. B.A.P. 2011). The Reswick panel determined that § 362(c)(3)(A) is ambiguous because, in addition to the majority view's interpretation, the phrase "with respect to the debtor" can be interpreted as delineating between a repeat-filing debtor and a non-repeat-filing joint-debtor spouse, with the automatic stay terminating only as to the repeat-filing debtor. Reswick, 446 B.R. at 366-67. The panel explained that the majority view's interpretation renders § 362(c)(3)(A) internally inconsistent because the opening phrase of the statute becomes surplusage if controlling weight is placed on the phrase "with respect to the debtor." Id. at 368. The Reswick panel also explained that under the majority view § 362(c)(3)(A) is "devoid of any practical effect." Id. Additionally, the panel found tension between the majority view's interpretation and § 362(c)(3)(B), which provides "a party in interest" with a mechanism for extending the automatic stay when the debtor is a repeat filer. Id. at 368-69. By contrast, the panel found that interpreting the phrase "with respect to the debtor" as a distinction between persons instead of property is a better reading because it is consistent with the distinction between "single or joint case" made in the introductory clause of § 362(c)(3). Id. at 369-70.

The Reswick panel found support for the latter interpretation in the legislative history of § 362(c)(3)(A), which was enacted as part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protections Act ("BAPCPA"). Id. at 371. The panel explained that Congress was concerned about abusive debtors who were filing successive bankruptcy petitions only as a means of delaying creditors and not for a valid purpose. Id. at 371-72. Congress enacted § 362(c)(3)(A) as a means of curtailing serial filings, and the Reswick panel reasoned that the majority view's interpretation undercuts congressional intent by rendering the termination of the automatic stay essentially meaningless. Id. at 372-73.

Reswick is the only bankruptcy appellate panel decision supporting the minority view, but it is joined by two district courts and a healthy minority of bankruptcy courts. Supra note 6.

III. ANALYSIS

"The task of resolving the dispute over the meaning of" a statute "begins where all such inquiries must begin: with the language of the statute itself." United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989). "[W]hen the statute's language is plain, the sole function of the courts — at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd — is to enforce it according to its terms." Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A., 530 U.S. 1, 6, 120 S.Ct. 1942, 147 L.Ed.2d 1 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). The plain language of a statute is "conclusive" unless "the literal application of [the] statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with the intentions of its drafters." Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. at 242, 109 S.Ct. 1026. "In such cases, the intention of the drafters, rather than the strict language, controls." Id. But "as long as the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent, there generally is no need for a court to inquire beyond the plain language of the statute." Id. at 240-41, 109 S.Ct. 1026.

Nearly all courts agree that § 362(c)(3)(A) is not a model of skillful draftsmanship. E.g., In re Baldassaro, 338 B.R. 178, 182-83 (Bankr.D.N.H.2006) ("§ 362(c)(3)(A) is very poorly written"); In re Paschal, 337 B.R. 274, 276-78 (Bankr.E.D.N.C.2006) ("in an Act in which head-scratching opportunities abound for both attorneys and judges alike, § 362(c)(3)(A) stands out"); In re Charles, 332 B.R. 538, 541 (Bankr.S.D.Tex.2005) (the statutory language is "at best, particularly difficult to parse and, at worst, virtually incoherent"). That does not make it ambiguous. See Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 534, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004) (noting that 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1) "is awkward, and even ungrammatical; but that does not make it ambiguous on the point at issue"). The plain meaning of "with respect to the debtor" is that the automatic stay terminates with respect to property of the debtor; by negative implication it does not terminate with respect to property of the estate. That might render much of the statutory language as surplusage, but that does not make the statute's meaning any less straightforward.

The distinction in § 362(c)(3)(A) between property of the debtor and property of the estate becomes even clearer in context. Sections 362(a) and (b) carefully delineate between the two in defining the scope of the automatic stay. Under §§ 362(a)(1), (2), (5), (6), and (7), the automatic stay protects property of the debtor only from pre-petition creditors, not post-petition creditors.7 Under §§ 362(a)(3) and (4), by comparison, the automatic stay protects property of the estate from all creditors, including those whose claims arose post-petition.8 Likewise, § 362(b)(2)(A)(iv) carves out an exception to the automatic stay for division in a divorce proceeding of property of the debtor, but not of property of the estate.9 Section 362(b)(2)(B) permits the general collection of a domestic support obligation from property of the debtor, but not property of the estate.10 However, § 362(b)(2)(C) permits the withholding of property of the debtor and property of the estate for payment of a domestic support obligation when the withholding is authorized by a statute, a judicial order, or an administrative order.11 "Where Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion." Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 208, 113 S.Ct. 2035, 124 L.Ed.2d 118 (1993) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and ellipsis omitted). The majority view's plain-language interpretation of § 362(c)(3)(A) is in harmony with the carefully crafted statutory framework of §§ 362(a) and (b).

The minority view's reading of the phrase "with respect to the debtor" as distinguishing between people rather than property is exceedingly forced. The phrase would be rendered essentially meaningless except in the unusual and narrow situation where a married debtor first files a single case, gets dismissed, then re-files a joint case with his or her spouse. However, the remaining language of § 362(c)(3)(A) is very broad. The termination applies to "any action" regarding "a debt or property securing such debt or ... any lease" in a "single or joint case" of an "individual" under "chapter 7, 11, or 13" when that individual had a prior "single or joint case" under any chapter dismissed within the prior year. The breadth of those phrases indicates that they are supposed to have meaning in every case that triggers § 362(c)(3)(A), and suggests that the phrase "with respect to the debtor" should also have meaning in every § 362(c)(3)(A) case. The majority view's interpretation of "with respect to the debtor" accomplishes this, while the minority view's interpretation does not.

The minority view's interpretation of § 362(c)(3)(A) also conflicts with § 362(c)(1). "Except as provided in [§§ 362](d), (e), (f), and (h) ... the stay of an act against property of the estate under [§ 362(a)] continues until such property is no longer property of the estate[.]" 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(1) (emphasis added). When Congress allows a creditor to move against property of the estate on grounds other than §§ 362(d), (e), (f), or (h), it does so by first removing the property from the estate. E.g., 11 U.S.C. § 521(a)(6) (if a Chapter 7 debtor fails to redeem a security interest on property of the estate or reaffirm the debt it secures within 45 days, "the stay under section 362(a) is terminated with respect to the personal property of the estate or of the debtor which is affected, such property shall no longer be property of the estate, and the creditor may take whatever action as to such property as is permitted by applicable nonbankruptcy law" (emphasis added)). Section 362(c)(3)(A) says nothing about removing property of the estate from the estate, so the minority view's interpretation brings it into direct conflict with § 362(c)(1) by permitting creditors to move against property of the estate on grounds other than those specified by § 362(c)(1). The majority view's interpretation, by contrast, works hand-in-glove with § 362(c)(1) by specifically limiting the termination of the automatic stay under § 362(c)(3)(A) to property of the debtor.12

The Court concedes that the majority view places § 362(c)(3)(A) in some tension with §§ 362(c)(3)(B) and (C). It is odd that Congress would (1) make automatic stay extension available to any "party in interest" if only the debtor has a reason to seek an extension, and (2) take the trouble to create such an elaborate means of obtaining the extension when there appears to be relatively few situations in which the debtor would need the extension. See Reswick, 446 B.R. at 369; In re Jupiter, 344 B.R. 754, 760 (Bankr.D.S.C.2006). However, the term "party in interest" in § 362(c)(3)(B) includes the debtor. See 11 U.S.C. § 1109(b). There is no direct conflict between the majority view's reading of § 362(c)(3)(A) and §§ 362(c)(3)(B) and (C) like there is between the minority view's reading of § 362(c)(3)(A) and § 362(c)(1). When forced to choose, the Court prefers inconsistency between two statutes over direct conflict between them.

Finally, there is no tension between the majority view's interpretation of § 362(c)(3)(A) and § 362(c)(4)(A)(i). Under the latter statute, when a debtor files bankruptcy after having two or more prior cases dismissed within the previous year, the automatic stay does not go into effect at all (including with regard to property of the estate) unless a party in interest asks the Court within 30 days to impose the stay. 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(c)(4)(A) and (B). By leaving the automatic stay in place as to property of the estate on a second filing, § 362(c)(3)(A) "allow[s] chapter 7 trustees the normal opportunity to determine ... whether there is non-exempt equity in property of the estate that could be liquidated for the benefit of creditors." In re Williams, 346 B.R. 361, 369 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2006). As the Williams court succinctly explained:

Id. Given Congress's need to balance the interests of creditors secured by estate property with other creditors, there is nothing incongruous about the majority view's reading of § 362(c)(3)(A) in light of § 362(c)(4)(A)(i).

The Court acknowledges that the majority view leaves § 362(c)(3)(A) a relatively toothless remedy against repeat filers who are abusing the automatic stay, but it is not so toothless as to be absurd. By terminating the automatic stay with respect to the debtor and property of the debtor, § 362(c)(3)(A) permits:

Id. at 367. Also, "an eviction action can be brought against a debtor with respect to a lease." Bankers Trust Co. of Cal. v. Gillcrese (In re Gillcrese), 346 B.R. 373, 377 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Reswick panel noted that "Congress could, and did, intend the consequences of repeat filings to be different, and potentially more severe, as the number of successive filings increase [sic]." Reswick, 446 B.R. at 373 (internal quotation marks omitted). Contrary to what the Reswick panel implies, the majority view's interpretation of § 362(c)(3)(A) accomplishes that goal.

Congress may well have intended § 362(c)(3)(A) to have more bite by allowing secured creditors to recover their collateral when it is property of the estate, but when Congress enacts a statute that is unambiguous and not absurd, "[i]t is beyond [the Court's] province to rescue Congress from its drafting errors, and to provide for what [it] might think is the preferred result." Lamie, 540 U.S. at 542, 124 S.Ct. 1023 (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted). "The Court's `task is to apply the text, not to improve upon it.'" U.S. Bank N.A. v. Mortimore (In re Mortimore), 2011 WL 6717680, *5, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 146423 (D.N.J. Dec. 21, 2011) (quoting Pavelic & LeFlore v. Marvel Enter. Group, 493 U.S. 120, 126, 110 S.Ct. 456, 107 L.Ed.2d 438 (1989)). "If Congress enacted into law something different from what it intended, then it should amend the statute to conform it to its intent." Lamie, 540 U.S. at 542, 124 S.Ct. 1023.

IV. CONCLUSION

When a debtor files bankruptcy within one year after the dismissal of a prior bankruptcy case and fails to move for an extension of the automatic stay within 30 days, the Bankruptcy Code terminates the automatic stay "with respect to the debtor...." 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(A). The Court now clarifies that on a second filing, the automatic stay does not terminate with respect to property of the estate. Therefore, the automatic stay remains in effect as to property of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(1). White Coast Trust's motion to confirm the termination or absence of the automatic stay is GRANTED as to the Debtor's property and the Debtor personally, and is DENIED as to property of the estate.