WALLACE CAPEL, JR., United States Magistrate Judge.
Before the court is Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 16) and Supplement to the Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 30). Upon consideration of the Motion (Docs. 16 & 30), the briefs filed in opposition to and in support of the Motion, and the record as a whole, the court finds that the Motion for Summary Judgment (Docs. 16 & 30) is due to be GRANTED in PART and DENIED in PART.
Under Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a reviewing court shall grant a motion for "summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a).
The party asking for summary judgment "always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion[,]" and alerting the court to portions of the record which support the motion. Celotex Corp. v. Carrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). However, once the movant has satisfied this burden, the non-movant is then similarly required to cite to portions of the record which show the existence of a material factual dispute. Id. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. In doing so, and to avoid summary judgment, the non-movant "must
If the non-movant "fails to properly address another party's assertion of fact" as required by Rule 56(c), then the court may "consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion" and "grant summary judgment if the motion and supporting materials — including the facts considered undisputed — show that the movant is entitled to it." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2) & (3).
In determining whether a genuine issue for trial exists, the court must view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant. McCormick v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 333 F.3d 1234, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003). Likewise, the reviewing court must draw all justifiable inferences from the evidence in the non-moving party's favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. After the non-moving party has responded to the motion for summary judgment, the court must grant summary judgment if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a).
The court has carefully considered the pleadings in this case and all documents submitted in support of, and in opposition to, Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment. The submissions of the parties, viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, establish the following relevant facts:
In approximately 1995 or 1996, Plaintiff extended an unsecured line of credit in the original amount of $50,000. Over the years, through several changes in ownership of the bank and different loan officers, the line of credit was increased to $500,000.
On March 18, 2009, Plaintiff renewed Defendant's line of credit through a commercial loan in the principal amount of $497,908.81 as evidenced by the promissory note dated March 18, 2009. Defendant signed but did not read the Promissory Note. Under the terms of the Note, Defendant agreed to make "consecutive monthly payments of principal equal to $8,298.48, plus accrued interest, commencing on October 11, 2009, and continuing on the same day of each month thereafter." Promissory Note, Pl.'s Ex. A (Doc. 1-1) at 2. The Note further states that all principal and accrued interest shall be due and payable on September 11, 2014." Id.
Defendant defaulted under the terms of the Note. Plaintiff notified Defendant of the default under the Note and demanded payment in full by a letter dated June 29, 2010. Under the terms of the Note, Plaintiff's remedies include acceleration upon default whereby the bank may "[a]ccelerate the maturity of this Note and, at Bank's option, any or all other Obligations, other than Obligations under the swap agreements ...; whereupon this Note and the accelerated Obligation shall be immediately due and payable." Promissory Note, Pl.'s Ex. A (Doc. 1-1) at 3. Plaintiff filed the instant suit, raising breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims and seeking to recover under the Note.
Plaintiff alleges that "Defendant is in breach of the Note for, among other things, failure to make payments when due and/or the failure to pay upon maturity." Compl. (Doc. 1) at 3.
Under Alabama law, "[p]roduction of a properly executed note, valid and unsatisfied on its face, makes a prima facie case of default." Avnet, Inc. v. Validata Computer & Research Corp., 2010 WL 2025367, at *3 (M.D.Ala. May 20, 2010) (citations omitted). See also Griffin v. American Bank, 628 So.2d 540, 543 (Ala. 1993) (finding that the bank was entitled to summary judgment on promissory note where bank's president submitted affidavit attaching copy of the note and stating that borrower made no payments on note, and borrower did not offer evidence in defense); Chilton Warehouse & Mfg. Co. v. Lewis, 3 Ala.App. 464, 57 So. 100, 101 (1911) (stating that upon introduction of note into evidence, the burden shifts to defendant to show that the holder is not entitled to recover thereon). "Once the prima facie case is established, the party liable on the note must establish a defense." Avnet, Inc., 2010 WL 2025367, at *3.
In addition to producing a copy of the promissory note, Plaintiff has provided evidence, in the form of an affidavit from Dana Howard, a loan officer for Wells Fargo Bank, which sets forth that Defendant executed the Note in favor of Plaintiff, Plaintiff is the current holder of the Note, Defendant has failed to make required payments on the loan, and the amounts due under the Note. See Howard Aff., Pl.'s Ex. 1 (Doc. 16-1). In response, Defendant does not dispute that he signed and executed the Note, that Plaintiff is the holder of the Note, or that the Note is in default. Resp. (Doc. 18) at 2. Accordingly, the court finds that Plaintiff has established a prima facie case as to Defendant's breach of the Note.
In opposing Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant asserts two defenses, arguing that: Plaintiff fraudulently induced him into signing the Note and Plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care to mitigate damages. Resp. (Doc. 18) at 2 & 4. The court addresses each defense below.
Under Alabama law, "Fraud in the inducement consists of one party's misrepresenting a material fact concerning the subject matter of the underlying transaction and the other party's relying on the misrepresentation to his, her, or its detriment in executing a document or taking a course of action." Oakwood Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Barger, 773 So.2d 454, 461 (Ala.2000) (emphasis in original). "[T]o prevail on a fraudulent inducement claim, [Defendant] must prove: (1) [Plaintiff] had a duty to speak the truth; (2) [Plaintiff] made a false representation of material fact; (3) [Plaintiff] justifiably relied
Defendant asserts that he was fraudulently induced into signing the Note because Jake Defee, a bank representative, misrepresented to him that the Note was "simply a renewal of the old obligation, ... the representations that the documents were `simply a renewal of the old obligation' was material and Defendant reasonably relied on the representation of the Bank based on their long-standing relationship, and course of dealing." Resp. (Doc. 18) at 5.
Plaintiff argues that "Defendant's fraudulent inducement defense fails because (A) it cannot possibly void the 2008 Note, which Defendant admits Plaintiff had every right to demand, (B) there was no misrepresentation; (C) Defendant did not gain anything as a result of the alleged misrepresentation; and (D) as a matter of well-established Alabama law, Defendant could not have reasonably relied on the alleged misrepresentation." Supp. to Mot. (Doc. 30) at 6-7. Upon review of the record, the court finds Defendant cannot make out a fraudulent inducement defense because he cannot establish he reasonably relied on the alleged misrepresentation.
The court does not find that Defendant actually established there was a misrepresentation of a material fact and that he relied on it. Even assuming that the Bank did misrepresent a material fact and that Defendant relied on this misrepresentation to his detriment, Defendant has not established that he reasonably relied on this oral misrepresentation as is required in order to survive a motion for summary judgment on a fraudulent inducement defense. Defendant asserts that "[b]ecause [he] had no reason to believe after fifteen (15) years of the Note being renewed on the same terms, that the Bank would unilaterally change the terms, he was justified in relying on the Bank's express representation that the document was a renewal of the 2008 Note with the same terms.
"In order to determine whether [Defendant's] reliance on [Defee's] statement was reasonable or not, this Court must focus on what an ordinarily prudent person would have done under the circumstances of the transaction." Eley v. Travelers Ins. Cos., Inc., 2011 WL 671681, at *12 (M.D.Ala. Feb. 18, 2011). It is undisputed that Defendant signed but did not read the Note.
Alabama law is clear that Defendant cannot blindly rely on oral assertions or representations and fail to review the written terms of a contract associated with a transaction. See, e.g., Eley, 2011 WL 671681, at *12 ("The mere fact that a plaintiff is told one thing is not enough to make reliance upon it reasonable; rather, a plaintiff has a duty to read associated written documents and to investigate facts that should provoke inquiry."). See also AmerUs Life Ins. Co. v. Smith, 5 So.3d 1200, 1208 (Ala.2008) ("[A] plaintiff who is capable of reading documents, but who does not read them or investigate facts that should provoke inquiry, has not reasonably relied upon a defendant's oral representations that contradict the written terms in the documents."); Wright Therapy v. Blue Cross, 991 So.2d 701, 706 (Ala.
Moreover, Defendant's characteristics do not support a finding that he reasonably relied on any alleged misrepresentation. It is clear Defendant is capable of both reading and understanding the promissory note,
The court also notes that while illiteracy and ambiguous written contracts have been recognized by Alabama courts as exceptions to the Foremost rule, these exceptions are not applicable to this case.
For the reasons stated above, the court finds Defendant has not carried his burden.
Defendant's second defense is that Plaintiff failed to reasonably mitigate damages. "Alabama courts have recognized a duty to mitigate in the breach of contract context." Whitney Bank v. Point Clear Development, LLC, 2012 WL 2277597, at *3 (S.D.Ala. June 18, 2012) (citing Neumiller Farms, Inc. v. Cornett, 368 So.2d 272 (Ala.1979)). "But the concept of mitigation in the breach-of-contract context has certain rigid, well-defined boundaries." Whitney Bank, 2012 WL 2277597, at *3.
Here, Defendant argues that "the Bank intentionally created the deficiency by fraudulently inducing him to sign a new Note, with altered terms, which amortized the entire debt and required monthly payments far in excess of the Defendant's ability to repay. Had the Bank not altered the terms of the prior Note, the Defendant would have continued to pay as he had for the prior fifteen (15) years, and Bank would not have incurred any additional costs (including attorney[']s fees)." Resp. (Doc. 18) at 3-4. Defendant's argument is premised on his claim that the note was fraudulently induced and, thus, invalid. Because, as discussed above, the court finds Defendant's fraudulent inducement defense is due to fail, it follows that Defendant's mitigation defense argument is also due to fail.
Defendant also asserts that "he offered bank $61,000 toward payment of loan" and the "Bank refused to accept the payment, thereby failing to mitigate its own damages and improperly increasing its claim against Trotman." Supp. Resp. (Doc. 32) at 9. However, Defendant does not identify authority that imposes on a lender the obligation to accept such offer following a borrower's default. Indeed, "`the law does not require a party to mitigate in a way that requires continued dealing with the breaching party.'" Whitney Bank, 2012 WL 2277597, at *4 (quoting Citizens Federal Bank v. United States, 66 Fed.Cl. 179, 186 (Fed.Cl.2005)). Nor has Defendant presented decisional authority finding that the duty to mitigate operates to constrain the bank's contractual rights when a borrower breaches a promise to pay. The terms of the Note itself provided that Plaintiff could "accelerate the maturity" of the Note. See Promissory Note, Pl.'s Ex. A (Doc. 1-1) at 3.
Plaintiff also moves for summary judgment as to its unjust enrichment claim, arguing that because "Defendant admits that he received the principal amount sued for, $413,710.33, from Plaintiff" and "[t]here is no contention by the Defendant that Plaintiff should not have a reasonable expectation of repayment of the monies advanced before the 2009 Note was executed," then "Plaintiff is due to be granted judgment as a matter of law on its unjust enrichment/quantum meruit claim, as there is no issue of material fact as to the elements thereof." Supp. to Mot. (Doc. 30) at 14.
Upon review of the record, the court finds Plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim is due to be dismissed. "[N]o cause of action for unjust enrichment is cognizable where, as here, there is an express contract between the parties."
For the reasons discussed above, it is ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Docs. 16 & 30) is GRANTED in PART and DENIED in PART as follows:
1. The Motion is GRANTED as to Plaintiff's Breach of Contract Claim; and
2. The Motion is DENIED as to Plaintiff's Unjust Enrichment Claim. It is further
A separate judgment shall issue.
Trotman Depo. at 18-19 & 20, Def.'s Ex. A (Doc. 32-1) at 5.