MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

W. KEITH WATKINS, Chief District Judge.

Plaintiffs in these consolidated ERISA cases are former employees of Defendant Allstate Insurance Company. Plaintiffs allege that Allstate provided them with a benefit plan that was to provide them with permanent, paid-up retiree life insurance policies after retirement. On or about July 2, 2013, Allstate notified participants that it would no longer pay premiums on the retiree life insurance policies after December 31, 2015. Plaintiffs filed suit to enjoin Allstate from depriving them of the permanent life insurance policies that they contend they were promised. Before the court is Allstate's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' amended complaints. (Doc. # 63.) For the reasons stated in this memorandum opinion, the court concludes that the motion to dismiss is due to be granted in part and denied in part.

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

When evaluating a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court must take the facts alleged in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Resnick v. AvMed, Inc., 693 F.3d 1317, 1321-22 (11th Cir. 2012). To survive Rule 12(b)(6) scrutiny, "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). "[F]acial plausibility" exists "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. The Turner Complaint

On September 23, 2013, Garnet Turner filed a class action complaint against Allstate.1 (Doc. # 1.) Turner has twice amended his complaint, and other individual named Plaintiffs have been added to the Turner case. (Collectively, all of the individuals named as Plaintiffs in the Turner case are referred to as "the Turner Plaintiffs.") The Turner Plaintiffs seek to represent a class of

(Doc. # 44 at ¶ 22.)

The Turner Plaintiffs present two counts in their complaint. In Count I, the Turner Plaintiffs allege that Allstate violated ERISA and the terms of the benefit plan by failing to provide retiree life insurance at no cost to Plaintiffs for the rest of their lives. (Doc. # 44 at ¶¶ 71-73(b.)). In addition, the Turner Plaintiffs allege in Count I that they are entitled to a declaratory judgment that Allstate breached its ERISA fiduciary duty "by not communicating truthful information about their retiree life insurance benefits, by a pattern of misrepresentations concerning those benefits, and by acts of concealment and omissions which kept the truth of the matter from the Plaintiffs." (Doc. # 44 at ¶ 73(c.-d.).)

In Count II, the Turner Plaintiffs allege that Allstate breached its ERISA fiduciary duty to communicate truthful information about the retiree benefit plan by representing that, upon retirement, Plaintiffs would receive life insurance benefits that "would remain until death at no cost to the retiree and/or that their retiree life insurance benefits were `paid up.'" (Doc. # 44 at ¶ 81.) The Turner Plaintiffs also allege that Allstate violated its ERISA fiduciary duties of disclosure by failing to inform the retirees that it could choose to cancel the no-cost-to-retiree life insurance benefit. (Doc. # 44 at ¶ 84.)

The Turner Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief and attorneys' fees. (Doc. # 44 at 38.)

B. The Klaas Complaint

On March 11, 2015, John E. Klaas and several other named individuals (collectively, "the Klaas Plaintiffs") filed suit against Allstate in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (Doc. #1 in the Klaas case.2) On June 5, 2015, United States District Judge John E. Steele entered an order transferring the Klaas case to the Northern Division of the Middle District of Alabama on grounds that the Turner case was filed first and the putative class in the Klaas case is a subset of the putative class in the Turner case. (Doc. # 20 in the Klaas case.) Collegiate Licensing Co. v. Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa., 713 F.3d 71, 78 (11th Cir. 2013) ("The first-filed rule provides that when parties have instituted competing or parallel litigation in separate courts, the court initially seized of the controversy should hear the case."). The Turner and Klaas cases were subsequently consolidated. (Doc. # 61.)

The Klaas Plaintiffs are former Allstate home office employees who allege that, as an incentive to retire in 1995, they were offered a Special Retirement Opportunity ("SRO") that included a promise of permanent life insurance benefits that would be "paid up for life" at no additional cost to them. (Doc. # 62 at ¶¶ 24, 25.) The Klaas Plaintiffs seek to represent a class of "Allstate retirees who accepted Allstate's [SRO] offer to eligible home office employees to take advantage of salary continuation, retiree medical and life insurance benefits, and an enhanced retirement benefit if they retired from Allstate on November 30, 1995." (Doc. # 62 at ¶ 10.) Like the Turner Plaintiffs, the Klaas Plaintiffs seek relief under ERISA on grounds that Allstate (1) represented to them that they would receive permanent, paid-up life insurance policies but did not provide such policies; (2) failed to disclose that, at any time in the future, Allstate could cancel, terminate, or refuse to pay for the life insurance policies that were provided; and (3) Allstate cancelled the retiree life insurance policies.

In their complaint, the Klaas Plaintiffs assert three counts. Count I of the Klaas complaint is substantially identical to Count I of the Turner complaint. (Doc. # 62 at ¶¶ 36-38.) Count II of the Klaas complaint is substantially identical to Count II of the Turner complaint. (Doc. # 62 at ¶¶ 36-55.) In Count III, unlike the Turner Plaintiffs, the Klaas Plaintiffs assert a state law claim for breach of contract for Allstate's failure to provide life insurance at no cost to the retirees for the remainder of their lives.

The Klaas Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, attorneys' fees, and monetary award in an "amount . . . that will place the Plaintiffs and the Class in as satisfactory a position as they would have been had their contract with Allstate been performed." (Doc. # 62 at 16-17.)

C. The Motion to Dismiss and the Motion for Preliminary Injunction

On September 9, 2015, Allstate filed a motion to dismiss the Turner and Klaas complaints. (Doc. # 63.)

On November 16, 2015, the Turner Plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to prevent Allstate from cancelling the named Turner Plaintiffs' insurance policies on December 31, 2015. (Doc. # 74.) In briefing the motion for preliminary injunction, the parties referenced and incorporated arguments made in their briefs on the motion to dismiss.

On December 7, 2015, the Klaas Plaintiffs filed a motion to join the Turner Plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction. (Doc. # 82.)

On December 11, 2015, the court held a status conference at which Plaintiffs represented that they would seek to enlarge the request for injunctive relief to prevent Allstate from cancelling the life insurance policies of unnamed class members. Allstate subsequently filed a motion to strike any motion for injunctive relief on behalf of unnamed class members. (Doc. # 89.)

On December 18, 2015, the court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the motion for preliminary injunction, the Klaas Plaintiffs' motion to join the motion for injunctive relief, and Allstate's motion to strike. (Doc. # 76; Doc. # 91.)

By Order entered December 29, 2015, (Doc. # 92), the court granted the following motions: the Turner Plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction requiring Allstate to continue the life insurance benefits after December 31, 2015 (Doc. # 74), the Klaas Plaintiffs' motion to join the motion for preliminary injunction. (Doc. # 82), and Allstate's motion to strike the motion for preliminary injunction as to unnamed members of the putative classes in both cases (Doc. # 89). The December 29, 2015 Order also required

(Doc. # 92 at 3.)

No bonds were filed by midnight, December 31, 2015. Therefore, on the record, it appeared that the injunction had dissolved by operation of law, and the court did not supplement the December 29, 2015 Order with a Memorandum Opinion as it had intended. However, at an off-the-record status conference held on September 14, 2016, Plaintiffs stated that they timely executed the bonds and emailed or faxed them to Defendant's counsel, but did not file them with the court. All parties, including Allstate, agreed that the preliminary injunction remained in force despite Plaintiffs' failure to timely file the bonds with the court. Plaintiffs have since filed the bonds. (Doc. # 117; Doc. # 119.) Accordingly, on September 27, 2016, upon the parties' agreement that the preliminary injunction did not dissolve by operation of law, the court issued a Memorandum Opinion. (Doc. # 121.)

III. FACTS3

As part of an employee welfare benefit plan provided by Allstate, Allstate offered Plaintiffs a basic group life insurance plan during their employment. Plaintiffs allege and have presented evidence4 that Allstate represented to them (1) that, and if they were enrolled in the basic group life insurance plan during their employment and fulfilled certain conditions, then, upon retirement, their basic group life insurance policies would terminate and they were "entitled"5 to receive retiree life insurance policies; (2) that the retiree life insurance policies would provide a life insurance benefit equal to some specified percentage of their previous coverage or some specified multiple of their annual earnings; and (3) that the retiree life insurance benefit would be

Allstate does not dispute that these representations were made, or that Plaintiffs relied on those representations.7 (See Doc. # 91 at 121-122, 125.). In fact, at the hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction and the motion to dismiss, Allstate admitted that it did make the representations. (See, e.g., Doc. # 91 at 121-22 (statement of Allstate's attorney: "[W]hat I would say, Your Honor, is that the insurance [sic] said it was paid up at the time of retirement."); id. at 128 ("We told these employees they were going to receive the life insurance for life. That was the testimony today."); id. at 117 ("Allstate used the words `paid up' in certain communications, Your Honor.")).

Allstate contends that its representations regarding the provision of paid-up, permanent life insurance were not misrepresentations, and that Allstate had no subjective intent to mislead Plaintiffs in making the representations. Allstate contends that any representation that the policies were "permanent" or "paid-up" simply meant that Allstate would be "paying the cost" of the life insurance premiums in the future. (Doc. # 91 at 118.) As the court noted at the hearing on the motion to dismiss, that is not what "paid up" means. Rather, "paid up" means insurance for which all premiums have been paid and no more premium payments are required,8 and Plaintiffs allege that this is what they understood the term to mean when Allstate used it.9 It is reasonable to infer that, as an insurer communicating with insurance company employees, Allstate understood and expected the recipients of its communications to understand that "fully paid-up permanent life insurance" referred to life insurance policies upon which no further premiums were due. See supra note 5. Plaintiff's allegations of intentional misrepresentation and suppression are only bolstered by Allstate's admission that it promised "permanent," "paid up" policies while harboring the subjective intent to purchase and indefinitely pay for policies that were not paid up and were permanent only so long as Allstate, in its discretion, continued to make premium payments. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that Allstate knowingly misrepresented the terms of the plan.

"In 2013, Allstate changed its mind"10 about whether to continue paying premiums for the retiree life insurance policies. (Doc. # 91 at 128 (statement of Allstate's counsel).) In July 2013, Allstate notified Plaintiffs that Allstate had been "fully paying [Plaintiffs'] premium" for the life insurance since their retirement and that Allstate had "made the decision to no longer pay the premium for [the] life insurance benefit" effective December 31, 2015. (Doc. # 44 ¶ 64; Doc. # 62-4.) Plaintiffs were informed that they would be allowed to purchase "conversion" life insurance policies from a new carrier at their own expense.11 (Doc. # 44 ¶ 64; Doc. # 62-4.) The undisputed evidence, including the July 2013 letter, establishes that Allstate did not provide Plaintiffs a fully paid-up life, permanent insurance policy upon retirement for which no future premiums were due and that would "permanently" remain in force for the remainder of Plaintiffs' lives. Instead, despite its representations to the contrary, Allstate provided a policy that was not "paid up" or "permanent," that would not necessarily be in force for the rest of Plaintiffs' lives, and for which premium payments were regularly made by Allstate so long as Allstate decided to keep the policy in force.

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Count I of the Turner and Klaas Complaints: Request for Declaratory Judgment

1. ERISA § 502(a)(3) and Allstate's Failure to Communicate Accurate Information About the Plan

An ERISA participant has a right to accurate information, and, under ERISA § 502(a)(3), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(3), an ERISA plan administrator's misrepresentation or omission of material information may give rise to a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty. Jones v. Am. Gen. Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 370 F.3d 1065, 1072 (11th Cir. 2004). In Count I of their complaints, Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment that Allstate breached its fiduciary duty to communicate truthfully about the terms of the plan. Allstate does not dispute that it had a fiduciary duty to communicate truthfully about the plan. Further, for the reasons stated in Section III. of this Memorandum Opinion, Plaintiffs have alleged facts which, if true, are sufficient to establish that Allstate failed to communicate truthfully about the plan.

Allstate contends that its arguments for dismissal of Count II of the complaint, which also falls under § 502(a)(3), should be applied to the portion of Count I seeking a declaratory judgment with respect to the alleged breach of fiduciary duty to communicate truthfully about the plan. (Doc. # 64 at 14 n.4.) For the reasons Allstate's argument for dismissal of Count II are rejected in Section IV.B. of this Memorandum Opinion, Allstate's arguments for dismissal of Count I are also rejected.

To recover on § 502(a)(3) claims, Plaintiffs must allege and prove that the plan did not include paid-up life insurance as Allstate had represented; whereas, to recover for a breach of the terms of the plan, Plaintiffs must allege and prove that the plan did include (or was at least ambiguous about including) terms that obligated Allstate to provide paid-up life insurance. See Jones, 370 F.3d at 1071. The fact that Plaintiffs ultimately cannot simultaneously recover on both types of claims does not require dismissal of one or both claims at this stage of the proceedings. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(2)-(3) ("A party may set out 2 or more statements of a claim . . . alternatively or hypothetically, either in a single count or defense or in separate ones. If a party makes alternative statements, the pleading is sufficient if any one of them is sufficient. . . . A party may state as many separate claims or defenses as it has, regardless of consistency.").

2. ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) and Allstate's Alleged Breach of the Terms of the Welfare Benefit Plan

Under Count I of their complaints, Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment that Allstate breached a duty under the terms of the plan to provide permanent, paid-up retiree life insurance that would continue "for life." Actions for breach of ERISA plan terms fall under ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), which authorizes "ERISA participants and beneficiaries to bring a civil action in order to recover benefits, enforce rights to benefits, or clarify rights to future benefits due under the terms of an ERISA-governed welfare benefit plan." Jones, 370 F.3d 1065, 1069 (11th Cir. 2004).

The Eleventh Circuit recognizes two types of action under § 502(a)(1)(B). The first type of § 502(a)(1)(B) action is "akin to common law breach of contract causes of action" and is based on "[t]he remedies explicitly authorized in Section 502(a)(1)(B)." Id. In a breach-of-contract type of action, the plaintiff may seek to enforce rights or recover benefits under the terms of the plan. Id. Because the doctrine of contra proferentem governs resolution of ambiguities in ERISA-governed plans, "an ERISA plaintiff is generally not required to demonstrate his [or her] entitlement to benefits in clear and express language in the relevant provisions of his plan in order to make out a [§] 502(a)(1)(B) `breach of contract' claim." Id. at 1070. However, to succeed on a "breach of contract" ERISA claim, the plaintiff must establish that the terms of the plan at issue are "at least ambiguous" as to whether he is entitled to the benefits he seeks to recover or enforce. Id.

As for the second type of § 502(a)(1)(B) action, the Eleventh Circuit "has recognized a very narrow common law doctrine . . . for equitable estoppel, which is available where the plaintiff can show that (1) the relevant provisions of the plan at issue are ambiguous, and (2) the plan provider or administrator has made representations to the plaintiff that constitute an informal interpretation of the ambiguity." Id.

Allstate contends that, at various times between 1990 and 2013, Allstate disclosed in the written plan documents that, although it intended to continue the benefit plan indefinitely, it reserved the right to change, amend, or terminate the benefit plan, the terms of the plan, and the benefits provided under the plan at any time.12 (Doc. # 64 at 13.) Allstate further argues that this reservation of right to modify, terminate, or amend the plan, including benefits provided under the plan, unambiguously included a reservation of the right to terminate the retiree life insurance policies after those policies were issued.

As Allstate points out, under Jones, employee welfare benefits such as life insurance "do not vest simply because they continue into retirement, particularly when other plan provisions establish that benefits are generally terminable." 370 F.3d at 1070. Language merely indicating that benefits will continue into retirement (such as a statement that an employee "will get to keep" insurance after retirement, that "coverage will continue" after retirement, or that the employer has an "intention of continuing [a plan] indefinitely") is "not inconsistent" with an employer's reservation of the right to unilaterally modify or terminate an employee benefit plan, and such language does not create vested, irrevocable rights under the terms of the plan to benefits upon retirement. Id. at 1070-71. Where the employer uses such language while reserving the right to change or terminate the plan, the retiree does not have a cause of action for breach of the terms of the plan under ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B).

Allstate's reliance on Jones is misplaced. Jones did not involve representations promising "paid-up," "permanent" life insurance "for life" upon retirement, with no further premiums due. In this case, Plaintiffs are not alleging that the life insurance vested simply because they received a promise that the insurance would continue into retirement. Plaintiffs are alleging (1) that Allstate violated the terms of the plan by failing to provide permanent, paid up insurance and by cancelling the plans; or, alternatively, (2) that Allstate's representations to the Plaintiff that they would receive "paid up," "permanent" policies "for life" constituted an informal interpretation of an ambiguity about whether the retiree life insurance policies were among the benefits that could potentially be terminated at Allstate's discretion.

Logically, as Plaintiffs point out, a statement that an employer could, at some point in the future, modify or terminate the plan or plan benefits would not necessarily place a retiree on notice that he or she could lose (or one day be required to pay for) a permanent retiree life insurance policy that had already been purchased and "fully paid up" and at the date of retirement, and upon which no further premiums were due. Under the circumstances, the reservation of rights could reasonably be understood to apply to other benefits under the plan (such as employee group life insurance policies) or to the potential to modify or terminate the retiree life insurance offered to existing employees, but not to retiree life insurance that (according to Allstate's representations) the retirees received upon their retirement, fully paid up, with no further premiums due.

Accordingly, for the purpose of the motion to dismiss, upon consideration of the evidence attached to the complaint and the motion to dismiss, and construing the allegations in the complaint in Plaintiffs' favor, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have stated a claim (1) that the plan did not include (or was ambiguous as to whether it included) a provision under which Allstate reserved the right to cancel the retiree life insurance policies; and, alternatively, (2) that Allstate's representations that the retiree life insurance was "permanent" and "paid-up" upon retirement constituted an informal interpretation of the ambiguity as to whether the retiree life insurance policies could be cancelled at Allstate's discretion. Therefore, Allstate's arguments for dismissal of Count I are without merit.

B. Count II of the Turner and Klaas Complaints: Breach of Fiduciary Duty

1. Breach of Fiduciary Duty Under ERISA § 502(a)(3)

Under ERISA § 502(a)(3), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3), a plan participant may have an equitable cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty against an ERISA plan provider or administrator if the plan provider or administrator fails to provide accurate information about the plan. Jones, 370 F.3d at 1072. Even if a benefit is not vested under the terms of the plan, a retiree may have an equitable cause of action if the administrator terminates the benefit after engaging in a systematic pattern of misrepresentation that causes the plan participants to believe and rely on representations that the insurance benefit will not be changed during their retirement. Id., at 1071-74.

Allstate argues that it made no misrepresentations that the retiree life insurance policies would be permanent and paid up upon retirement (and, thus, could never be cancelled once issued) because (1) Allstate had no subjective intent misrepresent the nature of the policies because, when Allstate represented that the policies would be permanent, paid-up policies "for life," it fully intended to provide — and indefinitely make premium payments on — retiree life insurance policies that were not paid up; (2) under the terms of the plan, Allstate reserved the right to modify, terminate, or cancel the plan or benefits offered under the plan; and (3) under Jones and other cases, statements that the employer intends to continue an employee benefit plan are not inconsistent with a reservation of right to later modify or terminate the plan.

For the reasons stated in Section III. of this Memorandum Opinion and in Section II.A. of the September 27, 2016 Memorandum Opinion and Order on the motion for preliminary injunction (Doc. # 121 at 4-14), Allstate's arguments regarding fraudulent intent and the scope of its reserved right to cancel or terminate the plan, as well as its reliance on Jones, are misplaced. Allstate's reliance on cases from other Circuits is also misplaced because those cases are distinguishable. In each of those cases, an employer's honest statement of its current intent to indefinitely continue a plan or benefit was not retroactively made fraudulent by the employer's subsequent change of heart in accordance with a written reservation of the right to change, modify, or terminate the plan or plan benefits. This case, however, involves an alleged promise of paid up insurance that (1) by Allstate's own admission, Allstate never intended to provide; and (2) by definition, once issued, could not be cancelled or terminated at Allstate's discretion.13 Even the cases upon which Allstate relies expressly recognize the significance of these distinctions.14

Accordingly, Plaintiffs' § 502(a)(3) claims for breach of fiduciary duty are not subject to dismissal for failure to allege misrepresentations or omissions on the part of Allstate.

2. Statute of Limitations

Allstate argues that Plaintiffs' § 502(a)(3) claims for breach of fiduciary duty are due to be dismissed because they are barred by the applicable statute of limitations found in ERISA § 413, 29 U.S.C. § 1113. For the reasons stated in Section II.B. of the September 27, 2016 Memorandum Opinion and Order on the motion for preliminary injunction (Doc. # 121 at 14-22), Plaintiffs' § 502(a)(3) claims for breach of fiduciary duty are not barred by the applicable statute of limitations.

3. Allstate's Status as a Plan Fiduciary

Allstate argues that Plaintiffs' claims for breach of fiduciary duty are due to be dismissed because Plaintiffs did not adequately plead facts sufficient to support a legal conclusion that the persons making representations about the plan were fiduciaries, and because the plan documents do not name Allstate as a fiduciary. See ERISA § 3(21)(A), 29 U.S.C. § (21)(A) (defining "fiduciary"). Plaintiffs specifically identified several of the individuals who made representations to them about receiving permanent, paid-up policies. Plaintiffs also allege that documents from Allstate itself indicated that they would receive paid up policies.15 (Doc. # 44 at ¶ 34; Doc. # 44-4 (document marked "Allstate® You're in Good Hands" stating that a "group life paid up policy" in a specified amount was available upon retirement).) Plaintiffs allege that Allstate that the persons making the representations were authorized to do so on behalf of Allstate, and that Allstate retained the responsibility for administering the plan. (Doc. # 44 at ¶¶ 54, 77-79; Doc. # 62 at ¶ 42-43.)

Taking these factual allegations as true for the purpose of the motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged facts sufficient to support a legal finding that Allstate was a fiduciary and acted as such when communicating with Plaintiffs about the employee benefit plan. See Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 496-505 (1996) (holding that an employer who retained administrative control over a plan acted as a plan fiduciary when the employer made representations to the employees about the likely future security of a benefit plan in order to help them decide whether to remain with the plan); Hamilton v. Allen-Bradley Co., 244 F.3d 819, 824, 828 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that an employer who retained administrative control over plan benefits was a plan administrator, and therefore a fiduciary, notwithstanding the language of the plan booklet).

C. Count III of the Klaas Complaint: State Law Claim for Breach of Contract

Allstate argues that the Klaas Plaintiffs' state law breach of contract claim is subject to dismissal because it is defensively preempted by ERISA. "A state law claim is defensively preempted under ERISA if it relates to an ERISA plan." Jones v. LMR Int'l, Inc., 457 F.3d 1174, 1179 (11th Cir. 2006); 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) (ERISA "supersede[s] any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan described in section 1003(a) of this title and are not exempt under section 1003(b) of this title."). The Klaas Plaintiffs' breach of contract claim relates to an ERISA benefit plan and is, therefore, due to be dismissed.

V. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED that Defendant Allstate insurance company's motion to dismiss (Doc. # 63) is GRANTED as to Count III of the Klaas Plaintiffs' complaint; DENIED as to all other claims asserted by the Klaas Plaintiffs; and DENIED as to the Turner Plaintiffs' claims.

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1. Appealable Orders: Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction conferred and strictly limited by statute:

2. Time for Filing: The timely filing of a notice of appeal is mandatory and jurisdictional. Rinaldo v. Corbett, 256 F.3d 1276, 1278 (11th Cir. 2001). In civil cases, Fed.R.App.P. 4(a) and (c) set the following time limits:

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