MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

W. KEITH WATKINS, District Judge.

Plaintiff Benchmark Insurance Company seeks a declaratory judgment that it has a right to rescind an insurance policy it issued to Defendant Sustainable Energy Solutions, Inc. (Doc. # 1.) Sustainable and its employee, Defendant Danny Looney, move to stay or dismiss this action in favor of ongoing litigation in the Circuit Court of Geneva County, Alabama. (Docs. # 12, 21.) Their motions to stay are due to be granted.

I. JURISDICTION AND VENUE

"The Declaratory Judgment Act does not, of itself, confer jurisdiction upon the federal courts. Rather, a suit brought under the Act must state some independent source of jurisdiction." FEC v. Reform Party of U.S., 479 F.3d 1302, 1307 n.5 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (citing Borden v. Katzman, 881 F.2d 1035, 1037 (11th Cir. 1989)). Benchmark invokes diversity jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). Because Benchmark does not pray for damages, it must show that "the monetary value of the object of the litigation" exceeds $75,000. Federated Mut. Ins. Co. v. McKinnon Motors, LLC, 329 F.3d 805, 807 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc., 204 F.3d 1069, 1077 (11th Cir. 2000)). Benchmark makes little effort to carry its burden — it just says that "the matter in controversy exceeds the sum of $75,000." (Doc. # 1, at 2.) But given the apparent seriousness of Danny Looney's injuries and the terms of the insurance policy at issue, the court finds that it has subject-matter jurisdiction. See Stonewall Ins. Co. v. Lopez, 544 F.2d 198, 199 (5th Cir. 1976) (per curiam). The parties do not contest personal jurisdiction or venue.

II. BACKGROUND

Sustainable Energy Solutions, Inc., is an Alabama company that waterproofs commercial and residential buildings. (Doc. # 1, at 2; Doc. # 1-3, at 1.) Its principal place of business is in Geneva County. (Doc. # 1-1, at 1; Doc. # 12-2, at 1.) In 2012, Sustainable applied for a workers' compensation and employer's liability insurance policy through Slingluff United Insurance Agency in Dothan. April Parker was Slingluff United's insurance agent. (Doc. # 1-1, at 1; Doc. # 1-4, at 1.)

To get a quote on a policy, an initial application was submitted to Benchmark Insurance Company. According to a note on that application, Sustainable's business involved the "application of waterproofing material via spray gun [or] roller." One question on this initial application asked if Sustainable did "any work . . . above 15 feet." Answer: No. (Doc. # 1-1, at 3.) Sometime later, a supplemental application asked the same question about doing "any work above 15 feet." That query was also answered in the negative. (Doc. # 1-3, at 1.) Benchmark ultimately gave Sustainable a quote "subject to the following" condition: "On ground only for the applying [of] waterproofing; no height work or roof work." (Doc. # 1-2, at 1.)

Benchmark issued Sustainable an insurance policy (No. WC044-0040108) in October 2012. The policy covered workers' compensation claims. It also provided Sustainable with up to $100,000 of liability insurance per accident. (Doc. # 1-4, at 1.) The policy itself does not seem to restrict the type of work that Sustainable may perform. Sustainable renewed the policy each year. Its most recent policy covered work performed on October 3, 2018. (Doc. # 1, at 4.)

October 3 matters because of a workplace accident that happened on that day. A Geneva County resident named Danny Looney was working for Sustainable on a jobsite in Montgomery. (Doc. # 12-1, at 1.) According to an accident report, Looney "was helping put materials on [a] roof" when he stepped onto — and through — a skylight. (Doc. # 1-5, at 1.) As a result of that fall, Looney allegedly suffered serious and permanent injuries. (Doc. # 12-1, at 1.)

Three lawsuits ensued after the October 3 accident. Benchmark fired the first shot when it filed this declaratory judgment action against Sustainable and Looney on January 30 of this year. (Doc. # 1.) Benchmark says Sustainable misrepresented the nature of its business on the 2012 insurance policy applications, and Benchmark insists that it would not have insured Sustainable if it had known Sustainable worked on roofs. Benchmark thus claims that the insurance policy is "void ab initio," and it seeks a declaratory judgment that it may rescind the policy. (Doc. # 1, at 5.) Though Benchmark does not spell out the legal support for its claim, it is possibly relying on Alabama Code § 27-14-7(a). Under that statute, misrepresentations on an insurance application may prevent recovery under the policy. See Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Pabon, 903 So.2d 759, 766-67 (Ala. 2004). Interestingly, though, § 27-14-7(a) "is an affirmative defense" under Alabama law. Patterson v. Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 903 So.2d 769, 779 (Ala. 2004).

Less than a week later, on February 4, Danny Looney filed the second lawsuit. He sued Sustainable in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County under the Alabama Workers' Compensation Act, Ala. Code § 25-5-1 et seq. (Doc. # 12-1.)1 In response to that lawsuit, Benchmark says that it is paying Looney partial disability benefits. Benchmark also says it is defending Sustainable against Looney's claim. (Doc. # 1, at 5; Doc. # 18, at 8.) Looney asserts that Benchmark is not paying his medical benefits. (Doc. # 21, at 2-3; Doc. # 22-1, at 1.)

Sustainable filed the third lawsuit on April 24 in the Circuit Court of Geneva County. (Doc. # 12-2.)2 It sued Benchmark, Slingluff United, and April Parker. In short, Sustainable alleges that it told Parker that it worked on roofs, that Parker filled out the applications, and that Parker said the policy would cover "all injuries." (Doc. # 12-2, at 2-3.) Sustainable seeks to hold Benchmark liable for Parker's actions and misrepresentations. Sustainable also alleges Benchmark has "refused to pay benefits owed to" Sustainable. (Doc. # 12-2, at 4.) Sustainable thus brings claims for breach of contract, bad faith, fraud, failure to disclose, negligence, and wantonness. (Doc. # 12-2, at 4-8.)

On the same day that it filed its Geneva County lawsuit, Sustainable moved to dismiss or stay this declaratory judgment action. (Doc. # 12.) Later, Looney filed a similar motion. (Doc. # 21.) Then on May 22, Benchmark moved to dismiss the Geneva County lawsuit, asserting that it has not denied coverage and that the claims in the Geneva County case are compulsory counterclaims in this action. (Doc. # 20.) Slingluff United and Parker then filed a similar motion to dismiss the Geneva County case. The Circuit Court of Geneva County has scheduled a hearing for July 11, 2019, about the motions to dismiss.

III. DISCUSSION

Under the Declaratory Judgment Act, a federal court "may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party." 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a) (emphasis added). But Brillhart v. Excess Insurance Co. of America held that courts are "under no compulsion to exercise that jurisdiction." 316 U.S. 491, 494 (1942). Or as the Supreme Court put it in Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., the Act "confers a discretion on the courts rather than an absolute right upon the litigant." 515 U.S. 277, 287 (1995) (quoting Pub. Serv. Comm'n of Utah v. Wycoff Co., 344 U.S. 237, 241 (1952)). This discretion results in the so-called Wilton-Brillhart Abstention Doctrine.

Under the Wilton-Brillhart Abstention Doctrine, federal courts should avoid "gratuitous interference with the orderly and comprehensive disposition of a state court litigation." Brillhart, 316 U.S. at 495 (cleaned up). Moreover, "considerations of practicality and wise judicial administration" may lead a court to stay or dismiss a declaratory judgment action that would waste judicial resources. Wilton, 515 U.S. at 288. Accordingly, a federal district court "is authorized, in the sound exercise of its discretion, to stay or to dismiss an action seeking a declaratory judgment." Id.

Several factors guide a federal court's decision to stay or dismiss a declaratory judgment action. Here, the Geneva County action may well resolve the issue in this case — plus several others. None of those issues involve federal law, and Alabama courts have an interest in applying Alabama law to Alabama injuries. There is a good chance that issuing a declaratory judgment will create friction with state court, and it is possible that Benchmark filed this action to avoid litigating in Alabama courts. So the court will stay this federal action pending litigation in Circuit Court of Geneva County.

A. The court, in its discretion and after weighing the relevant factors, may stay or dismiss this action in favor of the Geneva County litigation.

Before a federal court can abstain in favor of a state court case, there must be a related state court proceeding. See Fed. Reserve Bank of Atl. v. Thomas, 220 F.3d 1235, 1247 (11th Cir. 2000) ("It is an abuse of discretion . . . to dismiss a declaratory judgment action in favor of a state court proceeding that does not exist."). But see Stevens v. Osuna, 877 F.3d 1293, 1313 (11th Cir. 2017) (affirming the dismissal of a declaratory judgment action without identifying any state court action). It matters how similar the federal action is to the state court case. A federal court's discretion to abstain is more pronounced when the federal and state actions are "parallel" — that is, when they "involve substantially the same parties and substantially the same issues." Ambrosia Coal & Const. Co. v. Pagés Morales, 368 F.3d 1320, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004).3 But as the Eleventh Circuit once explained, "nothing in the Declaratory Judgment Act suggests that a district court's discretionary authority exists only when a pending state proceeding shares substantially the same parties and issues. Rather, the district court must weigh all relevant factors . . . even [when] the state and federal actions [are] not parallel." First Mercury Ins. Co. v. Excellent Computing Distribs., Inc., 648 F. App'x 861, 866 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam); see also Associated Indus. Ins. Co. v. Four Four, LLC, No. 17-cv-103, 2018 WL 2946397, at *5 (M.D. Ala. June 12, 2018).4

The parties in this action are similar to the parties in the Geneva County case. That is because Benchmark and Sustainable are parties in both. To be sure, Looney is a defendant here but is not a party to the Geneva County litigation. But Benchmark named Looney as a defendant "so that he will be bound" by this court's judgment. (Doc. # 1, at 2.) "Benchmark does not allege that [he] engaged in any wrongdoing," and it admits up-front that he is only "a nominal defendant." (Doc. # 1, at 2-3.) That makes it meaningless that he is missing from the Geneva County action. The Geneva County case also includes claims by Sustainable against Slingluff United and Parker. But the presence of extra parties in a state court case does not prevent abstention. See Sparta Ins. Co. v. Smith, No. 11-cv-108, 2011 WL 2175103, at *4 (M.D. Ala. June 3, 2011) (abstaining even though the state court action included more parties); Universal Underwriters Serv. Corp. v. Melson, 953 F.Supp. 385, 386 (M.D. Ala. 1996) (same). If anything, the breadth of a state case can be a reason to abstain.

The issue that Benchmark raises in its federal court complaint is also identical to a predicate issue in the Geneva County case: whether Benchmark owes any duties to Sustainable. Benchmark contends that it can rescind the insurance policy because Sustainable misrepresented its business on the policy applications. (Doc. # 1, at 5-6.) But those misrepresentations are an affirmative defense to the claims Sustainable brings against Benchmark in state court. See Ala. Code § 27-14-7(a); Patterson, 903 So. 2d at 779; Pabon, 903 So. 2d at 766-67. Although Benchmark has not yet raised that defense in state court, neither has it filed an answer to Sustainable's complaint. So even though the Geneva County lawsuit is not currently "parallel" to this action, the two can easily become parallel. See Angora Enters. v. Condo. Ass'n of Lakeside Vill., Inc., 796 F.2d 384, 388 (11th Cir. 1986) (stating federal courts "may properly refuse declaratory relief" if "there is a pending action in which some of the questions posed by the declaratory action have or may be raised") (cleaned up and emphasis added); Penn Tank Lines, Inc. v. Jackson, No. 17-cv-1018, 2018 WL 465977, at *4 (N.D. Ala. Jan. 18, 2018). This similarity — and potential for even more similarity — matters.

Since this declaratory judgment action is closely related to the Geneva County action, it is proper to consider whether to abstain from deciding this case. See First Mercury, 648 F. App'x at 866.

B. On balance, the relevant factors counsel in favor of abstention here.

In Ameritas Variable Life Insurance Co. v. Roach, the Eleventh Circuit listed nine factors that federal courts should consider when deciding whether to abstain in favor of state court litigation. 411 F.3d 1328, 1331 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam).

They are:

(8) whether the state trial court is in a better position to evaluate those factual issues than is the federal court; and

(9) whether there is a close nexus between the underlying factual and legal issues and state law and/or public policy, or whether federal common or statutory law dictates a resolution of the declaratory judgment action.

Id. No one factor on this non-exhaustive list is controlling. Instead, they are simply "guideposts," id., and courts should not be "rigid" and "mechanical" when applying them, Manuel v. Convergys Corp., 430 F.3d 1132, 1135 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting Kerotest Mfg. Co. v. C-O-Two Fire Equip. Co., 342 U.S. 180, 183 (1952)).

The first Ameritas factor looks at Alabama's interest in having the issue raised in this declaratory judgment action decided in Geneva County. This factor counsels in favor of abstention. Alabama courts have a strong interest in deciding whether Benchmark must insure Sustainable. Sustainable is an Alabama business. Looney is an Alabama employee who was injured in Alabama. Sustainable bought insurance in Alabama, from an Alabama company (Slingluff United), and through an Alabama agent (Parker). Alabama law governs every claim to relief. See Gen. Fid. Ins. Co. v. Garrett, 998 F.Supp.2d 1312, 1317 (M.D. Ala. 2014) (invoking similar Alabama contacts to justify abstention); Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co. v. Paragon Constr. & Dev., Inc., No. 06-cv-1047, 2007 WL 2893404, at *2 (M.D. Ala. Sept. 28, 2007) (same).

The second and third factors also favor abstention because this action could easily become of little value. The Geneva County litigation is, at the moment, much broader than this action. Benchmark's complaint in this case raises just one issue: whether Benchmark may rescind the policy. The Geneva County action, by contrast, raises questions about whether Benchmark breached the policy, whether Parker lied to Sustainable, whether Benchmark is liable for Parker's alleged misrepresentations, whether Benchmark acted in bad faith, and more. Benchmark may invoke rescission as a defense to those claims. But if Benchmark is liable under the policy and it turns out that Benchmark had not paid everything it owes under the policy, litigation will continue. And even if Benchmark is entitled to rescission, there may still be claims against Slingluff United and Parker. Those claims are between Alabama parties and concern Alabama law, so a federal court would have little interest in resolving them. So unlike the Geneva County action, this declaratory judgment proceeding may not resolve all controversies. See Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Ins. Co. v. M & M, LLC, No. 10-cv-1053, 2011 WL 1545314, at *2 (M.D. Ala. Apr. 25, 2011) (relying on the state court action's breadth as a reason for abstention); Travelers Indemn. Co. v. Plantation Oaks of Ala., Inc., No. 08-cv-637, 2009 WL 902484, at *3 (M.D. Ala. Mar. 31, 2009) (same); Wesco Ins. Co. v. S. Mgmt. Servs., No. 16-cv-1955, 2017 WL 1354873, at *4 (N.D. Ala. Apr. 13, 2017) (same).5

The fourth factor, "procedural fencing," is a bit of a wash. Ameritas, 411 F.3d at 1331. Benchmark, of course, wants a federal forum. That is no doubt why it sued first — before Looney filed his workers' compensation claim and even though it can invoke Sustainable's alleged misrepresentations as a defense to a state court lawsuit. Now Benchmark insists that the Geneva County litigation must be dismissed in favor of this action. That looks like forum-shopping, and there is an interest in avoiding races to the courthouse door. See Allstate Indemn. Co. v. Harland, No. 09-cv-1315, 2009 WL 10703059, at *4 (N.D. Ala. Dec. 21, 2009) (finding "procedural fencing" when the insurer filed first and moved to dismiss the state court action); Ven-Fuel, Inc. v. Dep't of the Treasury, 673 F.2d 1194, 1195 (11th Cir. 1982) (acknowledging the interest in avoiding anticipatory litigation); Triple S Ref. Corp. v. Mount Canaan Full Gospel Church, 254 F. App'x 762, 763 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) ("That the action in state court was filed after the federal complaint, in anticipation of the motion to dismiss, is of no moment."). At the same time, though, Sustainable filed the Geneva County action in anticipation of its motion to dismiss this action, and there is an interest in keeping a case where it was first filed. See Manuel, 430 F.3d at 1135-36. The "procedural fencing" factor, therefore, "weighs neither in favor of nor against exercising federal jurisdiction." Amerisure, 2007 WL 2893404, at *3.

The fifth Ameritas factor urges the court to avoid friction with the state court, and it favors abstention. If the court exercises jurisdiction, it will decide a defense that would have been available in state court. Regardless of Benchmark's subjective motives in filing this lawsuit, the effect will be to snatch a dispute out of the state court's hands. Yet federalism and comity urge against seizing jurisdiction because a would-be defendant won the race to court. See Wycoff, 344 U.S. at 248 ("If the cause of action, which the declaratory defendant threatens to assert, does not itself involve a claim under federal law, it is doubtful if a federal court may entertain an action for a declaratory judgment establishing a defense to that claim."); 10B Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 2758, at 486-88 (4th ed. 2016) ("The Declaratory Judgment Act was not intended to enable a party to obtain a change of tribunal from a state to federal court, and it is not the function of the federal declaratory action merely to anticipate a defense that otherwise could be presented in a state action.") (footnotes omitted). These concerns exist even if the state court agrees with the outcome in federal court. But consider the friction that would result if the state court disagreed. See Lexington Ins. Co. v. Rolison, 434 F.Supp.2d 1228, 1239 (S.D. Ala. 2006) (considering the possibility of disagreement); U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Algernon-Blair, Inc., 705 F.Supp. 1507, 1514 (M.D. Ala. 1988) (similar).

The sixth Ameritas factor asks if there is "an alternative remedy that is better or more effective" than federal litigation. 411 F.3d at 1331. Although it is possible that this declaratory action could resolve every claim against Benchmark, resolving all issues in one state court action is better than the risk of piecemeal litigation in state and federal court. And if this court asserts jurisdiction, it may lead to fractured litigation. Thus, this factor tilts in favor of abstention. See Garrett, 998 F. Supp. 2d at 1317; Amerisure, 2007 WL 2893404, at *3.

The seventh and eighth factors ask if "underlying factual issues are important to an informed resolution of the case" and "whether the state trial court is in a better position to evaluate those factual issues." Ameritas, 411 F.3d at 1311. Factual issues exist here: What information did Sustainable give to Parker, Slingluff United, and Benchmark? What did Slingluff United and Parker do? Is Looney getting all the benefits to which he is entitled? These issues will be resolved in state court, and that court will have all the parties before it. Travelers, 2009 WL 902484, at *3; Rolison, 434 F. Supp. 2d at 1242. It is "better for one court to make [a] factual determination, rather than for two courts to duplicate each other's efforts." Amerisure, 2007 WL 2893404, at *4. And Benchmark does not suggest that it would suffer any prejudice or inconvenience from litigating in state court. See Universal Underwriters, 953 F. Supp. at 388.

The final factor asks "whether there is a close nexus between the underlying factual and legal issues and state law and/or public policy, or whether federal common or statutory law dictates a resolution of the declaratory judgment action." Ameritas, 411 F.3d at 1311. This case involves no federal common or statutory law issues. Alabama also has an interest in applying its state law claims and defenses. Garrett, 998 F. Supp. 2d at 1318; Amerisure, 2007 WL 2893404, at *4. So the ninth factor favors abstention.

In sum, practicality, efficiency, federalism, comity, and equity lead the court to abstain from exercising jurisdiction over this declaratory judgment action.

Benchmark counterargues that Alabama courts would have this court hear the whole dispute — including the claims against Slingluff United and Parker. Thus, it continues, abstention is inappropriate. But Benchmark's position is unconvincing.

Under the Alabama "abatement statute," a plaintiff may not "prosecute two actions in the courts of this state at the same time for the same cause and against the same party." Ala. Code § 6-5-440. This statute has been interpreted to mean that if "the matter raised in [a] state court complaint constitutes a compulsory counterclaim in [a] federal court action that was pending at the time the state court action was commenced, the statute compels dismissal of the state court action." Ex parte Canal Ins. Co., 534 So.2d 582, 585 (Ala. 1988); see also Ex parte Nautilus Ins. Co., 260 So.3d 823, 831 (Ala. 2018) (similar). Under that interpretation, Sustainable cannot maintain the Geneva County litigation if this action is also being prosecuted.

But Alabama law does not require federal courts to exert jurisdiction any time a complaint is filed first in federal court. Nor does Alabama law forbid federal courts from abstaining under the Wilton-Brillhart Abstention Doctrine. Instead, Alabama law provides "when a federal court abstains from hearing a case . . ., that case is not considered as an action being prosecuted, for purposes of" the abatement statute. Ex parte Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 992 So.2d 1286, 1291 (Ala. 2008).

Perhaps more importantly, Alabama's abatement statute is only a minor issue for federal courts. Federal courts should consider the extent to which the abatement statute would procedurally bar state court litigation. N.H. Ins. Co. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. 14-cv-99, 2014 WL 5088202, at *2 (S.D. Ala. Oct. 9, 2014). But otherwise, the abatement statute "should not play any role in the decision whether to retain or dispose of litigation." Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa. v. Skilstaf, Inc., 695 F.Supp.2d 1256, 1260 (M.D. Ala. 2010) (cleaned up); see also Wesco, 2017 WL 1354873, at *2 ("While Defendants' state law claims could be compulsory counterclaims in this matter, the court need only make such a determination after deciding whether to exercise its discretion to hear the federal declaratory judgment action in the first place."). As noted above, Alabama law does not necessarily require the dismissal of the Geneva County litigation. Plus, Benchmark can only speculate that the Circuit Court of Geneva County will dismiss Sustainable's lawsuit. See Ex parte Compass Bank, 77 So.3d 578, 582-86 (Ala. 2011) (outlining when courts apply the abatement statute). The court therefore exercises its discretion to abstain from this action.

C. A stay, rather than dismissal, is appropriate.

Because abstention is appropriate, the final question is whether the court will stay or dismiss this action. A stay is "often . . . the preferable course." Wilton, 515 U.S. at 288 n.2. That is what the court will do here. See Travelers, 2009 WL 902484, at *5; Amerisure, 2007 WL 2893404, at *5.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Declaratory Judgment Act gives the court "substantial latitude in deciding whether to stay or to dismiss a declaratory judgment suit in light of pending state proceedings." Wilton, 515 U.S. at 286. Given that "substantial discretion," id., it is ORDERED that:

1. Defendant Sustainable Energy Solutions, Inc.'s motion to dismiss or to abstain (Doc. # 12) is DENIED as to the motion to dismiss and GRANTED as to the motion to abstain.

2. Defendant Danny Looney's motion to dismiss or to abstain (Doc. # 21) is DENIED as to the motion to dismiss and GRANTED as to the motion to abstain.

3. This action is STAYED pending resolution of the state court litigation.

4. On August 1, 2019, and every ninety days afterwards, the parties shall file a jointly prepared report concerning the status of the state court actions.

CIVIL APPEALS JURISDICTION CHECKLIST

1. Appealable Orders: Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction conferred and strictly limited by statute:

2. Time for Filing: The timely filing of a notice of appeal is mandatory and jurisdictional. Rinaldo v. Corbett, 256 F.3d 1276, 1278 (11th Cir. 2001). In civil cases, Fed.R.App.P. 4(a) and (c) set the following time limits:

3. Format of the notice of appeal: Form 1, Appendix of Forms to the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, is a suitable format. See also Fed.R.App.P. 3(c). A pro se notice of appeal must be signed by the appellant.

4. Effect of a notice of appeal: A district court lacks jurisdiction, i.e., authority, to act after the filing of a timely notice of appeal, except for actions in aid of appellate jurisdiction or to rule on a timely motion of the type specified in Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(4).