R. DAVID PROCTOR, District Judge.
This case is before the court on the Motion to Dismiss Appeal as Equitably Moot (Doc. 7), filed on February 10, 2015. The Motion (Doc. 7) was filed by Appellees Alabama Marble Company, Inc. (the "Debtor"), Blue Devil Investments, Inc. ("Blue Devil"), David Luce ("Luce," and together with Blue Devil, the "Luce Parties"), TBGS Quarry, LLC ("TBGS") and Credit Strategy Advisors, Inc. ("CSA"). It has been fully briefed. (Docs. 13, 16).
This case arises from the Debtor's (a marble quarrier) troubled demise. After suffering years of operating at a loss, Debtor's creditors ran out of patience and TBGS (Debtor's landlord) attempted to terminate Debtor's Lease. Quarry-less and insolvent, Debtor was unable to survive as a going concern. Debtor sought bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. The complex bankruptcy case was soon tainted by internal power struggles and rank opportunism. As the estate hemorrhaged from protracted litigation, a successful reorganization was unlikely. With an eye toward the quarrying business, TBGS offered a compromise, which would allow TBGS unchallenged possession of the Quarry in exchange for a significant payout.
Finding TBGS's offer to be the only means for creditor's recovery, an apprehensive Bankruptcy Court ultimately approved the Settlement Agreement. In the over eight months since the appeal was filed, the settlement has been fully consummated. In the interim, Appellants never sought a stay of the Bankruptcy Court's order. Appellants, no longer interested in quarrying for Alabama white dimensional marble, do not now wish to completely unwind the consummated settlement. Rather, Appellants prefer the court to remand the settlement agreement for a redistribution of the Luce Parties' payout.
In this appeal, Appellants argue that the Settlement Agreement was premised on the Luce Parties' exaggerated secured claims. Appellees' Motion (Doc. 7) contends that the court can no longer grant effective relief, and, therefore, the appeal is due to be dismissed as equitably moot. After a careful review of the record and arguments in this case, the court concludes that Appellees' Motion (Doc. 7) is due to be granted and the appeal is due to be dismissed.
Below is a brief background of the litigation, which is instructive to the court's analysis of the arguments raised in this Motion (Doc. 7).
Debtor is a privately held company founded by Musilino in 1997. (Doc. 2-2, at 9). Debtor is equally owned by Musilino and Luce. (Id.; see also Doc. 3-4). From 1998 through November 2014, Debtor mined and operated a marble quarry in Talladega County, Alabama, near the town of Sylacauga (the "Quarry"). (Doc. 3-5, at 2 ¶ 5-6). At the Quarry, Debtor mined Alabama white dimensional marble and operated
The Quarry was operated in accordance with a ground lease (the "Lease"), which Debtor entered into with Purple Mountain Marble Co., Inc. ("PMCC"), dated November 4, 1998. Debtor and PMMC extended the term of the Lease through December 31, 2019. (Id. at 14).
On August 23, 2013, PMMC entered into a contract to sell the Quarry to TBGS. That contract was later amended to give TBGS the right to take actions on behalf of PMMC to terminate the Lease with Debtor. On December 2, 2013, PMMC sent Debtor a notice that it was terminating the Lease. (Id.). Following this notice of termination, Debtor and TBGS litigated the validity of the Lease, a dispute which eventually played out in the Bankruptcy Court.
On or around April 8, 2014, CSA acquired all interest, rights, and obligations arising under a series of notes and security instruments held by Debtor's judgment creditors. (See Doc. 2-2, at 10, 23-24; see also Doc. 8, at 14). The notes and security interests were previously held by Howard and Martha Steinberg (the "Steinbergs") and Overlook Investment Company, LLC, ("Overlook") (the Steinbergs and Overlook collectively, are referred to as the "Original Holders"). (Doc. 2-2, at 11). The Original Holders sued to enforce their notes and interests and obtained monetary judgments for the approximate principal amount of $595,000. (Id.). This resulted in certain of Debtor's accounts being frozen and Debtor being unable to access cash on hand. (Id.). CSA purchased these interests during the Chapter 11 case and became one of Debtor's secured creditors. (See id. at 13).
In 2009, Luce began investing in Debtor by making both capital contributions and loans. In 2010, Debtor restructured its equity ownership. (Doc. 3-5, at 3 ¶ 9). During this process, Luce made a capital contribution that provided Luce 50% of Debtor's common equity ownership; Musilino retained the other 50% ownership stake. (See id.; Doc. 3-2, at 4). Thereafter, Debtor became financial distressed and highly leveraged. (See Doc. 3-5, at 3-4). Luce agreed to loan more funds if Overlook, the Steinbergs, and Musilino consented to Luce's loans being senior to those of Overlook, the Steinbergs, and Musilino. (Id. at 4 ¶ 11). According to Luce, from 2010 to the petition date, Luce loaned approximately $1,500,000 to allow Debtor to satisfy its day-to-day obligations, including payroll and operating expenses, and perform on its contracts with customers. (See Doc. 8, at 15).
Nevertheless, Debtor still required additional funds. On April 13, 2013, Blue Devil and Debtor entered into a senior credit
The Debtor voluntarily commenced its Chapter 11 case on February 7, 2014. (Doc. 3-2). The Debtor sought Chapter 11 protection because of collection efforts by the Original Holders, which, as discussed above, left Debtor unable to access cash. (Doc. 3-5, at 4 ¶¶ 14-17). In addition, Debtor's ongoing litigation against TBGS over the Lease, threatened to halt Debtor's mining operations. (Id.).
TBGS argued in the Bankruptcy Court that the Lease was terminated prior to the bankruptcy, and, therefore, the Lease should revert back to TBGS and could not be assumed in Debtor's Chapter 11 case. (See Doc. 2-1). Without a lease to assume, Debtor would not have a quarry to operate and could not propose a go-forward restructuring plan. Thus, Debtor's ability to put forth a proposed plan of reorganization was dependent upon the Bankruptcy Court's findings with respect to the questions of whether (1) the Lease was terminated and (2) Debtor could assume the Lease.
The Bankruptcy Court conducted a five-day evidentiary hearing on whether the Lease was terminated and, if it was not terminated, whether it could it be assumed by Debtor. (See id. at 3) Numerous witnesses testified, including the parties' principals, their employees and agents, and several expert witnesses. (See id.). Over 250 exhibits were admitted, and lengthy post-trial briefs were submitted by the Debtor and TBGS, respectively. (See id.). On August 8, 2014, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order finding that the Lease was not terminated and deferring the question of whether to approve Debtor's assumption of the Lease. (Id. at 15). Thereafter, Debtor had the opportunity to propose a plan of reorganization that would demonstrate Debtor's future viability. Not surprisingly, Debtor's continued viability required further capital contributions.
On August 27, 2014, Debtor filed its Plan of Reorganization and related Disclosure Statement (the "Debtor Plan"), which was premised on additional funding from Blue Devil. (Doc. 2-2, at 20; Doc. 2-3). The Debtor Plan was signed by Luce as Debtor's authorized representative, without any objection by Musilino. (Doc. 2-3, at 19). On the same day, TBGS filed its competing Plan of Liquidation and related Disclosure Statement (the "TBGS Plan"). (See Doc. 1-1, at 45).
Uncertainty about future judicial rulings and increasing costs associated with continued litigation often form favorable "laboratory" conditions for a settlement. That is exactly what occurred here. Eventually, the parties reached an agreement to resolve their dispute. On September 29, 2014, Debtor filed a Joint Motion to Approve Compromise and Dismiss Chapter 11 Case jointly with Blue Devil, David Luce, CSA, and TBGS, seeking court approval of the settlement and dismissal of the bankruptcy case (the "Rule 9019 Motion"). (Doc. 3-10). The initial terms of the proposed compromise provided that TBGS would pay Debtor $2,750,000 and waive its pre-petition and post-petition claims against Debtor. (See id.). The
Appellants, Lee R. Benton and the law firm of Benton & Centeno, LLP ("Benton") (Doc. 3-12),
On October 23, 2014, Appellees filed a Supplement to Joint Motion to Approve Compromise (Doc. 3-18), which generally argued that "the Settlement Agreement represents the only path forward that will provide a distribution of funds to unsecured creditors." (Id. at 1). The Supplement suggested that the secured lenders (presumably, the Luce Parties and CSA) had "secured claims well in excess of $3,000,000 (objectors refer to these debts as equity)" and where contributing $450,000 of their own collateral to pay administrative creditors ($400,000) and unsecured creditors ($50,000 to be distributed pro rata). (Doc. 3-18). Without the Settlement Agreement, the Supplement asserted, the Debtor would be administratively insolvent, leaving the unsecured creditors without any recovery. (Id.).
In an objection following the Debtor's first Supplement, the Bankruptcy Administrator argued that nothing in the Bankruptcy Case substantiated the assertion that the Luce Parties and CSA had secured claims in "excess of $3,000,000." (Doc. 3-19, at 2).
On November 4, 2014, the Bankruptcy Court held a hearing to consider the Rule 9019 Motion and the parties' objections (the "Rule 9019 Hearing"). (Doc. 30). At the Rule 9019 Hearing, the Bankruptcy Court addressed the Luce Parties assertion that over $3,000,000 in secured claims existed. The Appellants asked that the secured creditors prove the amount they claimed, noting that no proof of claim had yet been filed. The attorney for Luce conceded that it could not produce security documents to support the claim of the Luce Parties' secured status. (Id. at 90-91). Apparently, the Luce Parties have entered into certain inter-creditor agreements that purport to place the Luce Parties' debt ahead of CSA. (Id.). Regardless, the Bankruptcy Court decided to forgo taking evidence on the matter.
By the end of the Rule 9019 Hearing, the parties had reformed the terms of the proposed settlement agreement, thereby seemingly resolving the objections of Miles, Benton, and the Bankruptcy Administrator. The new terms of the Settlement Agreement contemplated a distribution to unsecured creditors of $125,000, a distribution of $2,675,000 to the Luce Parties, TBGS's unchallenged possession of the Quarry, the reversion of the equipment in the Quarry to Musilino,
At the conclusion of the hearing, over the Musilino Parties' sole objection, the Bankruptcy Court approved the Settlement Agreement and dismissed the Chapter 11 case. (Doc. 3-30, at 94:16-17). On November 6, 2014, the Bankruptcy Court entered an accompanying Order granting the Joint Motion to Approve Compromise and Dismiss Chapter 11 Case (the "Settlement Order"), overruling the objections of Appellants. (Doc. 3-26). Appellants filed their Notice of Appeal the next day, on November 7, 2014. (Doc. 1-5).
On November 18, 2014, Debtor (under the direction of Luce), the Luce Parties, TBGS, and CSA entered into a Closing Agreement and Waiver (the "Closing Agreement") whereby the parties explicitly agreed to waive the provision in paragraph 4 of the Settlement Agreement that conditioned the "Effective Date" on the Settlement Order "becoming final and non-appealable." (Doc. 7-3, at 3 ¶ 2). Pursuant to the Closing Agreement, the Settlement Agreement became effective on November 19, 2014. After entering into the Closing Agreement, Appellees contend, and Appellants do not dispute, that the transaction was fully consummated. As a result, the following actions have reportedly occurred:
(See Doc. 7, at 3-4; Doc. 16, at 2-3).
Appellants argue that Appellees effort to consummate the Settlement Agreement "was a transparent attempt by Appellees to undercut Appellants' right of appeal and should not be rewarded." (Doc. 13, at 6). However, Appellants never responded to Appellees' notice that the Closing Agreement was executed, and Appellants have not sought a stay Appellees' efforts to consummate the Settlement Agreement.
The court reviews de novo the Bankruptcy Court's determinations of law.
Appellees argue that the court should dismiss the appeal as equitably moot because the Settlement Agreement has been both approved by the Bankruptcy Court and fully consummated, and this court is no longer able to provide effective relief. (Doc. 7, at 1). Appellants assert that their appeal of the Bankruptcy Court's Rule 9019 Order is not moot because this court can afford them the relief they seek by partially unwinding the monetary distributions already undertaken pursuant to the consummated Settlement Agreement.
Equitable mootness "is a pragmatic principle, grounded in the notion that, with the passage of time after a judgment in equity and implementation of the judgment, effective relief on appeal becomes impractical, imprudent, and therefore inequitable." In re Allied Holdings, No. 1:07-CV-01455WSD, 2007 WL 2750646, at *2 (N.D.Ga. Sept. 19, 2007) (quoting Mac Panel Co. v. Va. Panel Corp., 283 F.3d 622, 625 (4th Cir.2002)) aff'd sub nom. In re Allied Holding, Inc., 291 Fed.Appx. 257 (11th Cir.2008). The Eleventh Circuit has consistently held that the mootness doctrine, as applied in a bankruptcy proceeding, "permits the courts to dismiss an appeal based on its lack of power to rescind certain transactions."
Courts in this circuit have relied on various factors when deciding whether effective judicial relief is still possible. These include whether: (1) the challenged settlement agreement has been substantially consummated, see In re Club Assocs., 956 F.2d at 1069; (2) the settlement agreement can be unwound, see In re VOIP, 461 B.R. at 902-03; and (3) the appellant sought a stay of the Bankruptcy Court's order approving the settlement agreement, see In re Club Assocs., 956 F.2d at 1070 n. 13; In re Winn-Dixie Store, 286 Fed.Appx. at 624. There is not a single factor which is designed to (alone) perfectly resolve whether a court can grant effective relief. After carefully considering all of these factors, and for the reasons outlined below, the court concludes that Appellees have carried their burden of demonstrating that effective relief is no longer available.
It is beyond dispute that the Settlement Agreement has been completely (not merely "substantially") consummated. This factor plainly supports a determination that the appeal due to be dismissed as equitably moot. In re Club Assocs., 956 F.2d at 1069. However, the court must still consider all the circumstances of the case to decide whether it can grant effective relief. Id. ("Even if substantial consummation has occurred, a court must still consider all the circumstances of the case to decide whether it can grant effective relief.").
When reviewing settlement agreements,
The parties' consummation of the Settlement Agreement resulted in numerous irreversible transactions. The Settlement Agreement was the result of extended negotiations and represented a compromise balancing the interests of Debtor, its shareholders, its creditors, and its landlord. The Bankruptcy Court held a lengthy hearing on the Settlement Agreement on November 4, 2014. Following the Rule 9019 Hearing, on November 6, 2014, the Bankruptcy Court entered the Rule 9019 Order, approving the Settlement Agreement. Since that time, Debtor has ceased business operations. The Quarry has been transferred into the possession of TBGS. Various releases have been granted. Lawsuits have been dismissed. All monetary distributions contemplated by the Settlement Agreement have been made. And all inventory and equipment have been removed from the Quarry. These actions have clearly and significantly affected not just the Debtor, but also TBGS, CSA, the Luce Parties, and Appellees (as well as the other creditors of the estate).
Courts are more inclined to invoke the doctrine of equitable mootness when, as here, real property has been transferred as part of an approved Settlement Agreement. See In re VOIP, 461 B.R. at 902-03 (noting an appellate court can more easily "unwind" a settlement "involving the transfer of money and not real property." (emphasis added)). Indeed, the undisputed record evidence indicates that Quarry real property has been transferred to TBGS under the Settlement Agreement, and TBGS has obtained a consent judgment in its unlawful detainer action in Talladega County District Court. (Doc. 16-1, at 2). Even if this court concluded that it could otherwise unwind Settlement Agreement (and, to be clear, the court does not think that is possible), there could be sticky Rooker-Feldman doctrine issues associated with taking action that could be viewed as interfering with a state court judgment.
Appellants seem to acknowledge this difficulty. Indeed, they do not offer any solution to the practical problem of unwinding the Settlement Agreement. Instead, Appellants focus on the ease in which a court could provide relief in the case of a (hypothetical) bifurcated settlement agreement. However, the court's ability to grant effective relief in this appeal necessarily hinges on the ability of the court to unwind the entire settlement agreement.
Appellants contend that "[t]he Settlement Agreement is actually comprised of
A review of the record demonstrates that Appellants' proposed partial relief would be ineffective because it would necessarily reform the parties' Settlement Agreement to reflect an agreement that no party intended or contemplated. When approving the Settlement Agreement, the Bankruptcy Court faced a complex multiparty bankruptcy dispute. The Settlement Agreement represented a comprehensive compromise that satisfied various parties with distinct (and often conflicting) interests. Debtor filed the Rule 9019 Motion jointly with Luce (creditor and shareholder), Blue Devil (creditor), CSA (creditor), and TBGS (Debtor's landlord). Although the Rule 9019 Motion was initially opposed by multiple non-insider creditors, the Rule 9019 Hearing resolved the objections of Miles, Benton, and the Bankruptcy Administrator, leaving Appellants' sole objection outstanding. The Bankruptcy Court approved this near-consensus outcome. To stumble in now and break the Settlement Agreement into divisible parts—approving some, while unwinding and remanding others—would arbitrarily reform the parties' bargain into a new agreement. The parties did not (as Appellants suggest) reach two agreements, one purely financial. Rather, they reached one complex comprehensive agreement that had both financial and non-financial terms.
Appellants have confirmed the complexity and interconnectedness of the issues the parties faced in settlement negotiations. The releases granted by Luce demonstrate the futility of Appellants' approach to segmenting various portions the Settlement Agreement. Blue Devil and TBGS emphasized at the Rule 9019 Hearing that the payment to Luce was not being made solely for his status as a secured or unsecured creditor, but, in large part, because Luce was able to provide various releases that TBGS found necessary to entering into a
When a party has failed to seek a stay of the confirmation order pending appeal to the district court, "for practical reasons it is often difficult for courts to afford relief to the appealing party because the court is unable to rescind transactions taken in consummation of the reorganization plan and confirmation order enforcing said plan." In re Winn-Dixie Store, 286 Fed.Appx. at 623, citing In re Club Assocs., 956 F.2d at 1070 n. 13; Miami Ctr. Ltd. P'ship v. Bank of N.Y., 838 F.2d 1547, 1555 (11th Cir.1988) (noting that dismissal of an appeal on grounds of mootness is often granted when an appeal that ultimately reversed the confirmation order would "knock the props out from under the authorization for every transaction that has taken place and create an unmanageable, uncontrollable situation for the bankruptcy court") (internal quotations and citations omitted). Of course, "the absence of a stay does not compel a finding of mootness in all cases." In re Club Assocs., 956 F.2d at 1070 n. 13 (emphasis in original); see also In re Winn-Dixie Store, 286 Fed.Appx. at 624 (noting the failure to seek a stay does not "in and of itself render[] an appeal moot"). Nevertheless, the failure of a party to seek and obtain a stay designed to prevent the consummation of a settlement is clearly an important factor in any equitable mootness determination. See In re E. Coast Beverage Corp., 143 Fed.Appx. 259, 260 (11th Cir.2005) ("[I]n light of Rotella's failure to seek a stay, the numerous transactions effectuated under that plan's provisions preclude the grant of any meaningful relief."); In re VOIP, 461 B.R. at 903 ("[T]he Trustee correctly points out that an important factor in its favor is the failure of the Lender Group to seek and obtain a stay to prevent the consummation of the settlement.").
Although not dispositive, Appellants' failure to pursue a stay of the Settlement Agreement's consummation is a factor that weighs heavily in favor of finding equitable mootness. In this case, the Settlement Agreement was executed over eight months ago and has been fully consummated for several months, yet Appellants have never requested a stay of the Bankruptcy Court's Rule 9019 Order. At least in part because of Appellants' failure to seek a stay, the many transactions effectuated
Appellants identify several cases where a stay was not sought but the settlement was nevertheless "easily" undone. See In re VOIP, 461 B.R. at 903; In re Healthco Int'l, 136 F.3d at 49; In re Chateaugay Corp., 167 B.R. at 779. However, these cases (which are not binding on this court) are easily distinguishable.
Appellants also argue that Appellees entered into the Closing Agreement in "secret and without notice," thereby waiving a provision in paragraph 4 of the Settlement Agreement that conditioned the "Effective Date" on the Settlement Order "becoming final and non-appealable." (Doc. 13, at 6). According to Appellants, by the time that they were notified of Appellees' Closing Agreement on November 24, 2015 (i.e., less than a week after its execution), "consummation of the Settlement Agreement was fait accompli." (Id.). However, nothing prohibited Appellees from waiving the effective-date condition, and the record on appeal reveals that Appellants were on notice that time was of the essence to Appellees in consummating the Settlement Agreement. Specifically, at the Rule 9019 Hearing, Appellees made it abundantly clear that the Settlement Agreement only made sense to TBGS if TBGS could get immediate access to the Quarry and "get working." (Doc. 3-30, at 76:4-5 ("I mean, really we [TBGS] have got to get out there tomorrow getting marble and working." (emphasis added)). Appellants cannot now claim that Appellees surreptitiously sped up efforts to transfer control of the Quarry to TBGS by waiving the effective-date conditions. Regardless, even after being notified by Appellees about the Closing Agreement's execution, Appellants made no effort to respond or seek any stay.
The court is aware of the view that the doctrine of equitable mootness was developed for purpose of (and should only be used when) "granting relief on appeal is almost certain to produce a perverse outcome—chaos in the Bankruptcy Court from a plan in tatters and/or significant injury to third parties." (Doc. 13, at 2) (quoting Bennett v. Jefferson County,
For the forgoing reasons, the court concludes that Appellees' Motion (Doc. 7) is due to be granted and this appeal is due to be dismissed.
A separate order will be entered.