MEMORANDUM OPINION

R. DAVID PROCTOR, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

This case is before the court on Petitioner Dexter Wilson's Motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. (Doc. # 1). Petitioner is currently serving a 180-month sentence, running concurrently, in the Yazoo Federal Correctional Complex. (Doc. # 1 at 1). On April 12, 2011, a jury found Dexter Wilson ("Petitioner") guilty of being (1) a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count One); and (2) a felon in possession of ammunition in violation of § 922(g)(1) (Count Two). (Doc. # 33; 2:11-cr-00040). Petitioner was sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), because he had two prior serious drug offense convictions (i.e., two counts of unlawful distribution of a controlled substance) and one prior conviction for a violent felony (i.e., third degree robbery).1 (Doc. # 5 at 2; Doc. # 36 at 9; 2:11-cr-00040). Under the ACCA, a defendant convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is subject to a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years if he has three prior convictions for a "violent felony" or "serious drug offense." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1); United States v. Fritts, 841 F.3d 937, 938 (11th Cir. 2016); In re Rogers, 825 F.3d 1335, 1337 (11th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).

On April 20, 2017, Petitioner filed this motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, claiming that, in light of the Supreme Court's holding in Johnson v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 192 L.Ed.2d 569 (2015),2 his sentence should be vacated because the government failed to prove that third degree robbery under Alabama law qualifies as a violent crime under the elements clause of § 924(e)(1). (Doc. # 1 at 7).

The Government argues that Petitioner's Motion should be denied for two reasons: (1) Petitioner's Motion does not satisfy the requirements of § 2255(h) and 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A) because he has failed to establish that he was convicted under the residual clause of the ACCA; and (2) Petitioner's claim is meritless because the underlying conviction of Alabama third degree robbery qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA's "elements" clause. (Doc. # 5 at 3, 6). The court addresses each argument, in turn, and concludes that Petitioner's Motion (see Doc. # 1) is indeed due to be denied.

1. Petitioner's Second or Successive § 2255 Motion Is Improper

On October 2, 2015, Petitioner filed a motion to reduce his sentence in light of the Supreme Court's holding in Johnson. (Doc. # 42; 2:11-cr-00040). On July 27, 2016, the Eleventh Circuit granted Petitioner's application requesting the district court to consider a second or successive § 2255 motion pursuant to Johnson. (Doc. # 48; 2:11-cr-00040). The Eleventh Circuit held that Petitioner made a prima facie showing that his application satisfied the requirements set out under § 2255(h)3 and § 2244(b)(3)(A).4 (Id. at 1). Specifically, the Eleventh Circuit concluded:

(Id. at 3). However, the Eleventh Circuit's decision is only "a limited determination," see In re Moss, 703 F.3d 1301, 1303 (11th Cir. 2013), and the district court is now tasked with "deciding the § 2255(h) issue[]... de novo." Id. (quoting Jordan v. Sec'y, Dep't of Corrs., 485 F.3d 1351, 1358 (11th Cir. 2007)). Thus, reviewing Petitioner's § 2255 claim de novo, the court concludes that Petitioner has failed to establish that he is entitled to relief under Johnson.

Section 924(e)(2)(B) defines a "violent felony" as "any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year... that (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B) (emphasis added). Subsection (i) is known as the "elements" clause, and subsection (ii) has two subparts: the "enumerated offenses" clause and the "residual" clause. The Supreme Court in Johnson held that the residual clause of the ACCA, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) (the second part of subsection two beginning with the words "or otherwise involves"), is unconstitutional under the void-for-vagueness doctrine. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2563. Here, Petitioner urges that he was sentenced under the residual clause of § 924(e)(2)(B). But, his argument holds no water.

Under Eleventh Circuit precedent, a § 2255 movant "bears the burden [of proving] the claims in his § 2255 motion." Beeman v. United States, 871 F.3d 1215, 1221 (11th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted). In order for Petitioner to prove his Johnson claim:

Id. at 1222. Here, the court concludes that Petitioner has failed to show that it is more likely than not that the district court sentenced Petitioner under the ACCA's residual clause. As the Government observed, nowhere in the pre-sentence investigative report ("PSR") does it indicate that Petitioner was sentenced under the residual clause. Rather, the PSR shows that Petitioner's third degree robbery conviction was counted as a qualifying predicate offense under the ACCA because third degree robbery is a violent felony; that is, it "has [as] an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another." (Doc. # 36; 2:11-cr-00040 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)—the "elements" clause)). Indeed, "general observations ... are not enough [for Petitioner] to carry his burden of establishing that he, in fact, was sentenced as an armed career criminal here solely because of the residual clause." Beeman, 871 F.3d at 1224.

Therefore, because the PSR cites the "elements" clause and nowhere mentions the residual clause, Petitioner has failed to prove his Johnson claim.

2. Petitioner's § 2255 Claim is Without Merit

Had Petitioner filed a procedurally proper motion (and, to be sure, he has not), his § 2255 Motion would still be denied because third degree robbery under Alabama law qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA's "elements" clause. See 28 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). In analyzing whether Petitioner's Alabama third degree robbery conviction qualifies as a "violent felony" (under § 924(e)(2)(B)) or "crime of violence" (under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2),5 the court employs the categorical approach. See Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 133 S.Ct. 2276, 2281, 186 L.Ed.2d 438 (2013).

Under Alabama law, a person commits the crime of robbery in the third degree if, while in the course of committing a theft, he:

Ala. Code § 13A-8-43(a). Because robbery is not listed in the "enumerated offenses clause" under § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), in order for Alabama third degree robbery to qualify as an ACCA "violent felony," it must meet the standard set forth in § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)—the "elements" clause. That is, such a conviction must have "as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Petitioner argues that third degree robbery does not qualify under the elements clause because during the commission of the crime at issue, he did not cause physical force or intend to cause physical force. (Doc. # 1-1 at 2). The key phrase in the analysis, then, is "physical force," and the pertinent question is whether Alabama's third degree robbery statute criminalizes conduct that meets the relevant standard.

With respect to a determination of what conduct constitutes "physical force" under the ACCA, the Supreme Court has previously stated: "We think it clear in the context of a statutory definition of `violent felony,' the phrase `physical force' means violent force—that is, force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person." Curtis Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 140, 130 S.Ct. 1265, 176 L.Ed.2d 1 (2010).

Two Eleventh Circuit decisions—United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d 1238 (11th Cir. 2011) and United States v. Fritts, 841 F.3d 937 (11th Cir. 2016)—are instructive here. Lockley concerns Florida's robbery statute, which is similar to Alabama's statute in terms of the amount of force required to commit the offense of robbery. For instance, Florida robbery involves:

Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). Notably, the taking "must be by the use of force or violence or by assault so as to overcome the resistance of the victim, or by putting the victim in fear so that the victim does not resist." Fla. Std. Jury Inst. (Crim.) 15.1. In determining that § 812.13(1) satisfied the elements clause of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)—which our circuit has noted is "virtually identical" to the elements clause in § 924(e)(2)(B)6— the Eleventh Circuit reasoned that "[a]ll but the latter option [(i.e., "putting in fear")] specifically require the use or threatened use of physical force against the person of another." Lockley, 632 F.3d at 1245.

Similarly, the Fritts court relied on Lockley's reasoning in affirming a holding that commission of armed robbery under Florida law is a violent felony under the ACCA. Fritts, 841 F.3d at 942. Given that Lockley determined that Florida robbery categorically satisfied the elements clause of the Sentencing Guidelines, the Fritts court stated "[a]s an alternate and independent ground, we hold here that under Lockley alone a Florida armed robbery conviction under § 812.13(a) categorically qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA's elements clause." Id. In Fritts, our circuit also noted that there are Florida Supreme Court decisions that (1) "stress[] that robbery requires `more than the force necessary to remove the property' and in fact requires both `resistance by the victim' and `physical force by the offender' that overcomes that resistance," and (2) have "held that `the force that is required to make the offense a robbery is such force as is actually sufficient to overcome the victim's resistance.'" Id. at 943. These decisions were instructive in the Fritts panel's determination that Florida robbery (and thus, Florida armed robbery) meets the Curtis Johnson standard. Id. at 943-44.

Turning to Petitioner's claim here, the court concludes that Alabama robbery, like Florida robbery, qualifies as "violent felony" under the ACCA's elements clause. This is because Alabama robbery "specifically require[s] the use or threatened use of physical force against the person of another." Lockley, 632 F.3d at 1245.

And, to the extent that the court is obligated to look beyond the statutory text and examine Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals decisions in order to engage in the categorical analysis, that would not change the analysis.7 Under Alabama law, "[t]he use of force in taking the property of another implies personal violence." Casher v. State, 469 So.2d 679, 680 (Ala. Crim. App. 1985). This is because an offender in Alabama must use, or threaten to use, sufficient force to overcome the victim's physical resistance in order to be convicted of third-degree robbery. Id. at 680-81. Because an offender is required to use enough force to overcome the victim's physical resistance, Alabama robbery is a "violent felony" under the ACCA for the same reason that Florida robbery is a crime of violence under Lockley.

Finally, in addition to arguing that his Alabama third degree robbery conviction is not a "crime of violence" pursuant to the ACCA, Petitioner also argues that it does not qualify as a violent felony under the Sentencing Guidelines. However, as noted above, the elements clause of § 4B1.2(a) employs language virtually identical to that which defines "violent felony" in § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). The court concludes that Petitioner's conviction for Alabama third degree robbery qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA's elements clause. See e.g., United States v. Romo-Villalobos, 674 F.3d 1246, 1248 (11th Cir. 2012) (noting the similarities between the analyses under the elements clause of the ACCA and the elements clause of § 4B1.2(a), and finding the two comparable); United States v. Razz, 679 Fed.Appx. 950, 954-55 n.1 (11th Cir. 2017) (finding that Lockley controlled in an ACCA case, because the elements clause in § 4B1.2(a) was identical to the ACCA's elements clause).

3. Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, Petitioner's Motion (Doc.# 1) is due to be denied.

DONE and ORDERED this February 19, 2020.