OPINION

MILLER, Presiding Judge.

¶ 1 Adolfo Ruiz was convicted after a jury trial of two counts of attempted manslaughter by sudden quarrel or heat of passion, and one count of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument. This appeal requires us to determine whether a person commits attempted sudden quarrel or heat of passion manslaughter if death does not occur, the person knew only that his conduct would cause "serious physical injury," and he did not intend for his conduct to cause death. For the following reasons, we affirm Ruiz's aggravated assault conviction and sentence, but vacate his attempted manslaughter convictions and sentences, and remand for further proceedings.

Factual and Procedural Background

¶ 2 We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury's verdicts. See State v. Haight-Gyuro, 218 Ariz. 356, ¶ 2, 186 P.3d 33, 34 (App.2008). In January 2012, Ruiz was involved in a fist-fight in a bar that began with a shove from M.M. As he was being escorted outside by C.R., he produced a gun and fired two shots that struck C.R. Ruiz was then pushed out of the bar and onto the ground, causing him to drop the gun. Ruiz immediately picked it up and shot M.M. Ruiz testified he was in fear of his life from multiple persons; further, the bullets that struck C.R. and M.M. were either warning shots or inadvertent discharges caused by struggles with other people as they grappled to get the gun.

¶ 3 The indictment charged Ruiz with two counts of attempted second-degree murder. He also was charged with aggravated assault for each of the shots that struck C.R. and M.M. The jury found Ruiz guilty of two counts of the lesser-included offense of attempted manslaughter, and one count of aggravated assault against M.M.1 The jury acquitted Ruiz of two counts of aggravated assault against C.R. He was sentenced to presumptive, consecutive, and concurrent prison terms totaling fifteen years.

Attempted Manslaughter

¶ 4 Ruiz does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions, but argues the trial court improperly instructed the jury. He contends the court's instruction permitted the jury to find him guilty of attempted manslaughter based only on conduct intended to cause serious physical injury. Stated differently, he maintains the state was relieved of the burden of proving he had engaged in conduct intended to culminate in death. Because Ruiz raises this argument for the first time on appeal, we review for fundamental, prejudicial error. See State v. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶¶ 19-20, 115 P.3d 601, 607 (2005).

Attempted Manslaughter Instruction

¶ 5 The trial court instructed the jury that if it found Ruiz not guilty of attempted second-degree murder or if it could not reach a verdict on that charge, it could consider whether he had committed attempted manslaughter under A.R.S. § 13-1103(A)(2). The court defined the latter as follows:

(Emphasis added.)

¶ 6 Ruiz relies on State v. Ontiveros, 206 Ariz. 539, 81 P.3d 330 (App.2003), for the proposition that the requisite mens rea for attempt to commit manslaughter under § 13-1103(A)(2) is the intent or belief that one's conduct will cause death. In Ontiveros, we held that attempted second-degree murder is not a cognizable offense if the person does not intend or know2 that his conduct will cause death. Id. ¶ 11. We reasoned that a person who does not intend or know that his conduct will cause death cannot be said to have taken action "planned to culminate" in death. Id. ¶ 10. Attempted second-degree murder therefore requires either the intention or the knowledge that one's conduct will cause death to the victim. Id.

¶ 7 Ruiz contends the rationale employed in Ontiveros should extend to attempted3 manslaughter, under § 13-1103(A)(2). Subsection (A)(2) of that statute explicitly incorporates the elements of second-degree murder:

This offense includes a "different circumstance" of sudden quarrel or heat of passion resulting from adequate provocation by the victim. Peak v. Acuna, 203 Ariz. 83, ¶ 6, 50 P.3d 833, 834 (2002) (lesser offense of manslaughter by sudden quarrel/heat of passion includes all elements of greater offense of second-degree murder plus different required circumstance). The additional circumstance, however, does not negate the mandatory elements of second-degree murder. Therefore, we conclude the rationale employed in Ontiveros applies to attempted manslaughter under § 13-1103(A)(2).

¶ 8 The state does not attempt to distinguish Ontiveros. Rather, it observes in a footnote that attempted manslaughter by heat of passion or sudden quarrel is a cognizable offense in Arizona, citing State v. Barnes, 162 Ariz. 92, 781 P.2d 69 (App.1989). A minor, passing reference without argument generally is insufficient. See State v. Bolton, 182 Ariz. 290, 298, 896 P.2d 830, 838 (1995) (argument not developed on appeal waived). In our discretion, however, we address the implications of Barnes. See State v. Aleman, 210 Ariz. 232, ¶ 10, 109 P.3d 571, 575 (App. 2005).

¶ 9 In Barnes, the defendant shot the victim at close range with a rifle, yet he survived. 162 Ariz. at 93, 781 P.2d at 70. Barnes was convicted of attempted manslaughter pursuant to § 13-1103(A)(2). Id. He argued "there is no such crime as attempted heat of passion or sudden quarrel manslaughter," relying on State v. Adams, 155 Ariz. 117, 120-21, 745 P.2d 175, 179-80 (App.1987), in which we held the offenses of attempted reckless manslaughter and attempted negligent homicide are not cognizable offenses in Arizona because one could not attempt to commit a crime that only required reckless conduct or criminal negligence and not a specific intent. Barnes, 162 Ariz. at 93, 781 P.2d at 70. In the alternative, Barnes argued attempted heat of passion or sudden quarrel manslaughter required the jury to be instructed that it must find proof of specific intent to kill, rather than only the intent to shoot the victim. Id. In rejecting both arguments, the court distinguished Adams on the basis that, "[w]hat must be `intentional' is the conduct." Id. The court tersely concluded that evidence of intentional shooting, knowing "the shooting would cause death or serious physical injury," was sufficient. Id.

¶ 10 Barnes was not addressed by the court in Ontiveros, nor has it been cited in any subsequent Arizona opinions. Several out-of-state cases have cited Barnes where there was evidence of intent to kill, but in none of these cases was it cited for the proposition that intent to cause only bodily injury is sufficient to support the offense of attempted manslaughter. See, e.g., State v. Holbron, 80 Haw. 27, 904 P.2d 912, 923 (1995); State v. Gutierrez, 285 Kan. 332, 172 P.3d 18, 25 (2007). In contrast, Ontiveros has been affirmed within Arizona and cited in a national treatise on criminal law. See State v. Dickinson, 233 Ariz. 527, ¶ 11, 314 P.3d 1282, 1285 (App.2013) (attempted second-degree murder requires intent to kill victim or knowledge conduct would cause death); 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 11.3 (2d ed.2013) (on charge of attempted murder not sufficient to show defendant intended to do serious bodily harm). To the extent Barnes can be read as standing for the proposition that a jury may be instructed that the intent to commit serious physical injury is sufficient proof for attempted manslaughter, the state conceded at oral argument that Barnes has been overtaken by recent jurisprudence that more comprehensively addresses the question here. We agree and conclude that the instruction erroneously permitted the jury to consider conduct the defendant may have intended or believed would cause only serious physical injury.

Fundamental Error Analysis

¶ 11 To establish fundamental error, a defendant must show "that the error complained of goes to the foundation of his case, takes away a right that is essential to his defense, and is of such magnitude that he could not have received a fair trial." Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶ 24, 115 P.3d at 608. This court has previously determined "that instructing a jury on a non-existent theory of criminal liability is fundamental error." State v. James, 231 Ariz. 490, ¶ 13, 297 P.3d 182, 185 (App.2013); see also Dickinson, 233 Ariz. 527, ¶ 12, 314 P.3d at 1285; Ontiveros, 206 Ariz. 539, ¶ 17, 81 P.3d at 333. Because the attempted manslaughter instruction misstated the law, it had the potential to "improperly relieve[] the State of its burden of proving an element of the offense." State v. Kemper, 229 Ariz. 105, ¶¶ 5-6, 271 P.3d 484, 486 (App.2011); see also Ontiveros, 206 Ariz. 539, ¶ 11, 81 P.3d at 332. Thus, the error complained of was fundamental as it goes to the foundation of the case. Kemper, 229 Ariz. 105, ¶¶ 5-6, 271 P.3d at 486; see also Dickinson, 233 Ariz. 527, ¶ 12, 314 P.3d at 1286.

Prejudice

¶ 12 Having determined the error was fundamental, we next examine whether Ruiz has demonstrated he was prejudiced as a result. See Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶ 26, 115 P.3d at 608. "Prejudice is a fact-intensive inquiry, the outcome of which will `depend[] upon the type of error that occurred and the facts of a particular case.'" Dickinson, 233 Ariz. 527, ¶ 13, 314 P.3d at 1286, quoting James, 231 Ariz. 490, ¶ 15, 297 P.3d at 186 (alteration in Dickinson). "To prove prejudice, [Ruiz] must show that a reasonable, properly instructed jury `could have reached a different result.'" Id. ¶ 13, quoting James, 231 Ariz. 490, ¶ 15, 297 P.3d at 186. As part of this analysis, we consider "the parties' theories, the evidence received at trial and the parties' arguments to the jury." Id.

¶ 13 At trial, the state maintained that Ruiz intended to kill both C.R. and M.M. C.R. testified that as he picked Ruiz up to escort him out of the bar he noticed Ruiz had a gun, "heard flashes," and fell to the ground, whereupon he realized he had been shot twice. M.M. testified that Ruiz picked up the gun, "looked [him] in the eye, and shot [him]," despite the fact that M.M. had raised his open hands. Another witness to the shooting testified that Ruiz did not appear to be aiming at anybody in particular.

¶ 14 Ruiz admitted at trial that he shot C.R. and M.M., but asserted a justification defense. Ruiz testified that when he had attempted to leave the bar, he had been shoved by M.M., and the confrontation had escalated to blows and wrestling between the pair. As other individuals at the bar joined the fray, Ruiz feared for his life and instinctively drew his weapon, firing a "warning shot" that hit C.R. He testified the gun went off a second time after someone "tr[ied] to pull it out of [his] hand." After being thrown on the floor, Ruiz further explained, his "gun fell out of [his] hand," he and M.M. fought over the gun, and M.M. "tried to pull the gun up out of [Ruiz's] hand," which "caus[ed] the gun to fire."

¶ 15 The jury is tasked with deciding the facts of the case and, in so doing, must consider what testimony to accept or what to reject. See Smethers v. Campion, 210 Ariz. 167, ¶ 19, 108 P.3d 946, 951 (App.2005) (recognizing standard instruction "[Jury] may accept everything a witness says, or part of it, or none of it"); see also State Bar of Arizona, Revised Arizona Jury Instructions (Criminal) Std. 18 (2013). Indeed, the jury was instructed that it "may accept everything a witness says, or part of it, or none of it." If portions of testimony from several different witnesses were accepted, it is possible the jury may have concluded Ruiz only intended or knew that his conduct would harm the victims, rather than kill them. See Ontiveros, 206 Ariz. 539, ¶ 18, 81 P.3d at 334. For instance, the disparate verdicts on the aggravated assault charges suggest the jury viewed the testimony differently for each count.

¶ 16 The state's closing argument did not alleviate the error in the instruction. The state argued Ruiz had acted unreasonably and told the jury, "[I]f [Ruiz] acted recklessly, your work is done." In its rebuttal closing, the state once again told the jury, "[Y]ou[r] work is done if you find that Adolfo Ruiz was unreasonable, that he was provocative, or that he was reckless. You're finished then if you find any of those things with respect to him." The culpable mental state of "recklessness," however, is less than the intentional conduct required for an attempted manslaughter conviction.4 See Adams, 155 Ariz. at 119-20, 745 P.2d at 177-78 (concluding recklessness does not require any intent to achieve result; there can be no such criminal offense as attempt to achieve unintended result). Thus, the state likely compounded the error in the instruction by arguing to the jury that it could find Ruiz guilty of attempted manslaughter without finding he had intended or knew his actions would cause the death of C.R. and M.M. See id. at 120, 745 P.2d at 178 (concluding attempted reckless manslaughter is not cognizable offense in Arizona).

¶ 17 Although the record contains sufficient evidence establishing Ruiz had intended or knew his conduct could cause the deaths of C.R. and M.M., Ruiz has shown that the jury could have based its guilty verdict only on a finding that he had intended or knew that his conduct would cause serious physical injury. Moreover, we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have convicted Ruiz without the erroneous jury instruction. See State v. Amaya-Ruiz, 166 Ariz. 152, 173, 800 P.2d 1260, 1281 (1990) (erroneous jury instruction not harmless error if defendant could be convicted without proof beyond reasonable doubt of requisite culpable mental state). Ruiz's attempted manslaughter convictions therefore cannot stand. See Ontiveros, 206 Ariz. 539, ¶¶ 19-20, 81 P.3d at 334.

Aggravated Assault

¶ 18 Ruiz raises three interrelated arguments involving two justification defense jury instructions as well as the trial court's decision to not further instruct the jury on provocation. Although neither party relates its arguments to Ruiz's lone aggravated assault conviction, the underlying factual predicate for Ruiz's attempted manslaughter convictions is nearly identical to that for Ruiz's aggravated assault conviction. Having already determined Ruiz's attempted manslaughter convictions must be vacated, we therefore address the merits of Ruiz's remaining arguments only as they relate to his aggravated assault conviction.5

Unavailability of Justification Instruction

¶ 19 Ruiz first argues the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-401, which bars the use of certain defenses to charged crimes, because it is not a statute upon which jury instructions have been based. The state concedes the court erred in instructing on § 13-401 but contends the error was harmless. We accept the state's concession and therefore review the court's instruction for harmless error. See State v. Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 588, 858 P.2d 1152, 1191 (1993). An error is harmless if the state can establish beyond a reasonable doubt, "`in light of all of the evidence,'" that the error did not "contribute to or affect the verdict." State v. Valverde, 220 Ariz. 582, ¶ 11, 208 P.3d 233, 236 (2009), quoting Bible, 175 Ariz. at 588, 858 P.2d at 1191.

¶ 20 The trial court instructed the jury on the unavailability of a justification defense with language that tracks § 13-401(A):

¶ 21 Here, Ruiz's sole aggravated assault conviction was committed upon M.M., who was involved in the initial altercation with Ruiz that then devolved into the larger fracas. As Ruiz concedes, there was no argument at trial that M.M. was an innocent third person as contemplated by § 13-401. Accordingly, in light of all the evidence, we conclude the § 13-401 jury instruction did not contribute to or affect the aggravated assault verdict. Valverde, 220 Ariz. 582, ¶ 11, 208 P.3d at 236. Thus, the error was harmless.

Decision to Not Further Instruct Jury

¶ 22 Ruiz next argues the trial court erred when it declined to give the jury additional instruction on the relationship of provocation to self-defense. Because Ruiz did not raise the argument below, we review for fundamental, prejudicial error. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶¶ 19-20, 115 P.3d at 607.

¶ 23 During deliberations, the jury sent the trial court a note which read:

After a brief discussion, the court and the parties agreed to refer the jury back to the instructions already given.

¶ 24 The trial court in its discretion may decide whether to further instruct the jury on a matter. See State v. Stevens, 184 Ariz. 411, 413, 909 P.2d 478, 480 (App. 1995). Thus, an adequate instruction permits the court to decline further instructions, instead referring the jury back to the instructions. See State v. Ramirez, 178 Ariz. 116, 126, 871 P.2d 237, 247 (1994). The justification instruction here correctly stated the law regarding provocation. Accordingly, we cannot say the court abused its discretion in referring the jury back to it. See id. at 126-27, 871 P.2d at 247-48; Stevens, 184 Ariz. at 413, 909 P.2d at 480.

Defense Justification Jury Instruction

¶ 25 Lastly, Ruiz argues the trial court omitted the word "safely" when instructing pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-404(B)(3)(a). Because Ruiz again failed to object to the instruction below, we review for fundamental, prejudicial error. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, ¶¶ 19-20, 115 P.3d at 607.

¶ 26 The basic justification defense statute, § 13-404, contains subsection B, which sets forth when the threat or use of physical force against another is not justified. Subsection 3 provides that the defense is unavailable:

(Emphasis added). Ruiz contends that the omission of "safely" is fundamental error because it lessened the state's burden to prove the absence of justification.

¶ 27 Assuming the omission of the word "safely" was fundamental error, Ruiz has failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced as a result. At trial, no witness testified that Ruiz either attempted to withdraw from the encounter or that he communicated an intent to withdraw, believing he could do so safely. See A.R.S. § 13-404(B)(3). Nor did either party suggest during closing arguments that the jury needed to consider whether Ruiz withdrew from the scene or that he communicated his intent to do so. Upon examination of the record, we do not conclude that a reasonable jury, properly instructed would have reached a different verdict. Accordingly, Ruiz has not established the omission of the word "safely" from the justification defense instruction prejudiced him.

Disposition

¶ 28 For the reasons stated above, we affirm Ruiz's conviction and sentence for aggravated assault, count three. We otherwise vacate Ruiz's convictions and sentences for attempted manslaughter, counts four and five, and remand this matter to the trial court for a new trial on these counts. In view of this disposition, we do not reach the restitution issue raised by Ruiz.