PAUL E. DANIELSON, Justice.
Appellant Gregory Decay appeals from the judgment and commitment order of the Washington County Circuit Court, convicting him of two counts of capital murder and sentencing him twice to death. Decay argues fourteen points on appeal: (1) the circuit court erred in failing to suppress Decay's statements to law enforcement; (2) the circuit court erred in failing to suppress telephone calls made by Decay from the Washington County Detention Center; (3) the circuit court improperly excused four jurors for cause; (4) the circuit court erred by refusing to submit a jury instruction regarding Decay's good character; (5) the circuit court erred in prohibiting testimony and evidence of the victims' lives during the guilt phase of trial; (6) the circuit court erred by allowing the State to present a photograph of Decay holding an assault rifle; (7) the circuit court erred in admitting the testimony of a third-party statement into evidence; (8) the circuit court erred by allowing the State to obtain two separate sentences of death for the same aggravating circumstance; (9) the circuit court erred in rejecting Decay's proffered jury instruction regarding victim-impact testimony; (10) the jury erred by failing to find evidence presented that constituted mitigating factors; (11) the circuit court failed to limit victim-impact testimony presented by the State; (12) the circuit court erroneously limited evidence of mitigation; (13) the circuit court erred by allowing the prosecutor to make improper statements during closing arguments; and, finally, (14) this court should reverse for other issues after conducting a mandatory review pursuant to Rule 10 of the Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure-Criminal. We find no error and affirm.
Decay does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence; therefore, it is not necessary
During the jury trial, the State introduced, among other evidence, two oral statements and one written statement made by Decay to detectives and two recorded telephone conversations that Decay had with his family while incarcerated at the Washington County jail. The State's theory of the case was that Decay knew the victims because he had sold them drugs, Decay believed the victims had burglarized his apartment, and Decay killed the victims out of revenge. The jury found Decay guilty of two counts of capital murder and sentenced him to death on each count. It is from those convictions and sentence that Decay now appeals.
Decay's first argument is that the circuit court erred in denying his motions to suppress his April 4, 2007 statement and his April 6, 2007 statement because they were unlawfully obtained through a lengthy and accusatory interview. He further argues that his written statement was unlawfully obtained through a false statement from one of the detectives, Detective French, made to induce Decay to give a confession. The State alleges that these issues are not preserved or were not properly supported on appeal. Alternatively, the State argues that Decay's arguments are without merit.
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress a custodial statement, this court looks to see if the confession was the product of free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception. See Reese v. State, 371 Ark. 1, 262 S.W.3d 604 (2007). When we review a circuit court's ruling on the voluntariness of a confession, we make an independent determination based on the totality of the circumstances. See id. We will reverse the circuit court only if its decision was clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. See Flowers v. State, 362 Ark. 193, 208 S.W.3d 113 (2005).
No argument is developed on appeal as to Decay's April 4 statement. Therefore, we do not consider it on appeal. This court does not consider an argument, even a constitutional one, when the appellant presents no citation to authority or convincing argument in its support, and it is not apparent without further research that the argument is well taken. See Davis v. State, 2009 Ark. 478, 348 S.W.3d 553.
Decay argues that his April 6 statement was unlawfully obtained because it was only made after an intensive and accusatory interview and because of a false statement made by the detective suggesting that a jury might be more favorable towards a person who gave a statement. Decay further alleges that his written statement was a result of false statements made by the detective. However, these arguments were not presented below in the motion to suppress, nor at the suppression hearing. It is well settled that where an appellant does not advance an argument below as part of the motion to suppress, we will not consider it for the first time on appeal. See Bunch v. State, 346 Ark. 33, 57 S.W.3d 124 (2001).
Next, Decay contends that the circuit court erred in failing to suppress the telephone calls that he made from the Washington County Detention Center because he argues they were monitored and recorded without his consent. While he admits that federal courts have held that an inmate impliedly consents to having his telephone conversations taped, he contends that the lack of policy or procedure in place to exempt privileged telephone conversations between attorneys and clients makes the instant case distinguishable. The State responds that the circuit court did not err in admitting that evidence because the transcripts of the telephone calls that were admitted clearly indicate that all parties to the conversation were apprised that the call may be recorded or monitored and, therefore, there was not a reasonable expectation of privacy.
A decision to admit or exclude evidence is within the sound discretion of the circuit court. See Rounsaville v. State, 374 Ark. 356, 288 S.W.3d 213 (2008). A circuit court abuses its discretion when in making a decision it acts improvidently, thoughtlessly, or without due consideration. See Sauerwin v. State, 363 Ark. 324, 214 S.W.3d 266 (2005).
Here, the telephone calls that were admitted into evidence were two calls made by Decay to his family, both placed on April 7, 2007. During the pretrial suppression hearing, Jak Kimball, the Information Technology Manager at the Washington County Sheriff's Office, testified that inmates must use the registration process to use the telephones. He stated that each time an inmate picks up the handset during the registration process, the first thing they hear is an automated voice informing them that the call is monitored and may be recorded. Kimball also testified that every call an inmate subsequently makes also begins with a recording stating that the call may be recorded. He did not think that the person on the other end of the line from the inmate also heard the same recording, but admitted he did not know for sure. The transcripts of Decay's telephone calls indicate that before any conversation began, there was an automated voice that stated "This is AT & T[. T]his call may be recorded or monitored. I have a collect call from." There was then a pause for Decay to state his name. Therefore, not only did Decay receive the warning that his call might be recorded or monitored, the individual on the other end of the line that had to accept his collect call did as well.
There is not an Arkansas case directly on point; however, the Eighth Circuit has ruled on this specific issue and, while not binding on our court, we find it highly persuasive. The Eighth Circuit has held that an inmate impliedly consents to the monitoring of his calls, even despite an inability to refuse such monitoring, if he was made aware of the prison's monitoring. See United States v. Horr, 963 F.2d 1124 (8th Cir.1992). Again, in United States v. Morin, 437 F.3d 777 (8th Cir. 2006), the court stated that when an inmate had been given a prisoners' handbook that informed prisoners that jailhouse calls would be monitored and there were also signs above the phones in the prison warning inmates of that fact, his recorded conversations were admissible at trial. In the instant case, an automated recording informed Decay during the registration process that the call may be monitored or recorded. Additionally, a recording again informed Decay, along with the individual to whom he placed the call, that the call may be monitored or recorded before their conversation could begin. Therefore, Decay was made aware that his telephone calls were monitored and recorded,
For his third point on appeal, Decay alleges that by allowing four jurors to be excused for cause without first determining if they could set aside their personal philosophies and follow the law, the circuit court violated his right to a cross-section of the community for a jury and his right to a fair trial. The State contends that Decay did not preserve this issue for appeal.
We must agree that this issue is not preserved for our review. The record reveals that Decay did not object below after any of the four potential jurors were excused. This court has repeatedly stated that we will not consider arguments, even constitutional ones, raised for the first time on appeal. See Phavixay v. State, 2009 Ark. 452, 352 S.W.3d 311.
Decay next alleges that the circuit court erred by refusing to submit a jury instruction regarding his good character. The State avers that the circuit court did not err because Decay's character was not an issue in the case as the defense rested its case after the close of the State's case without putting forth any evidence.
This court has stated that a party is entitled to a jury instruction when it is a correct statement of the law and when there is some basis in the evidence to support giving the instruction. See Vidos v. State, 367 Ark. 296, 239 S.W.3d 467 (2006). We will not reverse a circuit court's decision to give or reject an instruction unless the court abused its discretion. See Clark v. State, 374 Ark. 292, 287 S.W.3d 567 (2008).
In trial, the defense chose to rest its case after the close of the State's case without presenting any evidence. Therefore, no evidence was offered to establish Decay's good character. For this reason, there was insufficient evidence to warrant an instruction regarding Decay's good character, and we cannot say that the circuit court abused its discretion by refusing to give it.
Decay further argues that the circuit court erred by not allowing testimony regarding toxicology reports that evidenced drugs in the victims' blood streams during the guilt phase of trial. The State argues that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting the evidence, or, alternatively, that the error was harmless.
The most general rule of evidence is that all relevant evidence is admissible. Ark. R. Evid. 402 (2009). The circuit court is vested with a great deal of discretion in determining whether the evidence is relevant, and we will not overturn the circuit court's decision unless it constitutes a clear error or a manifest abuse of discretion. See Parish v. State, 357 Ark. 260, 163 S.W.3d 843 (2004).
Before trial, the State filed a motion in limine to exclude testimony regarding both victims' personal lives during the guilt phase of trial. The circuit court suggested that the parties come to an agreement about what testimony or evidence could be elicited regarding the victims, specifically regarding the evidence of drug use and the toxicology reports of the victims. An agreement was originally made that the toxicology reports would not be addressed. However, during trial, Decay's counsel argued that the door had been opened for
Here, while the circuit court ruled, it did so on the basis of a prior agreement rather than making a proper finding of whether or not the toxicology reports had become relevant and admissible. Therefore, the circuit court erred. However, Decay fails to show how he was prejudiced by that error, and we fail to find any such prejudice. An appellate court will not reverse a circuit court's evidentiary ruling absent a showing of prejudice. See Harris v. State, 366 Ark. 190, 234 S.W.3d 273 (2006).
Next, Decay contends that the circuit court erred by admitting a photograph of him holding an assault rifle, as he claims that such evidence was more prejudicial than probative. The State argues that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence, or, alternatively, that any error was harmless.
While all relevant evidence is admissible, even relevant evidence "may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by consideration of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." Ark. R. Evid. 403 (2009). This court has noted that evidence offered by the State in a criminal trial is likely to be prejudicial to the defendant to some degree, otherwise it would not be offered. See Rounsaville, supra. Nevertheless, the evidence should not be excluded under Rule 403 unless the defendant can show that the evidence lacks probative value in view of the risk of unfair prejudice. See id.
Additionally, we have a well-settled standard of review regarding photographs. As with other matters pertaining to the admissibility of evidence, the admission of photographs is a matter left to the sound discretion of the circuit court, and we will not reverse absent an abuse of that discretion. See Blanchard v. State, 2009 Ark. 335, 321 S.W.3d 250. When photographs are helpful to explain testimony, they are ordinarily admissible. See id. Moreover, the mere fact that a photograph is inflammatory or is cumulative is not, standing alone, sufficient reason to exclude it. See id. Even the most gruesome photographs may be admissible if they assist the trier of fact in any of the following ways: by shedding light on some issue, by proving a necessary element of the case, by enabling a witness to testify more effectively, by corroborating testimony, or by enabling jurors to better understand the testimony. See id.
Decay had filed a motion in limine to prohibit reference to irrelevant firearms, which asserted that the gun in the photograph at issue was not relevant to the crime as the State's theory was that the murder weapon was a .40-caliber handgun, not shown in the photograph, and that the prejudicial effect of the photograph would greatly outweigh any probative value. Decay further asserted that the photograph would produce confusion for the jury and that it constituted cumulative evidence and inflammatory materials. The circuit court held that the evidence was more probative than prejudicial, but prohibited the State from using the term "street sweeper" when referencing the gun in the photograph.
The State argues here, as it did below, that the photograph's probative value out-weighed
During trial, the circuit court also allowed certain testimony from Detective Paul Shepard over Decay's objection. In doing so, Decay alleges that the circuit court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him. The State contends that the testimony was not hearsay and, therefore, there was not a violation of the Confrontation Clause.
Again, the decision to admit or exclude evidence is within the sound discretion of the circuit court, and we will not reverse a circuit court's decision regarding the admission of evidence absent a manifest abuse of discretion. See Rodriguez v. State, 372 Ark. 335, 276 S.W.3d 208 (2008).
Detective Paul Shepard testified at trial that "the investigation had led us to an individual that told us that Mr. Decay told him that he committed the murders." Although Decay made a hearsay objection, the State argued that the information was not being used to try to prove that Decay committed the murders, but why the investigation turned to Decay. The record reveals that this testimony was in response to a line of questioning from the State regarding why Decay was not arrested on April 4, 2007, but was arrested on April 6, 2007. Therefore, as the State contended, the testimony went to the course of conduct of the officers and why Decay was arrested, not to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.
Hearsay is defined as a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Ark. R. Evid. 801(c) (2009). The circuit court correctly held that Shepard's testimony was not hearsay, as it was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Therefore, Decay's argument under the Confrontation Clause is misplaced, as the admission of testimony that is not hearsay raises no Confrontation Clause concerns. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004) (observing that the Confrontation Clause does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted); see also United States v. Tucker, 533 F.3d 711 (8th Cir.2008) (noting that testimonial statements offered for purposes other than their truth do not implicate the Confrontation Clause).
Decay continues by alleging that it was unlawful for the State to charge the killings of the victims as separate counts of capital murder and to treat each homicide as aggravated by the other because it constituted multiple punishments for the same offense. The State avers that Decay's due-process and double-jeopardy rights were not violated by allowing the State to follow the capital statutory scheme and present evidence of one killing as an aggravating circumstance for the other and vice versa. The State urges that the death of one person surely cannot be viewed as the duplicate of a separate individual's death.
The aggravating circumstance that the State presented to the jury in the capital murder of victim Kevin Jones was that Decay caused the death of an additional person, Kendall Rice. The aggravating circumstance that the State presented to the jury in the capital murder of victim Kendall Rice was that Decay caused the death of an additional person, Kevin Jones. As noted, Decay argues that the use of each homicide as an aggravating circumstance of the other is a violation of the requirement that a capital scheme must narrow the number and class of persons at risk of execution and violated his due-process and double-jeopardy rights. This argument was specifically rejected by the Eighth Circuit in Cox v. Norris, 133 F.3d 565 (8th Cir.1997).
A capital-punishment scheme must genuinely narrow the class of persons eligible for the death penalty and must justify the imposition of a more severe sentence on the defendant compared to others found guilty of murder. See id. (citing Perry v. Lockhart, 871 F.2d 1384 (8th Cir.1989)). This requirement may be satisfied in two ways—either a state legislature may explicitly restrict the definition of capital murder, or a jury may perform the narrowing function during the penalty phase by ascertaining whether any aggravating circumstances exist. See id.
When Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-10-101(a)(4), the statute for capital murder, which requires that a person cause the death of another with a "premeditated and deliberate purpose," is compared to section 5-10-102, the statute for first-degree murder, which requires only "a purpose of causing the death of another person" or that a person "knowingly causes the death of a person fourteen (14) years of age or younger," it is clear that the capital scheme in Arkansas does genuinely narrow the class of persons eligible for the death penalty and justifies the imposition of a more severe sentence on a defendant compared to others found guilty of murder. Additionally, the class is not only narrowed by the application of aggravating circumstances by the jury pursuant to section 5-4-604, but also the requirement of section 5-4-603 that the jury find that the aggravating circumstance or circumstances outweigh any mitigating factors and justify a sentence of death beyond a reasonable doubt. See Cox, supra; see also Perry, supra.
While Decay further argues that the use of each homicide as an aggravating circumstance constituted multiple punishments for the same offense, that argument was rejected by the Eighth Circuit in Perry, supra, because of the United States Supreme Court's holding in Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 108 S.Ct. 546, 98 L.Ed.2d 568 (1988). The Supreme Court held that although the aggravating circumstance used was also an element of the underlying felony for which the defendant was convicted, the state's legislature had narrowed the class of defendants eligible for the death penalty sufficiently to pass constitutional muster by defining which homicides would be considered first-degree murder. Therefore, the duplication of an
For his next point, Decay asserts that the circuit court erred by refusing to submit a jury instruction on victim-impact testimony. The State avers that the circuit court properly denied Decay's proffered jury instruction.
Our case law is clear that a party is entitled to a jury instruction when it is a correct statement of law and when there is some basis in the evidence to support giving the instruction. See Jones v. State, 336 Ark. 191, 984 S.W.2d 432 (1999). Moreover, a circuit court is required to give a jury instruction if there is some evidence to support it. See id. A circuit court should not use a nonmodel instruction unless it finds that the model instruction does not accurately reflect the law. See id. We will not reverse a circuit court's decision to give or reject an instruction unless the court abused its discretion. See Clark v. State, 374 Ark. 292, 287 S.W.3d 567 (2008).
Decay proffered a nonmodel jury instruction to the circuit court that stated, "[y]ou shall not consider victim-impact evidence as an aggravating circumstance, but the victim-impact evidence may be considered by you when making your decision." The State argued that the Arkansas Model Jury Instructions (AMI) were sufficient and the circuit court agreed. Decay argues on appeal that juries do not understand the role of victim-impact evidence or how it works in the sentencing scheme and that an additional instruction was needed. However, the instruction proffered by Decay did nothing more than to inform the jury that they may not consider victim-impact evidence as an aggravating circumstance. The instructions given to the jury made that clear. Before the jury was sent to determine Decay's sentence, the circuit judge instructed them on the appropriate forms that they would use and what procedures they were to follow. As part of those instructions, the circuit judge read from AMI Crim.2d 1008 and stated:
(Emphasis added.)
This court has previously held that although a proffered instruction may be a correct statement of the law, it is unnecessary to give it when its substance is covered by other instructions. See Jones, supra. Therefore, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by finding the model instructions sufficient and refusing to give the proffered instruction.
Decay further asserts that the jury erred when it failed to find there was evidence presented that constituted mitigating factors. The State alleges that the jury properly considered the mitigating evidence, but permissibly refused to believe it or find that a mitigating circumstance existed.
We have previously held that a jury is not required to find a mitigating circumstance just because the defendant puts
The defense presented nine proposed mitigating circumstances to the jury. Decay alleges on appeal that the jury ignored the following seven uncontested, mitigating circumstances: (1) Decay's youth at the time of the crime; (2) that Decay came from a divorced home; (3) that Decay demonstrated that he is a caring and giving person by his relationships with his family; (4) that Decay cooperated and aided in the investigation of the death of the victims; (5) that Decay confessed to his participation in the crime; (6) that Decay had no significant history of prior criminal activity; and (7) that Decay formed loving relationships with his family.
First, it is clear from the record that the jury at least considered all nine factors because they correctly indicated for each factor whether some of the jury members found the factor to exist, all of the jury members found the factor to exist, or none of the jury members found the factor to exist. Furthermore, the jury alone determines what weight to give evidence presented on mitigating circumstances and may reject it or accept all or any part of it that the jurors believe to be true. See Williams v. State, 369 Ark. 104, 251 S.W.3d 290 (2007).
Regarding Decay's youth,
Only the testimony of Decay's family and a family friend could have established that he was a caring and giving person or that he had established loving relationships with his family. Therefore, the jury was faced with neither indisputable credibility nor objective proof that made a reasonable conclusion inescapable for those proposed mitigating factors. While Decay also believes a lack of significant prior criminal activity was an uncontested mitigating factor, certain evidence presented during trial could have easily led the jury to reasonably believe that Decay was involved with using and selling illegal drugs.
Decay further contends that it was uncontested that he cooperated in the investigation and that he confessed to the crime.
Decay next argues that the circuit court erred by allowing certain victim-impact evidence that was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial. The State alleges that this argument was not preserved and, alternatively, that the circuit court did not err.
Indeed, we are foreclosed from reaching the merits of this issue because Decay did not object to any portion of the victim-impact evidence. This court has been adamant in holding that we will not consider arguments and issues not objected to at trial and raised for the first time on appeal. See Halford v. State, 342 Ark. 80, 27 S.W.3d 346 (2000).
Decay also asserts that the circuit court violated his right to present mitigating testimony when it denied his family the right to express its apologies or sympathies to the victims' families. The State argues that the testimony excluded was not evidence of a mitigating circumstance, and we agree.
During the testimony of both Darren Decay, Decay's brother, and Jada Decay, Decay's sister, the State objected to testimony expressing their apologies to the families of the victims. The circuit court sustained the objections. However, Darren Decay did in fact state during his testimony, "[w]e're sorry" and "[w]e're going through pain and grief just like you are." Decay argues that by limiting that testimony, the circuit court violated his right to present evidence of his remorse as a mitigating circumstance. While Decay's remorse was a proposed mitigating factor, the feelings of his family did not constitute evidence of his personal remorse. Therefore, the circuit court's decision to limit that testimony did not violate Decay's right to present evidence of a mitigating circumstance.
Decay then argues that certain statements made by the prosecutor during closing arguments should not have been allowed. The State alleges that the issue is not preserved for our review. Alternatively, the State contends the statements were not improper or constituted harmless error.
During closing arguments at the penalty stage of trial, the State argued that Decay had shown no remorse for his actions. Decay contends this violated his right not to testify. However, there was no objection made to the circuit court regarding this closing argument. To preserve a challenge to statements made during closing argument, this court requires "a timely objection, made at the time the alleged error occurs, so that the trial judge may take such action as is necessary to alleviate any prejudicial effect on the jury." Williams v. State, 374 Ark. 282, 292, 287 S.W.3d 559, 566 (2008) (quoting Butler Mfg. Co. v. Hughes, 292 Ark. 198, 202, 729 S.W.2d 142, 144 (1987)). Therefore,
We take this opportunity to note that while we have held that several of Decay's arguments on appeal have not been preserved for our review, we are required to review certain issues whenever a sentence of death is imposed pursuant to Rule 10 of the Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure—Criminal. Rule 10 provides in pertinent part:
Ark. R.App. P.-Crim. 10(b) (2009).
For his final point, Decay sets forth several issues that he believes warrant reversal of his convictions and should specifically be reviewed by this court pursuant to Ark. R.App. P.-Crim. 10. Decay alleges that: (1) the circuit court failed in its obligation to intervene without objection to correct a serious error during jury deliberations by admonition or declaring a mistrial; (2) the circuit court failed to take notice that no instruction regarding 404(b) was given; (3) the death sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; and, (4) there was cumulative error made by the circuit court.
Pursuant to Rule 10, we have reviewed the entire record, including those issues that we have held were not properly preserved for appeal
Affirmed.
BROWN, J., concurring.
ROBERT L. BROWN, Justice, concurring.
I concur in the result. I write, however, to raise a concern. Our Criminal Code permits victim-impact evidence in capital cases, if it is relevant to punishment. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-602(4)(A)(iii) (Repl.2006). Under Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991), even though victim-impact evidence may be introduced, if it is so unduly prejudicial that it renders the trial unfair, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides a mechanism for relief. It is for the circuit judge to decide if the testimony is relevant or if it crosses the line and is unduly prejudicial. The problem is that the line between permissible and prejudicial is vague and undefined. Neither this court nor the General Assembly has provided the trial bench with guidelines for the admission of such evidence.
The State of Oklahoma has addressed the issue of victim-impact evidence and its Due Process Clause implications. There, the State must file a notice of intent to produce victim-impact evidence and detail the evidence it seeks to produce. See Cargle v. State, 909 P.2d 806, 828 (Okla.Crim. App.1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 831, 117 S.Ct. 100, 136 L.Ed.2d 54 (1996). Prior to offering any victim-impact evidence, the trial court is required to hold an in camera hearing to determine the admissibility of the proposed evidence. Id. The State is then limited to the evidence listed in its notice, and no other victim-impact evidence may be admitted. Id. Furthermore, no victim-impact evidence is admitted until evidence of one or more aggravators is in the record. Id. Oklahoma has also expressly defined what victim-impact evidence is admissible by statute. Okla. Stat. tit. 22, § 984 (2003). A "victim-impact statement" is "information about the financial, emotional, psychological, and physical effects of a violent crime." Id. Only the victim and members of the immediate family are permitted to present victim-impact testimony. Id.
In my concurring opinion in Hicks v. State, 327 Ark. 727, 940 S.W.2d 855 (1997), over ten years ago, I expressed my concern over the lack of guidance for the introduction of victim-impact evidence in Arkansas. I also called on the General Assembly or this court to fashion criteria for the introduction of such evidence. Trial courts still lack concrete guidelines by which to judge the relevance or prejudicial nature of victim-impact testimony. This critical issue needs to be addressed, and I commend the issue to this court's Criminal Practice Committee for its consideration.
