OPINION

CORNISH, Chief Judge.

In this above-median income Chapter 13 case, the debtors appeal the bankruptcy court's order confirming a plan that includes Social Security income as part of projected disposable income for plan payment purposes and requires payments for an applicable commitment period of five years. The debtors agreed to the terms of the plan under protest, but reserved their right to appeal. Having reviewed the record and applicable law, we affirm the bankruptcy court's order.

I. BACKGROUND FACTS

The relevant facts are not disputed by the parties.1 Orin A. Timothy and Karen D. Timothy (collectively "Debtors") filed for Chapter 13 relief on November 24, 2008. Debtors were approximately $20,000 over the median income for Utah debtors on the petition date.2 They were thus required to fully complete Form 22C,3 and it reflected that their monthly disposable income was negative $188.70.4

On February 25, 2009, Debtors amended their Schedules I and J because Mr. Timothy lost his job.5 After taking into consideration the decrease in income as a result of the job loss, Debtors' amended schedules showed a monthly net income figure of $130; this included Mrs. Timothy's Social Security income. Using their Schedules I and J positive net monthly income, Debtors proposed a plan with payments of $130 per month, but without a minimum plan length. Instead, they proposed to make payments only for as long as necessary to return $1,750 to non-priority unsecured creditors.6 The liquidation analysis in the proposed plan stated that $1,394.06 would be available for general unsecured creditors in a Chapter 7 case.7 Debtors' proposed plan also provided for payment, through the plan, of attorney fees in the amount of $6,574,8 as well as trustee fees in the statutorily allowed amount.9

Kevin R. Anderson, the Chapter 13 trustee ("Trustee"), objected to Debtors' proposed plan on the basis that it contained no minimum plan length. Trustee argued that because Debtors were above-median income debtors on the date of filing, 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4)(A)(ii)10 requires an applicable commitment period of five years, unless the plan provides for payment in full of all allowed unsecured claims over a shorter period.11 Debtors responded, essentially arguing that since they had negative disposable income on Form 22C, they could "pay the zero requirement result to the unsecured creditors," and although they had "volunteer[ed] such payments as they have in this case to achieve a $1,750 return to the unsecured class," they could not be required to make payments for five years.12

The bankruptcy court denied confirmation of Debtors' proposed plan,13 sustaining the Trustee's objection to it, but allowed Debtors an opportunity to amend the plan. In accordance with the bankruptcy court's memorandum decision, Debtors then amended their proposed Chapter 13 plan to require payments of $130 per month for a period of five years. The amended plan was subsequently confirmed by a different judge in the district, with Debtors reserving their right to appeal.14 Debtors timely filed a notice of appeal with respect to the bankruptcy court's plan confirmation order into which the bankruptcy court's previous memorandum decision and order denying confirmation has merged.15

II. APPELLATE JURISDICTION

This Court has jurisdiction to hear timely-filed appeals from "final judgments, orders, and decrees" of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth Circuit, unless one of the parties elects to have the district court hear the appeal.16 Neither party elected to have this appeal heard by the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The parties have therefore consented to appellate review by this Court.

A decision is considered final "if it `ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.'"17 Here, the bankruptcy court's order confirming Debtors' Chapter 13 plan is final for purposes of appellate review.18

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The facts of this case are undisputed. Debtors appeal the bankruptcy court's interpretation of provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Thus, this appeal presents only legal issues, i.e., those of statutory construction, for determination. Legal questions are reviewed de novo.19 De novo review requires an independent determination of the issues, giving no special weight to the bankruptcy court's decision.20

IV. ANALYSIS

On appeal, Debtors contend the bankruptcy court erred: 1) when it determined Debtors are required "to pay over the $130.00 net income found on Schedules I and J utilizing social security income for 60 months (the applicable commitment period);"21 2) when it included "Debtor's Social Security Income in the Court's definition of `projected disposable income'";22 and 3) when it "required 60 months of $130.00 per month payments based on Schedule I & J net monthly income."23 These issues arise as the result of changes made by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 ("BAPCPA"). Although the following explanation has been provided by countless courts addressing post-BAPCPA Chapter 13 issues, it is necessary for us to give a brief explanation of those changes.

As part of BAPCPA's consumer bankruptcy reforms, Congress revised the language of § 707(b), instituting the so-called "means test." The result is that would-be Chapter 7 debtors are shifted into Chapter 13 cases when they have above-median income and the means test indicates they are able to at least partially repay their creditors. Further, the means test provisions of § 707(b) have been incorporated into the Chapter 13 plan confirmation requirements.

Accordingly, when determining disposable income, a Chapter 13 debtor who has above-median income is permitted to subtract from current monthly income only the expenses permitted by § 707(b)(2)(A), i.e., the same expenses allowed under the means test. Those expenses are not a debtor's actual expenses for the maintenance of the debtor and his dependents, but instead are expenses in the amounts of National and Local Standards set by the Internal Revenue Service.24

An additional complication is the definition of "current monthly income," from which those expenses are subtracted. This term was added and defined by BAPCPA in § 101(10A), and specifically excludes Social Security income.25 On the other hand, Schedule I (Current Income of Individual Debtor(s)), as it did pre-BAPCPA, continues to include Social Security income.26 As a result, the foregoing changes give rise to the scenario presented here: debtors having a negative disposable income pursuant to Form 22C, but a positive monthly income pursuant to Schedules I and J. In this case, Debtors have Form 22C disposable income of negative $188.70, but positive monthly income of $130 according to Schedules I and J.

Ultimately, the question becomes what the minimum obligations are of above-median income debtors for Chapter 13 relief under BAPCPA's tangled statutory web.27 As tempting as it may be to answer that question, it is necessary to address only the factual realities of these Debtors in this case. Because Debtors have negative Form 22C disposable income, they must propose and make plan payments based on their actual net monthly income, which is revealed only on Schedules I and J, if they are to be eligible for Chapter 13 relief. That is because they must propose a plan that both meets the best-interest-of-creditors test in § 1325(a)(4), and the feasibility test in § 1325(a)(6).

Significantly, it was Debtors, and not the Trustee or the bankruptcy court, who determined their net monthly income to be $130. In order to have a feasible plan, Debtors then proposed to make plan payments of $130 per month, but only for so long as necessary to pay unsecured creditors the amount of $1,750 (an amount in excess of the $1,394.06 liquidation analysis amount). As a result, the determinative legal question in this appeal is whether these above-median income Debtors may propose a plan without a minimum term, or whether, as Trustee asserts, § 1325(b)(4)(A)(ii) requires an applicable commitment period of five years, unless the plan provides for payment in full of all allowed unsecured claims over a shorter period.28

In 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ("Eighth Circuit") decided this issue in In re Frederickson, under similar facts.29 Likewise, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ("Eleventh Circuit") recently addressed this issue in Whaley v. Tennyson (In re Tennyson).30 Both Circuits held that the applicable commitment period described in § 1325(b)(4)(A)(ii) is a "temporal concept" requiring above-median income Chapter 13 debtors to commit plan payments for a period of five years unless the unsecured creditors are paid in full,31 regardless of the source of income. As explained below, we agree with these Circuit decisions and the analysis therein.

As discussed in both Frederickson and Tennyson, resolution of the question presented depends on interpretation of two statutory provisions, § 1325(b)(1) and § 1325(b)(4), and their relationship to one another. Section 1325(b)(1) provides as follows:

Section 1325(b)(4) defines "applicable commitment period":

The issue presented on appeal, as framed by the Eleventh Circuit in Tennyson, is "whether an above median income debtor, with negative disposable income, may obtain confirmation of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan to last for less than five years when the debtor's unsecured creditors have not been paid in full."34 As noted by the Eighth Circuit, the statutory rubric works when a debtor's Form 22C disposable income is positive, but breaks down when the disposable income is negative, giving rise to two different interpretations of the applicable statutory provisions.35

One interpretation of § 1325(b)(1) and § 1325(b)(4), and the relationship between them, is that

This interpretation regards the phrase "applicable commitment period" as only a "multiplier in the § 1325(b)(1)(B) formula, whereby projected disposable income equals disposable income times the `applicable commitment period.'"37 An alternative interpretation of these statutory provisions is that "the `applicable commitment period,' as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4) and used in 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B), is a temporal requirement that must be met even if the debtor does not have any projected disposable income."38

The Eighth Circuit opined that "[n]either interpretation fits neatly into the structure of 11 U.S.C. § 1325 and simultaneously complies with the overarching purpose of BAPCPA."39 However, when confronted with the issue, both the Eighth and Eleventh Circuits adopted the second alternative.

In Tennyson, the Eleventh Circuit concluded that "a plain reading of 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b), a recent United States Supreme Court ruling, and the Congressional intent behind BAPCPA mandate that an above median income debtor remain in bankruptcy for a minimum of five years, unless all unsecured creditor's claims are paid in full."40 Regarding the plain language of the statute, the Eleventh Circuit stated:

On the other hand, in Frederickson, the Eighth Circuit found that the interpretations presented by both the debtor and the trustee were "possible interpretations of the text that are supported by authority," noting the differing outcomes from the bankruptcy courts that had examined the issue to date.42

Although it found the statutory language to be plain, and thus requiring no further analysis, the Eleventh Circuit also opined that the United States Supreme Court's recent decision in Hamilton v. Lanning,43 supported the conclusion that an above-median income debtor must make plan payments for a minimum of five years.44 The Eleventh Circuit reasoned that although Lanning did not directly address the definition of "applicable commitment period," the Supreme Court indicated that § 1325(b) is not a strict mechanical formula existing in a vacuum.45 Therefore, it concluded that because Lanning allows for a bankruptcy court to accept a final projected disposable income different from, and not the result of, a strict § 1325(b)(1)(B) calculation, the phrase "applicable commitment period" must have an existence independent of the § 1325(b)(1)(B) calculation.46

Further, the Eleventh Circuit stressed that a five year plan minimum, unless unsecured creditors are paid in full, is consistent with Congress' intention in enacting BAPCPA's consumer bankruptcy reforms. The legislative history of BAPCPA indicates: "The heart of the bill's consumer bankruptcy reforms consists of the implementation of an income/expense screening mechanism (`needs-based bankruptcy relief' or `means testing'), which is intended to ensure that debtors repay creditors the maximum they can afford."47 Additionally, the section by section analysis of the legislative history provides as follows:

The Eighth Circuit was likewise persuaded that interpretation of the statutory provision to require a minimum term of five years better comports with the congressional intent behind enactment of BAPCPA's consumer bankruptcy reforms that "debtors repay creditors the maximum they can afford."49

A Nevada bankruptcy court's explanation of the connection between a required five year commitment period and congressional intent behind BAPCPA's changes to Chapter 13 is particularly compelling:

We must emphasize that the decision of these Debtors to enter the Chapter 13 arena was completely voluntary. Only their bleak financial outlook brought them to the bankruptcy court. The fact that part of their household income is comprised of Social Security income does not allow them to dictate the length of their Chapter 13 plan. This determination is governed by statute.

V. CONCLUSION

We are persuaded by the Eighth and Eleventh Circuits' decisions in Frederickson and Tennyson, and conclude as they did, that the applicable commitment period for an above-median income debtor is a minimum of five years, unless all unsecured creditors are paid in full prior thereto, regardless of whether part of his income is comprised of Social Security income. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court's decision that Debtors' required applicable commitment period is five years, and its subsequent order confirming the plan, as amended by Debtors under protest to conform with that requirement, are hereby AFFIRMED.