Filed: Dec. 07, 2020
Latest Update: Dec. 08, 2020
FILED
DEC 7 2020
NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
In re: BAP No. NV-20-1117-FBT
GUETATCHEW FIKROU, DBA Abet
Justice LLC, Non Profit Organization, Bk. No. 2:19-bk-13180
AKA Gueta Fikrou, AKA Get Fikru,
Debtor.
GUETATCHEW FIKROU,
Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM*
RICK A. YARNALL, Chapter 13 Trustee;
THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON,
fka the Bank of New York as Trustee for
the Certificateholders of CWMBS, Inc.,
CHL Mortgage Pass-through Trust
2007-J2 Mortgage Pass-through
Certificates, Series 2007-J2; AMERICA
FIRST CREDIT UNION; HOLLI PERRY;
M. DARIN HAMMOND;
MONTGOMERY COUNTY OFFICE OF
CHILD SUPPORT; NEVADA TITLE
COMPANY; INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE RETIREMENT DIVISION;
NORTHROP GRUMMAN AEROSPACE
SYSTEMS,
Appellees.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for
whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential
value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the District of Nevada
Mike K. Nakagawa, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
Before: FARIS, BRAND, and TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.
INTRODUCTION
Guetatchew Fikrou filed a chapter 131 case and an adversary
proceeding in an attempt to challenge the prepetition decisions of
nonbankruptcy courts in two foreclosure proceedings and a child support
enforcement proceeding. The bankruptcy court dismissed the bankruptcy
case and the adversary proceeding and denied as moot a host of motions
that Mr. Fikrou had filed in the bankruptcy case. The court also denied
Mr. Fikrou’s motion for reconsideration.
The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying
reconsideration and dismissing the adversary complaint. We AFFIRM.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. Prepetition litigation
Mr. Fikrou has been involved in many legal fights spanning decades.
In his most recent bankruptcy case, Mr. Fikrou tried to overcome his defeat
1
Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure.
2
in at least three prepetition actions.
1. The Montana Pine Property
Mr. Fikrou and a company he controlled, ABET Justice LLC, were
involved in litigation with appellee Bank of New York Mellon (“BONY”)
about ownership of property on Montana Pine Drive in Henderson,
Nevada (the “Montana Pine Property”). The United States District Court
for the District of Nevada quieted title to the Montana Pine Property in
BONY. The Ninth Circuit affirmed.
BONY then filed a complaint in the Justice Court for Clark County
Nevada, Henderson Township, to evict Mr. Fikrou from the Montana Pine
Property. The Justice Court ruled in favor of BONY, and a constable locked
Mr. Fikrou out of the Montana Pine Property. Mr. Fikrou recorded a notice
of lis pendens and appealed the Justice Court’s decision to the state District
Court.
BONY sent notices to Mr. Fikrou to inform him that it would hold his
personal property for thirty days pursuant to state law. Mr. Fikrou did not
retrieve his personal property.
The state District Court dismissed the appeal from the Justice Court’s
eviction order and granted BONY’s motion to expunge the lis pendens.2
2
On July 18, 2019, the state District Court entered a Remittitur directed to the
Justice Court, transmitting a copy of a minute order, the Justice Court’s file, and
exhibits. Mr. Fikrou apparently believes that the Remittitur means that the District
(continued...)
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2. The Cortina Ranchero Property
Mr. Fikrou (and his company) litigated with appellee America First
Credit Union (“America First”) about the foreclosure of America First’s two
mortgages on property on Cortina Ranchero Street in Las Vegas, Nevada
(the “Cortina Ranchero Property”). Mr. Fikrou’s company acquired the
property in a foreclosure of America First’s second priority lien, but then
America First acquired the property in a foreclosure of its first lien. Mr.
Fikrou recorded a notice lis pendens.
Mr. Fikrou sought to stop the first mortgage foreclosure in state and
federal court. He and his company filed suit against America First in the
United States District Court for the District of Nevada, but the court
dismissed the federal lawsuit and expunged Mr. Fikrou’s lis pendens.
America First filed an eviction lawsuit in state District Court.
Mr. Fikrou filed counterclaims against America First. The state District
Court denied Mr. Fikrou’s motion to void the foreclosure sale and
dismissed his counterclaims. Mr. Fikrou appealed the dismissal of his
counterclaims, but the Nevada Supreme Court dismissed Mr. Fikrou’s
appeal.
2
(...continued)
Court reversed the Justice Court’s rulings. He is mistaken; the face of the document
makes clear that it merely transmitted the record from the appellate court to the trial
court.
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3. Child support orders
Mr. Fikrou was involved in a dispute with Maryland’s Montgomery
County Office of Child Support (“Montgomery County”) about child
support payments dating back to 1993 or earlier. The details of this dispute
are murky and allegedly involve two bankruptcy cases, wage garnishment,
and the foreclosure of three properties. The bankruptcy court did not need
to sort out the history of the dispute and, for reasons that appear below,
neither do we.
B. Mr. Fikrou’s chapter 13 case
On May 21, 2019, Mr. Fikrou, proceeding pro se, filed a chapter 13
petition. Appellee Rick A. Yarnall (“Trustee”) is the standing chapter 13
trustee.
Mr. Fikrou scheduled interests in the Montana Pine Property and
Cortina Ranchero Property and listed BONY and America First as holding
disputed claims. He indicated that he was unemployed and that his
expenses exceeded his income, leaving him with no disposable income
with which to make plan payments.
Mr. Fikrou’s proposed chapter 13 plan was facially defective: his plan
provided for zero payments to the Trustee. He later amended his plan to
propose thirty-six monthly payments of $90 for a total of $3,240, but it did
not indicate a proposed treatment for any creditor. The Trustee objected to
confirmation of the amended plan.
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Mr. Fikrou attempted to bring all of his prepetition disputes before
the bankruptcy court.
• He commenced an adversary proceeding against Montgomery
County and others, based on the child support dispute mentioned
above. He sought over $10 million in damages.
• He filed a document (the “Cortina Ranchero Relief Motion”)
requesting that the bankruptcy court undo the prepetition foreclosure
of the Cortina Ranchero Property.
• He filed a similar document (the “Montana Pine Relief Motion”)
asking the bankruptcy court to provide him relief from the
prepetition foreclosure of the Montana Pine Property.
The bankruptcy court entered separate orders denying the Cortina
Ranchero Relief Motion and the Montana Pine Relief Motion, primarily
because the bankruptcy court held that it lacked authority to overturn the
prepetition judgments against Mr. Fikrou.
In the meantime, the Trustee moved to dismiss the bankruptcy case,
arguing (among other things) that Mr. Fikrou had filed his case in bad
faith. After a hearing, the bankruptcy court issued its order dismissing the
case (“Case Dismissal Order”). The court agreed with the Trustee that
Mr. Fikrou had filed the case in bad faith. It held that he was attempting to
manipulate the Bankruptcy Code to defeat state court litigation and undo
prepetition decisions by other federal and state courts. It also noted that he
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had a negative disposable income and could not make the proposed $90
monthly plan payments. The court thus found that the totality of the
circumstances indicated bad faith.
The court found that dismissal served the best interests of the
creditors and the estate. However, it declined the Trustee’s request to
dismiss the case with prejudice.
Because the court granted the motion to dismiss, it entered orders
denying all pending motions as moot. These included Mr. Fikrou’s motions
for reconsideration of the denial of the Montana Pine Relief Motion and the
Cortina Ranchero Relief Motion, and a motion for relief from the automatic
stay filed by BONY. Collectively, we refer to these orders and the Case
Dismissal Order as the “October 18 Orders.”
Mr. Fikrou filed a motion for reconsideration of the October 18
Orders under Civil Rule 60 (the “Motion for Reconsideration”). He
apparently first submitted the Motion for Reconsideration to the
bankruptcy court clerk’s office on October 28, 2019, based on the date
stamp on the motion. For reasons that the record does not explain,3 the
clerk did not immediately file or docket it. On November 20, he filed a
3
Mr. Fikrou says that he was “barred” from the clerk’s office. But there is a
clerk’s office date stamp on the document showing receipt on October 28, so somehow
the document got to the clerk. There is no order in the record stating that his documents
should not be accepted for filing. In any event, the appellees did not contest his version
of events or object to the timeliness of the Motion for Reconsideration.
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request that the bankruptcy court file the Motion for Reconsideration. The
court accepted and docketed the motion the same day.
After a hearing, the court issued an order denying the Motion for
Reconsideration (the “Reconsideration Order”). It held that the Motion for
Reconsideration was filed thirty-three days after the October 18 Orders, so
the court would analyze it under Civil Rule 60, rather than Civil Rule 59. It
considered each subsection of Civil Rule 60 and concluded that there was
no basis to reconsider any of the October 18 Orders.
In the meantime, the bankruptcy court issued a Notice of Conditional
Dismissal of Adversary Proceeding, which provided that the court would
dismiss the adversary proceeding unless someone objected. Mr. Fikrou
filed a timely objection.
After a hearing, the bankruptcy court issued an order dismissing the
adversary proceeding (“Adversary Dismissal Order”). It applied the four
factors listed in Carraher v. Morgan Electronics, Inc. (In re Carraher), 971 F.2d
327, 328 (9th Cir. 1992): economy, convenience, fairness, and comity. It
concluded that the adversary proceeding was still in its infant stages; that
Mr. Fikrou’s arguments were mere retreads of his unsuccessful arguments
raised with the Motion for Reconsideration; and that the court lacked
authority to enter judgment on most or all of Mr. Fikrou’s claims. The court
dismissed the adversary proceeding without prejudice.
Mr. Fikrou filed a notice of appeal. He only referenced and attached a
8
copy of the Reconsideration Order. He did not mention the Adversary
Dismissal Order.
JURISDICTION
The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
and 157(b)(1), (b)(2)(A), and (G).
Montgomery County asserts that we lack appellate jurisdiction over
the appeal to the extent it challenges the dismissal of the adversary
proceeding. Although Mr. Fikrou did not properly designate the Adversary
Dismissal Order for appeal, we will construe the notice of appeal as
encompassing the Adversary Dismissal Order.
Generally, an appellant must file a notice of appeal that includes a
copy of the order appealed from. See Rule 8003(a)(3)(B). When considering
a defective notice of appeal, the Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit have
cautioned “that the requirements of the rules of procedure should be
liberally construed and that ‘mere technicalities’ should not stand in the
way of consideration of a case on its merits.” Le v. Astrue, 558 F.3d 1019,
1022 (9th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). Even if an order “does not appear
on the face of the notice of appeal,” we are to consider: “(1) whether the
intent to appeal a specific judgment can be fairly inferred and (2) whether
the appellee was prejudiced by the mistake.”
Id. at 1022-23 (quoting Lolli v.
Cty. of Orange,
351 F.3d 410, 414 (9th Cir. 2003)). “In determining whether
intent and prejudice are present, we consider first, whether the affected
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party had notice of the issue on appeal; and, second, whether the affected
party had an opportunity to fully brief the issue.” Id. at 1023 (quoting
Meehan v. Cty. of L.A.,
856 F.2d 102, 105 (9th Cir. 1988)) (quotation marks
omitted).
Mr. Fikrou has briefed certain issues connected to the dismissal of the
adversary proceeding, and Montgomery County responded. Because it is
fairly clear that he intended to appeal the Adversary Dismissal Order, we
exercise our discretion to review it. See Mahakian v. William Maxwell Invs.,
LLC (In re Mahakian), 529 B.R. 268 (9th Cir. BAP 2015).
Therefore, we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.4
ISSUES
(1) Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in denying the
Motion for Reconsideration.
(2) Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in dismissing
the adversary proceeding.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review for an abuse of discretion the bankruptcy court’s ruling
regarding a motion for reconsideration. Carruth v. Eutsler (In re Eutsler), 585
4
The bankruptcy court entered orders denying Mr. Fikrou’s motion to confirm
his chapter 13 plan, motion for sanctions against BONY for violating the automatic stay,
and motion for damages against America First for fraudulent transfer. Mr. Fikrou did
not include any of these orders in his notice of appeal and he only tangentially
references these orders in his opening brief. Therefore, we will not consider them on
appeal. Even if we did, we would affirm for the reasons discussed herein.
10
B.R. 231, 235 (9th Cir. BAP 2017). Similarly, we review for an abuse of
discretion the court’s decision to decline to exercise jurisdiction over an
adversary proceeding. In re
Carraher, 971 F.2d at 328.
To determine whether the bankruptcy court has abused its discretion,
we conduct a two-step inquiry: (1) we review de novo whether the
bankruptcy court “identified the correct legal rule to apply to the relief
requested” and (2) if it did, we consider whether the bankruptcy court’s
application of the legal standard was illogical, implausible, or without
support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.
United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262-63 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en
banc).
We may affirm on any basis fairly supported by the record. Wirum v.
Warren (In re Warren), 568 F.3d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir. 2009).
DISCUSSION
A. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
Motion for Reconsideration.
We must first decide whether to evaluate the Motion for
Reconsideration under Civil Rule 59, made applicable in bankruptcy by
Rule 9023, or Civil Rule 60, made applicable in bankruptcy by Rule 9024.
See Am. Ironworks & Erectors, Inc. v. N. Am. Constr. Corp., 248 F.3d 892,
898-99 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A ‘motion for reconsideration’ is treated as a
motion to alter or amend judgment under [Civil Rule] 59(e) if it is filed
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within [fourteen] days of entry of judgment. Otherwise, it is treated as a
[Civil] Rule 60(b) motion for relief from a judgment or order.”).
Mr. Fikrou brought the Motion for Reconsideration under Civil Rule
60 (incorrectly identified as Nevada Rule of Civil Procedure 60), and the
bankruptcy court examined his arguments under Civil Rule 60, because the
motion was filed more than fourteen days after the October 18 Orders. But
Civil Rule 59 is more applicable. Mr. Fikrou claims that he originally filed
the Motion for Reconsideration on October 28, ten days after the
bankruptcy court dismissed the bankruptcy case; no one claims otherwise;
and the court’s date stamp supports his story. In the absence of any
explanation for the bankruptcy court clerk’s failure to immediately file and
docket the Motion for Reconsideration, we will treat the Motion for
Reconsideration as timely filed within fourteen days of the October 18
Orders and evaluate it under Civil Rule 59.5
The Ninth Circuit has stated that, “[u]nder [Civil] Rule 59(e), a
motion for reconsideration should not be granted, absent highly unusual
circumstances, unless the district court is presented with newly discovered
evidence, committed clear error, or if there is an intervening change in the
controlling law.” 389 Orange St. Partners v. Arnold, 179 F.3d 656, 665 (9th
5
The bankruptcy court’s choice of Civil Rule 60 has no effect on the outcome. As
we explain below, Mr. Fikrou is not entitled to relief under Civil Rule 59. He therefore is
not entitled to relief under the stricter standard of Civil Rule 60.
12
Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).
The Motion for Reconsideration did not present any newly
discovered evidence, establish clear error, or identify an intervening
change in law. Rather, Mr. Fikrou only repeated his arguments that the
bankruptcy court had already rejected. Mr. Fikrou never gave a valid
reason why he is not bound by the prior state court and federal court
decisions. It was not error to deny the Motion for Reconsideration.
Mr. Fikrou’s attacks on the October 18 Orders are also meritless. He
never addressed the bankruptcy court’s determination that his plan was
unfeasible, because he had no income with which to make plan payments.
It thus was not an error for the court to dismiss the case and declare the
pending motions moot.6
B. The court did not err in dismissing the adversary proceeding.
Mr. Fikrou complains that the court should not have dismissed the
adversary proceeding. However, he fails to address the court’s reasons for
dismissing the complaint. We discern no abuse of discretion.
In Carraher, the Ninth Circuit held that, when a bankruptcy court
decides whether to retain jurisdiction over an adversary proceeding after
6
None of the October 18 Orders is directly before us because Mr. Fikrou did not
include any of the October 18 Orders in his notice of appeal or analyze any of them in
his appellate briefs. If they were before us, we would affirm. Once the bankruptcy case
was dismissed, there was no reason to address the pending motions. The bankruptcy
court correctly denied them as moot.
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dismissing the underlying bankruptcy case, the court should consider
judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity. In re Carraher, 971 F.2d
at 328.
Mr. Fikrou’s briefs do not address any of the Carraher factors. Instead,
he only argues about the merits of the child support dispute. He has thus
waived any objection to the dismissal of the adversary proceeding. See
Smith v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir. 1999) (“[O]n appeal, arguments
not raised by a party in its opening brief are deemed waived.”).
Even if Mr. Fikrou had not waived the issue, we would conclude that
the bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing the adversary proceeding.
The court properly identified the Carraher test as the correct legal standard,
applied that test to the facts of the case, and gave appropriate weight to
each of the four factors.
Mr. Fikrou generally argues that the court violated his due process
rights. The closest he comes to identifying a violation is a brief assertion
that the court improperly vacated a hearing. He is apparently referring to a
scheduling conference in the adversary proceeding that the court vacated
pending a decision on whether to dismiss the adversary proceeding.
Temporarily taking a scheduling conference off calendar while the court
addresses a case-dispositive matter does not rise to the level of a due
process violation.
Therefore, the bankruptcy court did not err in refusing to retain
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jurisdiction over the adversary proceeding after it dismissed the
underlying bankruptcy case.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the Motion for Reconsideration and dismissing the adversary
complaint. We AFFIRM.7
7
Mr. Fikrou filed motions for default as to the appellees who did not file briefs.
We DENY these motions. The rules do not authorize a default judgment against
appellees who choose not to file briefs. If an appellee chooses not to file a brief, the
appellee risks that an appellant may persuade an appellate court to reverse the
judgment on appeal, but it is always the appellant’s burden to demonstrate error. See
Yuan Gao v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 376, 379 (7th Cir. 2008).
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