We have reviewed the briefs of the parties and the record on appeal. We affirm essentially for the reasons stated in the magistrate judge's "Findings and Recommendations," dated June 21, 1991, and the district court's Memorandum and Order, dated October 28, 1991. We add only the following comments.

1) Ready is correct that the state courts' conclusion on the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel is not a factual finding entitled to a presumption of correctness pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 698 (1984). Similarly, he is correct that the state courts' conclusion as to the voluntariness of his plea is also not a factual finding entitled to that presumption. Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 431 (1983). But, in each instance, the findings of fact made by the state courts in the course of deciding these issues are entitled to the statutory presumption of correctness evidenced in § 2254(d). Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 698; Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. at 431-32.

In this case, Ready has argued that his counsel was ineffective and his guilty plea was involuntary because his counsel failed to pursue, or inform him (and he was otherwise unaware) of, the defense of insanity in particular, a defense claiming that, due to a mental disease or defect, he lacked the substantial capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of law. But, in ruling on Ready's motion for a new trial, the state courts found that the proffered affidavits from therapists were conclusory, lacking supporting information. This is a factual issue determined after a hearing on the merits and thus entitled to the presumption of correctness. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).1 Ready has not shown that that factual determination was erroneous. Having failed to support his claim of the existence of a viable insanity defense, Ready's claims that his guilty plea was involuntary and his counsel ineffective in failing to raise and/or inform him of that defense necessarily falls as well. See United States v. Porter, 924 F.2d 395, 397 (1st Cir. 1991) (appellant must show that counsel overlooked some "viable defenses") (quoting United States v. Ortiz Oliveras, 717 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1983)).

2) Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637 (1976), instructs us that a guilty plea is not voluntary in a constitutional sense "unless the defendant received 'real notice of the true nature of the charge against him, the first and most universally recognized requirement of due process.' " Id. at 645 (quoting Smith v. O'Grady, 312 U.S. 329, 334 (1941)). Ready does not dispute that he was informed of all the elements of the offenses to which he pled guilty. His attempt, in effect, to liken the insanity defense to an additional element is expressly refuted by Massachusetts caselaw. "While we believe that, under Winship, sanity becomes a 'fact' of the crime charged after evidence of insanity has been adduced, we do not believe that sanity is an 'element' of any given crime". Commonwealth v. Kostka, 370 Mass. 516, 532 (1976). The Commonwealth has the ultimate burden of proving a defendant's criminal responsibility beyond a reasonable doubt but only after the question of the defendant's sanity has been raised. Id. We believe that the state courts and the federal district court correctly concluded, based on the evidence before the state trial court at the time of Ready's guilty plea, that that plea was voluntary. And, as we have said, the district court properly deferred to the state courts' further finding that the evidence Ready subsequently proffered with his post-conviction motion failed to raise a viable insanity defense. We find no basis, therefore, for concluding that Ready's guilty plea violated the teaching of Henderson.

Affirmed.