This case involves the question whether the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C. §§ 901-950 (1988) (LHWCA), preempts a suit brought by George Barnard against his former employer and its insurer for intentional failure to make timely compensation payments. The defendants, Zapata Haynie Corporation (Zapata) and Aetna Casualty and Surety Company (Aetna), moved for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c). The district court denied the motion to dismiss under Martin v. Travelers Insurance Co., 497 F.2d 329 (1st Cir.1974). The court certified the question for interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) (1988), and this court granted permission to appeal. We reverse and find Martin distinguishable from the present claims. We find plaintiff's complaint to be preempted by the LHWCA.

Barnard worked as a fish spotter for Zapata and was found disabled for work by his family physician and a Federal Aviation Administration medical examiner. He was grounded on November 8, 1984, allegedly due to a stress related psychological disability. Plaintiff filed a claim for compensation benefits under the LHWCA and a hearing was held on July 28, 1986. On May 21, 1987, an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) ordered Zapata to pay Barnard compensation for temporary total disability and to provide medical treatment.1 Payments were made regularly until October of 1988, when the United States Postal Service returned a compensation check to Aetna, noting that the forwarding period had expired. Defendants failed to make any further payments to Barnard until June 20, 1990, when Aetna issued a compensation check in the amount of $63,762.60, paying compensation to July 10, 1990.

Barnard filed suit against Zapata and Aetna on June 10, 1991, asserting various state tort claims relating to defendants' failure to comply with the compensation terms ordered by the ALJ. Barnard contends that the liability sought in this case is not on account of his work-related injury but arises from injuries caused by defendants' intentional, willful, and malicious refusal to pay. Barnard claims to have suffered permanent psychological damage as a result of defendants' actions.

The district court denied defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings under rule 12(c) because of its inability to distinguish precedent of this court, Martin v. Travelers Insurance Co., 497 F.2d 329 (1st Cir.1974). In Martin, this court held the failure to honor a draft issued as part of the benefits paid constituted an independent wrong and that plaintiff was not precluded under the LHWCA from pursuing independent state law remedies.2

We must respectfully disagree with the district court's ruling. We find Martin distinguishable and hold that the LHWCA preempts the present claim. In Martin, the court made clear that

the crux of the complaint here is the insurer's callous stopping of payment without warning when it should have realized that acute harm might follow. A stop payment on a sizable compensation check which may have been deposited and drawn upon carries the obvious possibility of embarrassment and distress.3

Martin, 497 F.2d at 331.

Unlike Martin, the facts in the present case relate solely to a refusal to pay benefits, and do not involve a stop payment or dishonor of a draft issued to a claimant against which the claimant in good faith issued checks of his own. Here, for whatever reason, the defendant refused to pay or issue payments between October of 1988 and June of 1990. While Barnard urges that defendants had no legal basis for doing so, we find the LHWCA to be Barnard's exclusive remedy for defendants' failure to make timely payments, irrespective of defendants' reasons for nonpayment. See 33 U.S.C. § 905(a) (1988) ("The liability of an employer prescribed in section 904 of this title shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to the employee ... on account of such injury or death....").

Section 14(f) of the LHWCA assesses a penalty against employers who delay in making payments as ordered:

If any compensation, payable under the terms of an award, is not paid within ten days after it becomes due, there shall be added to such unpaid compensation an amount equal to 20 per centum thereof, which shall be paid at the same time as, but in addition to, such compensation, unless review of the compensation order making such award is had as provided in section 921 of this title and an order staying payment has been issued by the Board or court.

33 U.S.C. § 914(f) (1988); cf. 33 U.S.C. § 914(e) (1988) (ten percent penalty assessed where employer delays compensation payable without an award).4

As the Fifth Circuit has observed, "the pervasiveness of the LHWCA treatment of the payment of compensation due, and the conflict therewith which necessarily flows from any state penalty scheme respecting failure to pay LHWCA benefits which differs from the scheme of the LHWCA itself, persuade us that [claimant's] state law claims are preempted." Atkinson v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 838 F.2d 808, 812 (5th Cir.1988); see also Brown v. General Serv. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 834-35, 96 S. Ct. 1961, 1968-69, 48 L. Ed. 2d 402 (1976) ("We have consistently held that a narrowly tailored employee compensation scheme pre-empts the more general tort recovery statutes."). The court in Atkinson further reasoned that the statutory penalty "inferentially, but nonetheless plainly, also provides that the penalty shall not be any different amount, and that liability for it shall not vary according to anything, such as good or bad faith...." Atkinson, 838 F.2d at 812; see also Hall v. C & P Tel. Co., 809 F.2d 924 (D.C.Cir.1987) (finding state tort claim based on employer's intentional refusal to make timely compensation payments preempted by exclusivity and late payment provisions of LHWCA); Sample v. Johnson, 771 F.2d 1335, 1347 (9th Cir.1985) (holding state wrongful refusal to pay claim barred by exclusivity and penalty provisions of LHWCA, and distinguishing Martin from cases of ordinary refusals to pay), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1019, 106 S. Ct. 1206, 89 L. Ed. 2d 319 (1986); Daley v. Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co., 61 Ohio App. 3d 721, 573 N.E.2d 1128, 1130 (1988) (intent to preempt state actions for bad faith and intentional infliction of emotional distress based on employer's termination of benefits "is apparent both from the pervasiveness of the federal regulation and the likelihood of conflicts between state and federal law."); 2A Arthur Larson, The Law of Workmen's Compensation § 68.34(c), at 13-145 (1992) (noting majority view that "the presence in the statute of an administrative penalty for the very conduct on which the tort suit is based ... evidences a legislative intent that the remedy for delay in payments, even vexatious delay, shall remain within the system in the form of some kind of penalty.").

The district court and claimant here urge that Martin is controlling in the First Circuit. We agree; however, for the reasons discussed above we find Martin to be inapposite to the facts alleged here. We hold plaintiff's suit for alleged intentional failure to make timely compensation payments preempted by the exclusivity and late payment provisions of LHWCA.

Judgment reversed.

The petition for rehearing is denied. The plaintiff's complaint, as framed, neither mentions the contract described in the rehearing petition nor makes any claim for "non-LHWCA" benefits. It is, of course, within the sound discretion of the district court to permit (or refuse to permit) the plaintiff, upon motion, to file an amended complaint seeking to recover damages on theories not preempted by the exclusivity and late payment provisions of the LHWCA. Nothing in our opinion purports to circumscribe or foreclose this discretion.

Petition denied.