Plaintiff-appellant Anthony Madera here appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment for defendant-appellee Marsh U.S.A., Inc. ("Marsh") and defendant-appellee J & H Marsh & McLennan Severance Pay Plan ("Plan"), a severance pay plan adopted and maintained by Marsh in accordance with the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. (2000). Madera, a former senior vice president at Marsh, was fired "for cause" after providing certain information about the company to a competitor in violation of Marsh's written policies. Madera, however, contends that this firing "for cause" was merely a pretext used to deprive him of the severance pay he was due under the Plan. The district court, finding that Madera failed to exhaust the administrative remedies available to him prior to bringing this suit, granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant-appellees. We affirm.

For approximately fourteen years, Madera was an employee of Sedgwick James ("Sedgwick"), a risk management and insurance brokerage company. In 1998, Sedgwick was acquired by Marsh, the United States operating subsidiary of Marsh Inc., a leading provider of risk management and insurance brokerage services worldwide. With the acquisition, Madera became a senior vice president within Marsh's Brokerage Risk Control Group. In his new role, Madera provided risk management consulting services to Marsh's clients in the New England region and oversaw the evaluation and professional development of sixteen individuals under his supervision.

In late 2000 and early 2001, Marsh began a series of reorganizations and consolidations, motivated in part by the need to eliminate redundant positions following acquisitions made in 1997 and 1998, including the Sedgwick acquisition. One of the organizational changes made was to eliminate Madera's Brokerage Risk Control Group. As a result, Madera was informed in mid-February 2001 that he was being reappointed to a new position — that of "Middle Market Sales Leader" for Marsh's consulting practice in the New England region.

Madera, however, was not happy with the change. He felt that Marsh's management did not provide him with a clear definition of his new role and that the company was not making the best use of his skills and experience. He informed Michael Golden, the head of Marsh's New England operations and its Boston office, of his unhappiness. After Golden reassured Madera about the strategic importance of his new position and his critical role in Marsh's operations, Madera agreed to do his best in his new job.

Shortly after this conversation, on or about March 9, 2001, Madera went on vacation. Before leaving, however, he sent several e-mails to Keith Smaldon, the Boston office head of the Hays Group ("Hays"), another risk management firm and a direct competitor of Marsh. Madera became acquainted with Smaldon when both men were employees at Sedgwick. Smaldon, like Madera, became a Marsh employee after the 1998 Sedgwick acquisition. Smaldon, however, left Marsh shortly afterwards to join Hays. After this move, Madera continued to have social contact with Smaldon. Madera maintains, however, that he had no intention of seeking employment with Hays and never raised the issue with Smaldon.

The e-mails sent by Madera contained important information about Marsh's business. For example, a message forwarded by Madera to Smaldon on March 1, 2001 contained various "Market Alert Memos" sent by Marsh to all of its employees in the United States. These memos discussed the lowering of ratings of certain insurance companies and advised Marsh personnel that clients insured by these companies should be notified of these developments. On March 8, Madera forwarded an e-mail that he, along with all other Marsh employees in Boston, received from Golden. This message contained announcements of promotions and reassignments within the Boston office. Madera explains that he sent Smaldon this e-mail because Smaldon was friendly with people receiving the promotions, some of whom were former Sedgwick colleagues. On the same day, March 8, Madera also forwarded to Smaldon an "Industry Practices Organizational Change" e-mail that had been previously sent to all Marsh employees in the United States (approximately 16,000 people) and that contained announcements of promotions and general goals. In total, Madera forwarded seven Marsh e-mails to Smaldon.

These e-mail messages may very well have disappeared into the electronic ether if not for a telephone conversation shortly afterwards between Smaldon and Christopher Scontras, the head of Marsh's Portland office and a member of Golden's senior staff. During the course of this conversation, Smaldon mentioned certain organizational and personnel changes in Marsh's New England operations, information which had been communicated only internally at Marsh. In fact, Scontras believed that the information conveyed by Smaldon was known only by a "small" or "restricted" management group in the Boston office.

On March 12, Scontras attended a regularly scheduled meeting with several members of Marsh's management team, and there he informed Golden about his conversation with Smaldon. Golden, troubled by the fact that Smaldon had this information, ordered a search of Marsh's e-mail system to determine whether a Marsh employee had been passing company information to anyone at Hays. Within twenty-four hours, Marsh's Information Technology Department determined that Madera had forwarded seven e-mails to Smaldon. Golden was provided with copies of each of the e-mail messages that Madera had forwarded.

Upon reviewing the contents of these messages, Golden became concerned. Nearly all of the messages contained information that Marsh intended for internal distribution only; that, in effect, Madera had provided a competitor with access to internal, proprietary information. Golden's concern only increased with the knowledge that it was Smaldon who had access to this sensitive information. Smaldon now worked for Hays — at that time, a start-up operation in the Boston area. Hays was doing everything in its power to increase its size and grow its market share in the risk management business. The information conveyed in the e-mails would give Hays a real competitive advantage, especially in the areas of new employee recruitment, product marketing, and client development. And as a former Marsh manager, Smaldon would be particularly well positioned to make use of and understand the information in the messages conveyed by Madera.

Based on this review of the e-mails, Golden concluded that Madera had breached his duty of loyalty to Marsh and that he was no longer trustworthy. He believed that the number of e-mails sent indicated that the disclosures to Smaldon were not a mistake and that no reasonable manager could have believed that such a disclosure of company information to a competitor was appropriate. After consulting with his human resource managers and a Marsh in-house attorney, Golden decided to fire Madera.

Upon his return from vacation on March 19, Madera was called to a meeting with Golden, where he was informed that he had been identified as the source of the e-mails to Smaldon and that his employment with Marsh was to be terminated "for cause" because his conduct constituted "willful misconduct" within the meaning of the Plan, for failing to comply with company guidelines concerning conflicts of interest and the use and disclosure of confidential or proprietary information as set forth in Marsh's Employee Handbook ("Handbook"). Madera's response was that he did not think the information he had forwarded to Smaldon was sensitive; that he had simply "made a mistake"; and that he "did something stupid."

When these arguments proved unavailing and Madera realized that Golden's decision would not be reversed, he inquired about severance pay. He was informed that he was not eligible to receive it. The Plan did make provision for severance payments to eligible employees whose employment was terminated by Marsh. However, the Plan also stated explicitly that "[a]n individual is not eligible for benefits under [the] Plan if . . . his/her termination is for cause." The determination of what constituted "cause" was left to the Plan Administrator or his or her delegate; in this case, that delegate was Marsh's Human Resources Department. The Plan also stated that

[t]he Company . . . shall have the discretionary authority and responsibility to determine eligibility for benefits and the amount of such benefits, and to construe the terms of the Plan. The determinations and constructions of the Company. . . will be final, binding, and conclusive as to all parties, unless found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be arbitrary and capricious.

Officials at Marsh, pursuant to this authority, confirmed Golden's initial statement that Madera's firing was one "for cause."

Madera, however, believed that the "for cause" explanation was merely a pretext. He believed that Marsh was looking for a reason to discharge him "for cause" for the purpose of denying him severance benefits. He thought that the true reasons for his discharge were Marsh's decision to eliminate his supervisory position under a restructuring, his expressed displeasure with his undefined diminished status at the company, and Marsh's assumption that he was seeking employment from Smaldon at Hays.

Despite these beliefs, Madera made no attempt to appeal the company's decision to fire him "for cause." The Plan provides specific procedures whereby an employee can appeal certain employment and benefit decisions. For example, an employee who disagrees with the determination of his or her benefits is required to submit to the Plan Administrator a written statement describing the basis of his or her claim for benefits within sixty days of receipt of the initial notification of that determination. The Plan further provides that any employee who fails to receive such notification "but believes that he/she is entitled to benefits under the Plan may, within 60 days of such employee's Termination Date, submit a written statement to the Plan Administrator describing the basis of his/her claim for benefits and requesting any forms required in connection with payment of such benefits."

Rather than pursue any of these administrative remedies, Madera filed suit in the district court on June 18, 2003, alleging that Marsh's decision to terminate him and subsequent failure to grant him severance pay (i) was made in bad faith and in violation of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (ii) constituted age discrimination in violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 151B; (iii) violated the Massachusetts Wage Statute, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149, § 148; and (iv) violated ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. (2000). Marsh moved for summary judgment on all of Madera's claims. In opposing this motion, Madera conceded that ERISA preempted his common law claims and waived all claims but the ERISA claim. Madera then moved for partial summary judgment, stating that the facts and the law he relied upon in opposing Marsh's summary judgment motion supported the entry of partial summary judgment in his favor "on the issues of the confidentiality of the subject e-mails and on the exhaustion of administrative remedies."

On December 15, 2004, the district court, after granting Marsh's motion for summary judgment and denying Madera's motion for partial summary judgment, dismissed Madera's ERISA claim on the sole ground that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. We now affirm.

We begin by stating the proper standard of review. The district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo, with all inferences resolved in favor of the non-moving party. Noviello v. City of Boston, 398 F.3d 76, 84 (1st Cir.2005). Summary judgment is appropriate only if there is no genuine dispute as to material facts and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fenton v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 400 F.3d 83, 87 (1st Cir.2005); Rodríguez-Abreu v. Chase Manhatttan Bank, N.A., 986 F.2d 580, 583 (1st Cir.1993).

ERISA is a comprehensive federal statute that governs the rights and responsibilities of parties in relation to employee pension, welfare, and benefit plans. Under the terms of the statute, an employer is not permitted to discipline or discharge a person for the purpose of interfering with the attainment of any right or benefit to which the person may become entitled. 29 U.S.C. § 1140 (2000).1 This prohibition includes characterizing an employee's termination as one "for cause" for the purpose of unlawfully denying that employee severance benefits. See Koons v. Aventis Pharm., Inc., 367 F.3d 768 (8th Cir.2004). Madera filed suit under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) (2000), claiming that Marsh violated ERISA by wrongfully characterizing his termination as one "for cause" for the purpose of unlawfully denying him severance benefits.2

Before a plaintiff asserts an ERISA claim, however, he first must exhaust his administrative remedies. Terry v. Bayer Corp., 145 F.3d 28, 40 (1st Cir.1998). The employer's provision of such administrative remedies is mandated by ERISA. ERISA requires employee benefit plans to provide any participant whose claim for benefits is denied with an opportunity for review by the fiduciary denying the claim. 29 U.S.C. § 1133(2) (2000). Here, "[i]t is undisputed that [Marsh] provided the required review procedure." Drinkwater v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 846 F.2d 821, 826 (1st Cir.1988). The Plan's review procedure was outlined in the Handbook, and Madera had adequate opportunity to read and understand the relevant provisions.

Madera, however, "failed to utilize the review procedure provided by [Marsh], saving his complaints for the litigation process rather than the review procedure." Drinkwater, 846 F.2d at 825. He made no effort to avail himself of the Plan's appeal provisions. He neither filed a claim for severance benefits under the Plan nor appealed Marsh's decision to deny him severance benefits under the Plan.

In his brief, Madera claims that he had a good reason for his failure to follow Marsh's established dispute resolution procedures. He writes, "It was absolutely crystal clear that, under Marsh's Severance Plan, an employee terminated `for cause' is not eligible for severance. Thus, if Madera's termination remained as one `for cause,' he absolutely had no right to severance pay. On this point, there was nothing for Madera to challenge or Marsh to administratively review." Appellant Br. 17. But as appellee correctly points out, "there simply is no basis to conclude from an initial determination that a termination is `for cause' that it would be futile for the employee to challenge that determination." Appellee Br. 21. The claims procedure set up by Marsh is precisely the sort of procedure appropriate to review the use of the "for cause" label in Madera's termination.

Failing to actually exhaust his administrative remedies as required, Madera makes several different arguments claiming that he is exempt from the exhaustion requirement. First, he argues that his failure to exhaust his administrative remedies is excused in this instance because Marsh did not provide him with written notice of the denial of severance benefits. Citing 29 U.S.C. § 1133(1) and 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(g), as well as several district court opinions, DePina v. General Dynamics Corp., 674 F. Supp. 46 (D.Mass.1987), and McLean Hosp. Corp. v. Lasher, 819 F. Supp. 110 (D.Mass.1993), that interpret that statute and regulation, Madera claims that failure of an employer to provide written notice to an employee setting forth the specific reasons for the denial of a benefit and notifying the employee of the review process relieves the employee from the obligation to exhaust administrative remedies. Even if we were bound by these district court decisions, such a rule would apply only where an employee has made a claim for benefits. See 29 U.S.C. § 1133(1) and 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(g). Here, Madera did not do so. Although he did inquire informally as to whether he would be eligible for severance benefits, he never filed any sort of formal claim. Since he never made a claim, there was nothing for Marsh to deny in writing, and the statute and regulation do not apply.

Second, Madera raises the issue of futility. Futility is an exception to ERISA's exhaustion requirement. See Drinkwater, 846 F.2d at 826. An employee is not required to exhaust his administrative remedies in those instances where it would be futile for him to do so. Madera claims that in this instance, it would have been futile to have to first bring an administrative claim before the very employer responsible for the wrongdoing. He argues that it would have been pointless to require him to seek an administrative review from Marsh asking it to review its own unlawful conduct in attaching a phony and pretextual reason to his discharge. As he writes in his brief, "[i]t simply made no sense to require Madera to ask Marsh, the very entity that Madera accused of acting with an improper and selfish motive, to admit its own violation of ERISA." Appellant Br. 17. Since it is futile to expect the employer to attach a bad motive to its conduct, he claims, direct judicial resolution of his statutory rights is appropriate (i.e., no administrative remedies should be required).

In Drinkwater, we confronted a similar argument. The plaintiff in that case, Richard Drinkwater, made "the accusation . . . that the review procedure provided by [the defendant insurance company] was a meaningless exercise, requiring [the insurance company] to adjudicate `the legal consequences of its own fraud and breach of contract,' and that there was `not the slightest possibility that the plan administrator could be objective, unbiased and act in the best interest of the beneficiary' in reviewing Drinkwater's claim." Drinkwater, 846 F.2d at 825-26. We noted, however, that such a blanket assertion, unsupported by any facts, is insufficient to call the futility exception into play. We did not allow Drinkwater to use this exception because "Drinkwater produced no evidence to show . . . that resort to this [administrative] review would have been futile." Id. at 826.

Here, our response is the same. As we have already suggested, there is no proof that it would have been futile for Madera to exhaust his administrative remedies. Madera, attempting to demonstrate futility, points to the timing of the action (the decision to terminate him was made while he was on vacation) and notes the "vigorous and unbending" position taken by Marsh in defending this claim. Appellant Br. 24. These circumstances, however, are immaterial to the issue at hand and hardly demonstrate that it would have been pointless for Madera to pursue the Plan's procedures for making a claim for severance benefits or for appealing the decision to deny him benefits. Even assuming the "totality of the circumstances" approach advocated by the appellant, we fail to see how such circumstances would make it futile for Madera to pursue his administrative remedies.

Third, Madera argues that his claim is not a contractual claim. This court has previously held that exhaustion of administrative remedies is a prerequisite to suit in contract-based claims. See Morais v. Central Bev. Corp. Union Employees' Supplemental Retirement Plan, 167 F.3d 709, 712 n. 4 (1st Cir.1999); Drinkwater, 846 F.2d at 825-26. Madera, however, argues that his claim is not "contractual," but rather "statutory" since it stems from ERISA — in particular, from the prohibition against terminating an employee "for cause" for the wrongful purpose of denying severance pay in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 1140 — and as such, better suited for adjudication by the courts without requiring an exhaustion of administrative remedies. We disagree. A claim for the wrongful denial of benefits, such as the one here, is not to be treated as a "statutory" claim, but rather as a "contractual" one. We have explicitly recognized that the argument that a "claim for past due benefits is based not on the contract but on the violation of . . . statutory rights under ERISA and is thus not subject to the exhaustion requirement . . . is a simple contract claim artfully dressed in statutory clothing. If we were to allow claimants to play this characterization game, then the exhaustion requirement would be rendered meaningless." Drinkwater, 846 F.2d at 826.

Finally, even if Madera's ERISA claim was not barred for his failure to exhaust administrative remedies, his claim fails because the record demonstrates that Marsh's decision to terminate Madera "for cause" was not arbitrary and capricious and was reasonable in light of Madera's actions and the language of the Plan. A denial of benefits challenged under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under a de novo standard "unless the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan." Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S. Ct. 948, 103 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1989); Orndorf v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 404 F.3d 510, 516 n. 7 (1st Cir.2005). Where the administrator or fiduciary does have such discretionary authority, a decision by that administrator or fiduciary concerning eligibility under a benefit plan is subject to "a deferential arbitrary and capricious standard of judicial review." Brigham v. Sun Life of Canada, 317 F.3d 72, 81 (1st Cir.2003) (citing Terry, 145 F.3d at 37). A plan administrator's decision must be upheld if there is any reasonable basis for it. Terry, 145 F.3d at 40. Here, since Marsh's Plan grants discretion to the Plan's Administrator to determine eligibility for severance benefits under the Plan and to construe the Plan's provisions, the decision to terminate Madera "for cause" is to be properly examined under the arbitrary and capricious test.

Our examination of the record reveals that Marsh properly exercised its discretion in determining that Madera's conduct constituted a breach of his duty of loyalty. Madera was terminated only after the company learned that he had forwarded internal e-mails containing what Marsh believed to be confidential and/or proprietary information to a direct competitor of Marsh.

Madera argues that nothing in the e-mails was particularly sensitive or confidential and that all the information was publicly available or routinely disclosed by Marsh. Even a cursory analysis of the e-mail messages, however, shows a level of detail and specificity not provided in Marsh's public pronouncements, such as its press releases. For example, the e-mails contained, among other things, detailed information concerning personnel and organizational changes; information concerning the Boston office's consulting goals for 2001; and Marsh's templates for communicating with its clients concerning ratings changes for various insurance companies. Moreover, as already mentioned, Madera forwarded these e-mails to a former Marsh employee working for a competitor who was uniquely qualified to make use of such information.

These facts enabled Marsh to come to the conclusion that Madera had engaged in a breach of trust, which the company reasonably construed as "willful misconduct" within the meaning of the Plan (and, thus, constituted "cause" rendering him ineligible for severance). Such a decision was rational and reasonably based, and therefore, we cannot conclude that Marsh acted in an arbitrary or capricious manner in denying severance benefits to Madera.

For the reasons expressed herein, the decision of the district court granting summary judgment on behalf of Marsh and dismissing Madera's motion for partial summary judgment is

Affirmed.