Filed: Jan. 21, 2011
Latest Update: Feb. 21, 2020
Summary: past and future persecution.Guatemalans whose families have resisted the guerillas.2, Reyes does not challenge the BIA's conclusion that the theft, of his money and goods while he worked as a street vendor did not, constitute persecution. See Mendez-Barrera v. Holder, 602 F.3d 21, 25-27, (1st Cir.
Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 09-1473
ESVIN ANIBAL REYES BETETA,
Petitioner,
v.
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,
Respondent.
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF
THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
Before
Lynch, Chief Judge,
Lipez and Howard, Circuit Judges.
Stephen M. Born and Mills and Born for petitioner.
Jessica Segall, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division,
and Leslie McKay, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration
Litigation, for respondent.
January 21, 2011
HOWARD, Circuit Judge. Esvin Anibal Reyes Beteta, a
Guatemalan national, petitions for review of an order of the Board
of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming an immigration judge's (IJ)
decision to deny his application for withholding of removal. The
petition is denied.
I.
Reyes entered the United States illegally in
approximately May 2002. Removal proceedings against him were
initiated through a Notice to Appear on May 24, 2005, charging him
with entering the United States without inspection. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Reyes conceded removability but sought
withholding of removal.1
Reyes's testimony, which the IJ found credible for
purposes of rendering a decision, may be briefly summarized.
Reyes, born in October 1983, testified that he was a young child
during the Guatemalan civil war in the 1980s. During that time two
of his cousins were murdered by armed men, and an uncle
disappeared. In addition, guerillas took some of his parents'
land, placing the family in fear and causing them to work their
farmland during the day and sleep in nearby mountains at night.
1
Reyes also sought asylum, which the IJ denied as a matter of
law after finding that Reyes's untimely filing was not excused by
changed or extraordinary circumstances. The BIA affirmed that
decision, and the petitioner has not pursued his asylum claim here.
-2-
Reyes left his village in 1997 and moved to Guatemala
City, where he worked as a street vendor for two years. During
this time, he was harassed by gang members who would steal his
goods and money, but they did not steal from those who paid them
off. He later worked in a store in Guatemala City. He returned to
his village in December 2001, after gang members attempted to rob
the store, threatened him when he defended the store, and later
returned to look for him in retaliation for his efforts. He
remained at his family's farm until he came to the United States in
May 2002.
Reyes testified that since he has been in the United
States, family members in Guatemala have told him that they have
been threatened and harassed because gang members knew that he was
living and working in the United States. He also testified that he
fears that he will be killed by gang members or ex-guerillas if he
returns to Guatemala because he resisted them while in Guatemala
City and because he will be presumed to have money based on his
time in the United States. Reyes also testified that there is no
safe place for him in Guatemala, as the police do not protect poor
people from gang violence. Neither Reyes nor his family ever
reported any of their violent interactions to police because, he
testified, the police were corrupt and fearful of stopping gang
activity.
-3-
At the conclusion of the hearing the IJ denied Reyes's
application on the grounds that he had failed to establish either
past persecution or a threat of persecution if he returned to
Guatemala. The IJ found that Reyes's treatment in Guatemala did
not rise to the level of persecution, but was instead the by-
product of gang members' motivation to enrich themselves by
stealing.
Similarly, the IJ found that Reyes failed to show that he
would be unable to avoid similar confrontations upon returning to
Guatemala, noting that Reyes was unharmed after he returned from
Guatemala City to his parents' farm. Moreover, to the extent that
Reyes would, as he feared, be targeted upon his return, the
motivation for such hostility would again be monetary gain. The
application for withholding of removal was therefore denied,
although Reyes's request for voluntary departure was granted.
Reyes appealed to the BIA, which affirmed the IJ's
decision on essentially the same grounds relied upon by the IJ.
The BIA first found that Reyes had failed to demonstrate that he
had been persecuted in the past, both because he did not recall
that he suffered any difficulties personally that rose to the level
of persecution, and because the theft and extortion that took place
in Guatemala City did not constitute persecution based on a
protected ground.
-4-
The BIA also rejected Reyes's claim that he would be
persecuted upon his return to Guatemala based on his status as a
Guatemalan returning from the United States. The BIA found that
gang members and ex-guerillas would target anyone who might be a
potential source of money or valuables, and would not limit their
criminal activity to Guatemalans returning from the United States.
The BIA also found that Reyes's opposition to the criminal
activities of gangs and ex-guerillas is not a form of political
opinion protected by immigration laws. This appeal followed.
II.
When the BIA has adopted an IJ's ruling, but has also
examined some of the IJ's conclusions, we review both the BIA's and
IJ's opinions. Matovu v. Holder, 577 F.3d 383, 386 (1st Cir.
2009). Our scope of review is limited. We appraise the BIA's and
IJ's findings of fact under the "substantial evidence" standard,
accepting them as long as they are "supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a
whole." Sharari v. Gonzalez,
407 F.3d 467, 473 (1st Cir. 2005).
We review the BIA's legal determinations de novo, albeit according
"substantial deference to the BIA's interpretations of the
underlying statutes and regulations according to administrative law
principles." Scatambuli v. Holder,
558 F.3d 53, 58 (1st Cir.
2009).
-5-
To be eligible for withholding of removal, Reyes must
show either that he has suffered past persecution due to a
statutorily protected ground, thus creating a rebuttable
presumption that he may suffer future persecution upon return to
Guatemala; or he must demonstrate a clear probability that he will
be persecuted on account of a protected ground when he returns.
Lopez-Castro v. Holder, 577 F.3d 49, 52 (1st Cir. 2009) (citing Da
Silva v. Ashcroft,
394 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir 2005)). The statutorily
protected grounds are race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, and political opinion.
Lopez-Castro, 577
F.3d at 52; 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1).
To qualify as persecution, a petitioner's experience
"must rise above unpleasantness, harassment, and even basic
suffering." Decky v. Holder, 587 F.3d 104, 110 (1st Cir. 2009).
Moreover, "[p]ersecution, within the context of the immigration
statutes, does not include all treatment that our society regards
as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional."
Id.
(quoting Kho v. Keisler,
505 F.3d 50, 58 (1st Cir. 2007)).
The record supports the BIA's conclusion regarding both
past and future persecution. While the abduction and murder of
Reyes's cousins and uncle prior to his arrival in the United States
is disturbing, the record supports the BIA's conclusion that Reyes
failed to establish that his past hardships rose to the level of
-6-
persecution.2 It is undisputed that he witnessed none of the
violence, does not remember his uncle or cousins, and does not
remember hiding in the mountains. He testified that his family
"suspects" that guerillas -- now gang members -- were behind his
relatives' deaths. Thus, even if we were to assume that the
killings constituted persecution against Reyes, "[w]ithout knowing
who was responsible for the killings or what had prompted them, it
is no more than a guess that a nexus existed between the deaths and
a statutorily protected ground." Lopez-Castro, 577 F.3d at 52.
As to the probability of future persecution, we first
note that Reyes acknowledged in his testimony that the guerillas
are no longer a force in Guatemala. This blunts most of the impact
of his claim of future persecution. The petitioner asserts that he
is part of protected social groups consisting of "Guatemalan street
vendors who have resisted gangs," "expatriates returning from
working in the United States and are perceived to have wealth," and
"Guatemalans whose families have resisted the guerillas." But the
testimony is clear that the gang action was in no way a targeted
activity; it was instead a widespread form of organized extortion.
We have held that a "risk of victimization through economic
terrorism is not the functional equivalent of a statutorily
protected ground . . . ." Lopez-Castro, 577 F.3d at 54; see also
2
Reyes does not challenge the BIA's conclusion that the theft
of his money and goods while he worked as a street vendor did not
constitute persecution.
-7-
Ruiz v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 31, 37 (finding that threats motivated by
greed do not implicate a protected ground); Lopez de Hincapie v.
Gonzalez,
494 F.3d 213, 219-220 (1st Cir. 2007) (common criminals'
attempts to extort money not connected to protected ground).
Finally, Reyes also testified that the gangs that robbed him in
Guatemala City did not follow him back to his parents' farm when he
returned there, because he "was already a grown up, not like six
years before." This suggests that at most, while Reyes was an easy
target as a youth, adulthood has lessened his vulnerability to the
point where future victimization is far from probable.
Against this legal and factual backdrop, we have little
trouble affirming the decision of the BIA. The petition for review
is therefore denied.3
3
Given the basis for our disposition, we need not address
Reyes's argument that the BIA improperly employed a "social
visibility" test in determining whether any of Reyes's proposed
groups constitute a "social group" within the meaning of the
immigration laws. See Mendez-Barrera v. Holder, 602 F.3d 21, 25-27
(1st Cir. 2010). In any event, we have explicitly affirmed the
relevance of the social visibility inquiry to social group
analysis. Faye v. Holder,
580 F.3d 37, 41 (1st Cir. 2009).
-8-
