HOWARD, Circuit Judge.

After James Damon pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm by a felon, the district court determined that he had two prior felony convictions for a crime of violence and a controlled substance offense and accordingly sentenced him under a higher Guideline range. Two years later, in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 130 S.Ct. 1265, 176 L.Ed.2d 1 (2010), we held in United States v. Holloway, 630 F.3d 252 (1st Cir.2011), that a Massachusetts conviction for assault and battery — one of Damon's two prior convictions on which the district court relied — is not categorically a crime of violence. Damon unsuccessfully moved to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We hold that Damon's claim is procedurally defaulted and therefore affirm the district court's denial of his petition.

I.

On December 1, 2008, Damon pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm by a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Following Damon's guilty plea, the Probation Office prepared a Presentence Report (PSR) that recommended a Guideline base offense level of 24 under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2) on the basis of Damon's prior Massachusetts convictions for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute in 2005 and for assault and battery in 2006.1

In his objections to the PSR, Damon did not challenge the designation of his assault-and-battery conviction as a crime of violence, nor did he object to it at his sentencing on May 12, 2009. At sentencing, following the PSR, the district court began with a base offense level of 24, added two levels for the number of firearms involved in the offense, and reduced by three levels for acceptance of responsibility to arrive at a total offense level of 23 and a corresponding Guideline range of 70 to 87 months' imprisonment. The court sentenced Damon to 70 months' imprisonment and three years' supervised release. Damon unsuccessfully appealed his sentence to this court, but did not mount any challenge to the district court's reliance on the Massachusetts assault-and-battery conviction as a crime of violence. See United States v. Damon, 595 F.3d 395 (1st Cir.2010).

Damon timely filed this section 2255 petition on February 14, 2011, not long after we, relying on the Supreme Court's decision in Johnson, held in Holloway that a Massachusetts conviction for assault and battery is not categorically a violent felony.2 Damon accordingly contended in his petition that his base offense level should have been 20, his total offense level 19, and his resulting Guideline range 46 to 57 months.

Agreeing with the magistrate judge's recommended decision, the district court denied Damon's petition on several grounds, including that Johnson and Holloway did not apply retroactively to cases on collateral review, that Damon's claim was procedurally defaulted, and that Damon's claim of Guideline error did not in any event allege a "complete miscarriage of justice" cognizable under section 2255. The district court certified the following issues for appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c):

This appeal followed.

II.

The government no longer argues that Johnson does not apply retroactively. Nevertheless, this concession does not change the outcome. Damon's acknowledged failure to object to the crime-of-violence determination either at sentencing or on direct appeal dooms his petition.

Section 2255 contemplates four potential bases on which a federal prisoner may obtain relief: (1) "that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States"; (2) "that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence"; (3) "that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law"; or (4) that the sentence "is otherwise subject to collateral attack." 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Damon does not allege a constitutional error or lack of jurisdiction, nor did his 70-month Guideline sentence exceed the ten-year statutory maximum under 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). Accordingly, he challenges his sentence under the portions of section 2255 granting relief from sentences "in violation of the ... laws of the United States" or "otherwise subject to collateral attack."

For non-constitutional, non-jurisdictional claims raised in a section 2255 petition, the Supreme Court has stated that "the appropriate inquiry [is] whether the claimed error of law [is] `a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice,' and whether `(i)t ... present(s) exceptional circumstances where the need for the remedy afforded by the writ of habeas corpus is apparent.'" Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 346, 94 S.Ct. 2298, 41 L.Ed.2d 109 (1974) (quoting Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 428, 82 S.Ct. 468, 7 L.Ed.2d 417 (1962)). In Knight v. United States, 37 F.3d 769, 773 (1st Cir.1994), applying Hill's miscarriage-of-justice standard, we cited several cases from other circuits concluding that "errors in the application of the sentencing guidelines... are not cognizable under § 2255." But the petitioner's claim in Knight was also barred by procedural default, and we explicitly declined to "hold that an error in the application of the sentencing guidelines could never constitute a `complete miscarriage of justice'" cognizable under section 2255. Id. at 773-74.

In recent years, a split has emerged between the Seventh, Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits on this longstanding question. In Sun Bear v. United States, 644 F.3d 700 (8th Cir.2011) (en banc), the Eighth Circuit held that erroneous designation as a career offender cannot be challenged under section 2255 even by a petitioner who raised the issue on direct appeal and avoided procedural default. The Seventh Circuit held the contrary in Narvaez v. United States, 674 F.3d 621 (7th Cir.2011), but later, in Hawkins v. United States, 706 F.3d 820 (7th Cir.2013), opinion supplemented on denial of reh'g, 724 F.3d 915 (7th Cir.2013), limited the holding of Narvaez to defendants sentenced before United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), made the Guidelines advisory. (Damon, like the petitioner in Hawkins, was sentenced under the post-Booker advisory Guidelines regime.) Most recently, after the submission of briefs in this case, the Eleventh Circuit disagreed with Hawkins and held in Spencer v. United States, No. 10-10676, 727 F.3d 1076, 2013 WL 4106367 (11th Cir. Aug. 15, 2013), that erroneous career offender designation is cognizable under section 2255 even in the case of a defendant sentenced after Booker.

We need not here resolve the interesting question that we left open in Knight and on which other circuits are divided.3 Instead, we hold that Damon's Guideline error claim, like that of the petitioner in Knight, should have been brought on direct appeal and is thus procedurally defaulted.

Under the longstanding "procedural default" rule, "[a] nonconstitutional claim that could have been, but was not, raised on appeal, may not be asserted by collateral attack under § 2255 absent exceptional circumstances." Knight, 37 F.3d at 772 (citations omitted); see also United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 165, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982) ("[A] collateral challenge may not do service for an appeal." (citations omitted)). In such cases, "[w]here a defendant has procedurally defaulted a claim by failing to raise it on direct review, the claim may be raised in habeas only if the defendant can first demonstrate either `cause' and actual `prejudice,' or that he is `actually innocent.'" Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 622, 118 S.Ct. 1604, 140 L.Ed.2d 828 (1998) (citations omitted). To be sure, the latter exception may not even apply to claims of non-constitutional error in the imposition of a non-capital sentence, an issue that we also do not address today, since it is clear in any event that Damon's petition does not qualify under either exception.4

Damon first suggests that he had "cause" for not raising the crime-of-violence challenge at sentencing and on direct appeal because then-binding precedent in this circuit treated a Massachusetts assault-and-battery conviction as a categorical crime of violence. See United States v. Mangos, 134 F.3d 460, 464 (1st Cir.1998), abrogated by Holloway, 630 F.3d at 254-55.

The Supreme Court considered and rejected a comparable argument in Bousley, where the petitioner asserted that he had cause for his procedural default because "the legal basis for his claim was not reasonably available to counsel" at the time he pleaded guilty. 523 U.S. at 622, 118 S.Ct. 1604 (quotation marks omitted). Citing its earlier decision in Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16, 104 S.Ct. 2901, 82 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984), the Supreme Court reiterated that in order to constitute cause for a procedural default, a claim must be "so novel that its legal basis is not reasonably available to counsel," and found the petitioner's claim lacking in novelty. Id. (quotation marks omitted). Moreover, adverse precedent alone did not render the petitioner's claim "unavailable": "[F]utility cannot constitute cause if it means simply that a claim was unacceptable to that particular court at that particular time." Id. at 623, 118 S.Ct. 1604 (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 130 n. 35, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982)).

Damon's claim may have been futile under Mangos, but it was not novel. Much as the Bousley Court noted that "at the time of petitioner's plea, the Federal Reporters were replete with cases" raising the petitioner's allegedly "unavailable" claim, 523 U.S. at 622, 118 S.Ct. 1604, so our decision in Holloway catalogued a number of previous cases, all argued and decided prior to Damon's sentencing, in which defendants had unsuccessfully challenged our holding in Mangos. See Holloway, 630 F.3d at 254 (citing United States v. Rivera, 562 F.3d 1, 2 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Holloway, 499 F.3d 114, 118 (1st Cir.2007); United States v. Estevez, 419 F.3d 77, 82 (1st Cir.2005); United States v. Santos, 363 F.3d 19, 23 (1st Cir. 2004)). Moreover, the Supreme Court had reshaped the definition of "violent felony" and "crime of violence"5 in the years prior to Johnson. See, e.g., Chambers v. United States, 555 U.S. 122, 129 S.Ct. 687, 172 L.Ed.2d 484 (2009); Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137, 128 S.Ct. 1581, 170 L.Ed.2d 490 (2008); James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 127 S.Ct. 1586, 167 L.Ed.2d 532 (2007). Given both the evolving Supreme Court caselaw and the number of comparable, albeit unsuccessful, challenges raised by previous defendants, Damon did not have cause for failing to raise the issue. Cf. Lindsey v. United States, 615 F.3d 998, 1000-01 (8th Cir. 2010) (rejecting petitioner's argument that adverse circuit precedent was cause for failing to argue that his DUI conviction was not a crime of violence prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Begay).

Assuming that the "actual innocence" exception is even applicable in this context, Damon's argument that he is "actually innocent" of his sentence fares no better. Once again, Bousley provides clarification: "It is important to note in this regard that `actual innocence' means factual innocence, not mere legal insufficiency." 523 U.S. at 623, 118 S.Ct. 1604 (citation omitted); see also, e.g., McKay v. United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1198-99 (11th Cir. 2011) ("[F]or the actual innocence exception to apply in the noncapital sentencing context, a movant must show that he is factually innocent of the conduct or underlying crime that serves as the predicate for the enhanced sentence."); United States v. Pettiford, 612 F.3d 270, 284 (4th Cir.2010) ("[A]ctual innocence applies in the context of habitual offender provisions only where the challenge to eligibility stems from factual innocence of the predicate crimes, and not from the legal classification of the predicate crimes." (citation omitted)).6 That is not the case here. As the district court stated, "Mr. Damon makes no claim that he is factually innocent of the underlying crime of assault and battery ... and there is no suggestion he was not validly convicted"; nor was Damon "so unwise as to represent to the Court that he did not do what is stated in the police report." Damon has not made a claim that is even colorably fact-based, such as that he is factually innocent of the type of assault and battery that qualifies as a crime of violence or that he was not convicted. Because Damon contests only the categorization of his prior conviction as a crime of violence, he has not pleaded "actual innocence" as defined in Bousley.

III.

The appellant has not established a basis for excusing his procedural default; we therefore affirm the denial of his petition. The mandate will issue forthwith without prejudice to any petition for rehearing. Any such petition shall be due on or before October 10, 2013.