United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


No. 18-1620

                   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                           Appellee,

                               v.

                         SUZANNE BROWN,

                     Defendant, Appellant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

         [Hon. Joseph N. Laplante, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                  Thompson, Selya, and Barron,
                         Circuit Judges.


     Julia Pamela Heit for appellant.
     Seth R. Aframe, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
Scott W. Murray, United States Attorney, was on brief, for
appellee.




                       December 20, 2019
           BARRON, Circuit Judge.       Suzanne Brown was convicted in

the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire

in 2017 on twelve counts of making a materially false statement to

a federal agency under 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2).               She now appeals

from those convictions on a number of grounds, including that she

received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial in violation

of the Sixth Amendment of the federal Constitution.                We dismiss

without prejudice her claim of ineffective assistance of trial

counsel.   We reject her other challenges to her convictions.

                                   I.

           Suzanne Brown founded and ran a nonprofit agricultural

organization,   the   New   Hampshire     Institute     of   Agriculture   and

Forestry ("NHIAF").1    The NHIAF owned and operated two small plots

of land that it rented out to novice farmers and on which it

provided   agricultural     instruction    to   them.        The   NHIAF   also




     1 Brown raises a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge to her
convictions, which usually demands a recitation of facts "in the
light most favorable to the verdict." United States v. Burgos-
Montes, 

, 99 (1st Cir. 2015). But she also alleges
instructional and other errors, for which we typically "offer a
'balanced' treatment, in which we 'objectively view the evidence
of record.'" Id. (citation omitted) (first quoting United States
v. Felton, 

, 99 (1st Cir. 2005); and then quoting United
States v. Nelson-Rodriguez, 

, 23 (1st Cir. 2003)).
Because "we cannot simultaneously recite the facts in both manners,
we limit our initial summary . . . to those details essential to
framing the issues on appeal," and describe other facts, where
necessary, in the appropriate discussions of Brown's challenges.
Id.


                                  - 2 -
delivered produce from New Hampshire farmers to buyers elsewhere

in the state.

          On behalf of the NHIAF, Brown applied for and obtained

Rural Business Enterprise Grants ("RBEGs") from the United States

Department of Agriculture ("USDA" or "the Department") for both

2011 and 2012.     Funds from those grants, which were awarded

competitively, were to be used in part to pay Julie Moran and Wilma

Yowell for their work as independent contractors for the NHIAF.

          To obtain the funds that the RBEGs provided, Brown each

month filled out, signed, and submitted a standardized government

form -- labeled the "Standard Form 270" ("SF-270") -- to the

Department.   On each such SF-270, she listed the "[t]otal program

outlays" for the month; these dollar amounts, Brown concedes, were

based in part on the amount of work that Moran and Yowell had

performed for the NHIAF.   She also checked a box that confirmed

that she was seeking "reimbursement" payments.     In addition, on

each such SF-270, she signed a certification that stated that "to

the best of my knowledge . . . all outlays were made in accordance

with the grant conditions."   The grant conditions were set forth,

in part, in a separate letter of conditions from the Department,

most of which Anne Getchell, a Department employee, testified that

she had reviewed line-by-line with Brown when the NHIAF was awarded

the first RBEG.




                               - 3 -
           Brown attached typed reports to the first three SF-270s

that she submitted.      The typed reports set forth the number of

hours that Moran and Yowell allegedly had worked for the NHIAF.

Getchell testified that she told Brown that better documentation

-- in the form of invoices or paystubs -- would be required in the

future.   Thereafter, Brown attached invoices that identified the

hours that Moran and Yowell allegedly had worked for the NHIAF.

           The NHIAF had not paid either Moran or Yowell at the

time that Brown submitted the SF-270s.       In fact, the NHIAF did not

at any point pay them, though the NHIAF did occasionally provide

them   with   some    groceries   and    reimburse    them   for    specific

expenditures that they had made with their own funds.

           On February 10, 2016, Brown was indicted in the District

of New Hampshire on twelve counts of "Making a Material False

Statement to a Federal Agency" under 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2).            That

provision criminalizes, "in any matter within the jurisdiction of

the executive . . . branch of the Government of the United States,

knowingly and willfully . . . mak[ing] any materially false . . .

statement or representation."      Id.

           Each of the twelve counts charged Brown with falsely

"representing to the [Department], in a Standard Form 270 'Request

for    Advance   or     Reimbursement'      and      appended      supporting

documentation, that the [NHIAF] -- of which BROWN was the Executive

Director -- had paid [funds] to [the] NHIAF employees [Moran and


                                  - 4 -
Yowell] for services rendered, as grounds to draw down funds from

a previously approved USDA [RBEG]."        Counts four through nine of

the indictment, moreover, charged Brown not only with falsely

claiming that the NHIAF had made "payments to [Moran] and [Yowell]

for the services rendered" but also with falsely representing that

Moran and Yowell "prepared or approved the invoices submitted by

BROWN with the Standard Form 270."          Counts ten through twelve

omitted the references to Yowell but were otherwise the same as

counts four through nine.

            On January 26, 2017, Brown was convicted by a jury on

all twelve counts.         After the verdict, Brown brought multiple

challenges to her convictions, including that she had received

ineffective assistance of counsel at trial.            The District Court

held an evidentiary hearing on the motion for new trial that she

filed based on the claimed ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

The hearing focused on a discrete aspect of that motion, which

concerned   a   chambers    conference   that   the   District   Court   had

convened to address how to respond to a request for additional

information that the jury made during its deliberations.                 The

District Court ultimately denied the motion for new trial based on

ineffective assistance of counsel without prejudice.         The District

Court sentenced Brown to a term of twelve months of imprisonment.

She then timely filed this appeal.




                                  - 5 -
                                   II.

           We start with Brown's contention that her convictions

were not supported by sufficient evidence. The government counters

that the evidence sufficed to show that, by listing as "total

program outlays" on the SF-270s certain dollar amounts that Brown

concedes were partly based on the hours of work that Moran and

Yowell had performed for the NHIAF, Brown was necessarily falsely

representing to the Department that Moran and Yowell already had

been paid for that work when they had not been.                At trial, in

support of that basis for finding Brown guilty on each of the

twelve counts, the government put forth the testimony of Getchell,

the Department employee, who stated that the meaning of "total

program outlays" on the SF-270 was such that, by listing the dollar

figures for the "total program outlays," Brown was necessarily

representing that the NHIAF had already paid out the listed amount

of funds to Yowell and Moran and not simply that it owed them that

amount for the work that they had already performed for the NHIAF

but for which the NHIAF had not yet paid them.

           The government separately contends, however, that the

evidence   also   sufficed   to   show    that   Brown,   in    her   SF-270

submissions, falsely represented that Moran and Yowell already had

been paid for their work in another way.          The government points

out that the SF-270 that Brown signed each month expressly stated

that "all outlays were made in accordance with the grant conditions


                                  - 6 -
or other agreement." (emphasis added). Because there are no other

relevant agreements, the government argues that, in signing and

submitting    the   SF-270s,    she    was    necessarily     certifying   her

compliance with the grant conditions.               That certification is

important, the government then goes on to contend, because the

evidence at trial included the letter from the Department that set

forth the grant conditions, which stated that "[t]he [a]gency will

disburse grant funds . . . on a reimbursement basis" and that

"[a]dequate     documentation     will        be   required     to    evidence

expenditures."      Furthermore,       the    evidence   at   trial   included

Getchell's testimony that she had reviewed most of that letter

with Brown line-by-line, that the grant conditions independently

required Brown to "actually spend the funds for the purposes

outlined" before the Department would reimburse the funds, and

that the documentation condition in particular required "show[ing]

what was paid out."     This testimony accords, moreover, with the

text of the grant conditions letter, as the letter states that the

funds would be paid out on a "reimbursement" basis and that the

NHIAF needed to document "expenditures" to receive funding.

             In her opening brief to us, Brown contends, and the

government does not dispute, that the term "outlays" in the SF-

270 encompasses "in-kind contributions."            She then contends that

a circular from the United States Office of Management and Budget

("OMB") defines "[t]hird party in-kind contributions" to include


                                      - 7 -
uncompensated work performed by contractors.                In her view, because

the   circular    purports       to    establish      uniform    administrative

requirements for certain federal grants, the definition of "third

party in-kind contributions" that it provides fatally undermines

the government's contention that, when she listed certain dollar

amounts   as   "total    program      outlays"   on   the     SF-270s,   she   was

necessarily representing that the NHIAF had paid Yowell and Moran

for their work for the NHIAF rather than merely that they were

owed that amount of money for the work that they had performed for

it but for which they had not yet been paid.                     The government

responds, however, that Brown testified that she knew the monies

from the grant were meant to reimburse her for paying "salaries,"

and not to pay her for Yowell and Moran's uncompensated work.

           Brown does not address in her opening brief, however,

any of the evidence that the government introduced at trial and

that we have described above, which concerns the import of her

certification    to     having    complied    with    the    grant   conditions.

Instead, she focuses solely on the evidence introduced at trial

that concerns the import of her representation concerning "total

program   outlays."       Thus,    Brown     leaves   unaddressed     the   other

evidentiary basis for affirming the convictions on which the

government relies, which consists of the evidence that concerns

her certification of compliance with the grant conditions.                  To be

sure, Brown does purport to address in her reply brief this other


                                      - 8 -
basis for finding that her convictions were supported by sufficient

evidence.   But, in doing so, she merely repeats her contentions in

her opening brief about the meaning of the term "outlays" in the

SF-270s.       She does not grapple with the significance of her

certification     of    compliance      with    the   grant    conditions   in

submitting the SF-270s.        Thus, because Brown fails to develop an

argument as to why the government is wrong to contend that the

evidence concerning the import of her certification of compliance

with the grant conditions in and of itself suffices to support the

convictions,     we    must    reject   her     sufficiency-of-the-evidence

challenge to them.      See United States v. Zannino, 

, 17

(1st Cir. 1990) ("[A] litigant has an obligation 'to spell out its

arguments squarely and distinctly,' or else forever hold its

peace." (quoting Rivera-Gomez v. de Castro, 

, 635 (1st

Cir. 1988))); see also United States v. Gaw, 

, 5 (1st

Cir.   2016)    (holding      that   where     "alternative,    independently

sufficient grounds" exist for upholding a conviction against a

sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge, the defendant's failure to

address one of those grounds on appeal means "that conviction must

be affirmed" (first quotation quoting United States v. Cruz-

Arroyo, 

, 73 (1st Cir. 2006))).

            Brown separately argues based on Bronston v. United

States, 

 (1973), that each of her convictions must be

reversed because the allegedly false statements that she made were


                                     - 9 -
technically correct.            In Bronston, the Court held that a literally

true       but   misleading     statement     cannot   form   the   basis    for   a

conviction        under   the    federal    perjury    statute.     Id.     at   362.

However, we must reject Brown's Bronston-based challenge because,

as we have just explained, unlike the defendant in that case, Brown

does not develop any argument that her certification of her

compliance with the grant conditions was insufficient to show that

the statements she made were not technically correct.                 See id. at

354 (noting that "[i]t is . . . undisputed that petitioner's

answers were literally truthful").2

                                           III.

                 As a fallback, Brown argues that each of her convictions

must be vacated in consequence of what transpired at a chambers

conference that the District Court convened during the jury's

deliberations.         The District Court convened that conference with

counsel for both Brown and the government to discuss how to respond

to the jury's request during its deliberations for a definition of

"in-kind services."         Following that conference, the District Court



       2
       Brown asserts that a "false statement conviction cannot
depend on the jury's interpretations of conflicting regulations."
To the extent Brown means to argue that, even if she made a
statement that a jury supportably could find to be literally false,
she still cannot be convicted because of the particular nature of
her false statement, the argument is waived for lack of
development. See Zannino, 895 F.2d at 17 ("[I]ssues adverted to
in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed
argumentation, are deemed waived.").


                                       - 10 -
instructed the jury, in response to its request, to rely on its

"best recollection of the evidence presented at trial."

           Brown asserts on appeal that she was "excluded" from

this chambers conference and that her lawyers refused to raise her

preferred arguments for responding to the jury's request when she

later asked them to do so.        Had she been present at the chambers

conference,    she   argues,    "[s]he   would    have   insisted   that   her

attorneys accept the court's offer to use the definition of 'in

kind' services defined in the regulations."          Thus, Brown contends,

she was denied her federal constitutional right "to be present at

any stage of the criminal proceeding that is critical to its

outcome if [her] presence would contribute to the fairness of the

procedure."    United States v. Wallace, 

, 702 (1st

Cir. 2003) (quoting Kentucky v. Stincer, 

, 745 (1987)).

           Brown purports to ground this challenge in the Sixth

Amendment of the federal Constitution, but, "[i]n situations where

confrontation is not at issue, a criminal defendant's right to be

present at trial is protected by the Fifth Amendment Due Process

Clause."   United States v. Brown, 

, 32 (1st Cir. 2012).

And,   under   the   Fifth   Amendment,     a   defendant's   "privilege   of

presence is not guaranteed 'when presence would be useless, or the

benefit but a shadow.'"        Stincer, 482 U.S. at 745 (quoting Snyder

v. Massachusetts, 

, 106-07 (1934)).




                                   - 11 -
             We may bypass the question of whether, as the government

contends, our review is only for plain error due to Brown's failure

to object to her exclusion below.           For, Brown's challenge fails

even under de novo review.

             Brown argues that, if she had not been absent from the

chambers conference, she would have argued, as her own counsel did

not, in favor of responding to the jury's request by supplying a

definition of "in-kind services" rooted in the definition provided

in the circular published by the OMB.           She contends, as we have

noted, that this definition supports her assertion that, in listing

the dollar amounts as "total program outlays" on the SF-270s that

she submitted, she was merely representing the amount of funds

that Yowell and Moran were owed for the work that they had

performed for the NHIAF and not the amount of money that they had

been paid by the NHIAF for that work.

             But, we agree with the government that, insofar as the

jury's request regarding the meaning of "in-kind services" raised

an issue of law, it was for Brown's lawyers, not Brown herself, to

have made the legal argument.           See United States v. Jones, 

, 94 (1st Cir. 2012) (recognizing that "a defendant's

presence on a legal issue (whether at sidebar or in chambers) is

not going to aid the defense counsel"); United States v. Sanchez,

,   619   (1st   Cir.   1990)   ("Since   the   issue   under

consideration . . . was [a] legal one . . . we are not persuaded


                                   - 12 -
that appellant's presence would have contributed to the 'fairness

of the proceeding.'").          And, insofar as the jury's request is

better understood to have raised an issue of fact about the meaning

of "outlays" in the SF-270 that the trial evidence did not address,

Brown fails to explain how it would have been proper for the

District Court to have provided the jury with new evidence at that

stage of the proceedings, given that the jury had already begun

its deliberations.      See United States v. Ofray-Campos, 

,

18 (1st Cir. 2008) ("[T]he jury's verdict must be based solely

upon the evidence developed at trial." (citing Turner v. Louisiana,

, 472 (1965))); cf. United States v. Pagán-Romero, 

, 446 (1st Cir. 2018) ("Provision of a dictionary to a

jury   by   a   judge   after   the   close   of   the   evidence   and   the

instructions -- except perhaps in extraordinary circumstances and

after thorough discussion with counsel on the record -- should not

happen.").

                                      IV.

             Brown next argues that each of her convictions must be

vacated because the District Court erred in providing what she

calls a "nullification instruction" to the jury.              The District

Court provided the following instruction:

             You are not to be concerned with the wisdom of
             any rule of law as stated by the court. Nor
             should you be concerned with your opinion,
             favorable or unfavorable, of the New Hampshire
             Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (NHIAF),


                                   - 13 -
             its work, or the federal grant program
             involved. Regardless of any opinion that you
             may have as to what the law ought to be, or
             any opinion, favorable or unfavorable, that
             you may have regarding the NHIAF, its work, or
             the federal grant program involved, it would
             be a violation of your sworn duty to base a
             verdict upon any other view of the law than
             that given in the instructions of the court,
             just as it would be a violation of your sworn
             duty, as judges of the facts, to base a verdict
             upon anything but the evidence in this case.

             A district court that supportably perceives a risk that

jurors may refuse to apply the law "may instruct the jury on the

dimensions of their duty to the exclusion of jury nullification."

United States v. Sepulveda, 

, 1190 (1st Cir. 1993);

see also United States v. Appolon, 

, 65 (1st Cir. 2012)

("[A] district court may instruct a jury that it has a duty to

return a guilty verdict if convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of

a defendant's guilt on a particular charge.").               We review a

district court's decision to give such an instruction for abuse of

discretion.     See United States v. De La Cruz, 

, 12 (1st

Cir. 2016).

             The District Court explained that that "there was some

commentary about the importance of the [NHIAF] mission" and that

"the jury could become a little distracted by that."         The District

Court also expressed concern about "fairly impassioned testimony

from   the   defendant   about   the   NHIAF,   its   mission,   [and]   the

importance of the mission to her and the community," which included



                                  - 14 -
Brown's testimony that described "how we help people in the state

of New Hampshire that farm for a living."             Because the District

Court based its decision to give the instruction on the risk of

nullification that it supportably perceived, there was no abuse of

discretion.

                                     V.

           Brown separately takes aim at her convictions for counts

four through twelve.      In them, as we have noted, she was charged

not only with falsely claiming to have made "payments to [Moran]

and [Yowell] for the services rendered" but also with falsely

representing that Moran and Yowell "prepared or approved the

invoices submitted by BROWN with the Standard Form 270."3              Brown

contends that her convictions on these counts must be vacated,

because   each   count   contained   multiple   offenses      and   thus   was

duplicitous, thereby creating a risk of a jury verdict on each

count that lacked unanimity as to the offense that she committed.

See United States v. Verrecchia, 

, 297 (1st Cir. 1999)

(explaining that "[d]uplicity is the joining in a single count of

two or more distinct and separate offenses" (quoting United States

v. Canas, 

, 78 (1st Cir. 1979))).

           The   government   does    not   dispute    that   these   counts

contained multiple offenses.     But, it argues that Brown waived the


     3 Counts ten through twelve omitted the references to Yowell
but were otherwise the same in this respect.


                                 - 15 -
duplicity challenge to them by not raising it to the District

Court. We agree. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(B)(i); Verrecchia,

196 F.3d at 297.

          Even in the event of such a waiver, a defendant is

"entitled on request to an instruction requiring jury unanimity on

which offense (of the two or more alleged in the duplicitous count)

[s]he committed."     Verrecchia, 196 F.3d at 297.             But, Brown made

no such request at trial.           Nor is it clear that she means to

challenge on appeal the District Court's failure to have given

such an instruction.

          To    the   extent   that    Brown   does     mean    to   make   that

instructional    challenge     on   appeal   and   it   is     not   waived   in

consequence of her not having made it below, our review would be

only for plain error.    See United States v. Newell, 

, 20

(1st Cir. 2011).      But, Brown cannot show the prejudice that she

must under the plain error standard.           Brown does not argue that

there is a reasonable probability that the jurors, if given a

specific unanimity instruction, would not have agreed to convict

Brown on counts four through twelve based on statements in the SF-

270s that she submitted that represented that she had paid Moran

and Yowell.    Rather, she admits that the court's jury instructions

focused on those false forms and "did not even charge the jury

that Brown's conviction could be premised on an alleged false

statement that Moran and Yowell approved the invoices submitted by


                                    - 16 -
her."     Instead, she argues that the invoice-based allegations

opened the door for the government to introduce evidence "that the

contractors did not approve the invoices submitted by Brown." But,

a specific unanimity instruction would have done nothing to address

that concern.

                                     VI.

            Brown's final challenge to her convictions depends on

the     assertion   that    her   lawyers    rendered    ineffective     legal

assistance at trial in violation of the Sixth Amendment.                 Brown

identifies a long list of alleged deficiencies in her lawyers'

performance at trial, which includes their alleged failure to

effectively    make   her    arguments     regarding    the   OMB   circular's

definition of "in-kind contributions" and their failure to object

to the indictment on duplicity grounds.            She thus contends that

her convictions must be vacated in consequence.

            We have repeatedly observed that "an appellate court

usually is ill-equipped to handle the fact-specific inquiry" that

ineffective assistance of counsel claims often demand when they

have not been adjudicated below.            Ofray-Campos, 534 F.3d at 34.

Thus, in such circumstances, our usual "practice is to dismiss

ineffective assistance claims on direct appeal without prejudice

to their renewal in a habeas petition brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255."     United States v. García–Pagán, 

, 126 (1st

Cir. 2015).


                                   - 17 -
              Here, the District Court did hold an evidentiary hearing

on a discrete aspect of Brown's motion for a new trial based on

ineffective assistance of counsel.                But, after recognizing that

Brown's      ineffective    assistance       of   counsel    claim    "involve[d]

defense   counsel's      entire      trial   strategy,"     the    District    Court

declined to continue developing the record and denied that motion

without prejudice.

              The result is that this case is not the "exceptional"

one in which "the record is sufficiently developed" to permit

initial appellate consideration of Brown's ineffective assistance

claim.    Ofray-Campos, 534 F.3d at 34.              Moreover, Brown does not

argue that the District Court abused its discretion by declining

to decide her ineffective assistance claim before sentencing, and

she does not identify any other reason that we should "remand the

case for proceedings on the ineffective assistance claim without

requiring the defendant to bring a separate collateral attack."

United States v. Ortiz-Vega, 

, 29 (1st Cir. 2017)

(citing United States v. Colón-Torres, 

, 84-85 (1st

Cir. 2004)).        In fact, Brown's counsel conceded below that Ortiz-

Vega   did    not    require   the    District     Court    to    resolve   Brown's

ineffective      assistance    claim     before     sentencing,      waiving    any

argument to the contrary.               Accordingly, we follow our usual

practice and dismiss it without prejudice.




                                       - 18 -
                              VII.

          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Brown's convictions

and dismiss without prejudice her claim of ineffective assistance

of counsel.




                             - 19 -