This appeal presents the question of whether the defendant, an unincorporated reciprocal or inter-insurance exchange,1 organized and existing under the laws of Iowa,2 is a citizen of Iowa for the purpose of diversity jurisdiction.

One of the plaintiffs is a resident of the State of Kansas, the other of the State of Nebraska, and they were doing business as a partnership in the State of Kansas. The defendant was qualified to do business in the State of Kansas under the insurance laws of that state and the plaintiffs had purchased an insurance policy from it in Kansas. Dispute arose as to the liability under the terms of the policy, and this action was brought in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. The complaint alleged that the defendant was a citizen of Iowa and that there was diversity of citizenship of the parties. The trial court dismissed the action for the reason that the defendant was an unincorporated association and its residence was that of its members, some of whom resided in Nebraska and Kansas.

Federal Courts have jurisdiction over controversies between citizens of different states if the statutory amount is involved. United States Constitution, Sec. II, Art. III; 28 U.S.C.A. 1332. It was not until 1853 that the law became settled whereby a corporation was considered a citizen of the state of its incorporation for jurisdictional purposes. This was accomplished through a conclusive presumption that all the stockholders of a corporation were residents of the state of incorporation. The Supreme Court of the United States has never extended this presumption to unincorporated associations. Chapman v. Barney, 129 U.S. 677, 9 S. Ct. 426, 32 L. Ed. 800; Great Southern Fire Proof Hotel Co. v. Jones, 177 U.S. 449, 20 S. Ct. 690, 44 L. Ed. 842;3 Thomas v. Board of Trustees of Ohio State University, 195 U.S. 207, 25 S. Ct. 24, 49 L. Ed. 160. These cases were cited which approval in People of Puerto Rico v. Russell & Co., 288 U.S. 476, 53 S. Ct. 447, 77 L. Ed. 903. With some deviation, we find the rule to be intact and applicable to the defendant association. Cyclopedia of Fed.Procedure, Vol. 1, 2.293; Underwood v Maloney, 3 Cir., 256 F.2d 334, certiorari denied 358 U.S. 864, 79 S. Ct. 93, 3 L. Ed. 2d 97; A. H. Bull Steamship Co. v. National Marine Engineers' Beneficial Ass'n, 2 Cir., 250 F.2d 332; Hettenbaugh v. Airline Pilots Ass'n International, 5 Cir., 189 F.2d 319; Rosendale v. Phillips, 2 Cir., 87 F.2d 454; Levering & Garrigues Co. v. Morrin, 2 Cir., 61 F.2d 115, affirmed 289 U.S. 103, 53 S. Ct. 549, 77 L. Ed. 1062; Ex parte Edelstein, 2 Cir., 30 F.2d 636, certiorari denied 279 U.S. 851, 49 S. Ct. 347, 73 L. Ed. 994; Wise v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, 8 Cir., 252 F. 961. But, cf. American Federation of Musicians v. Stein, 6 Cir., 213 F.2d 679, certiorari denied 348 U.S. 873, 75 S. Ct. 108, 99 L. Ed. 687; Van Sant v. American Express Co., 3 Cir., 169 F.2d 355.

Not without logic, the plaintiffs urge that inter-insurance exchanges of the defendant's type are indistinguishable from the corporate form of organization and that therefore the defendant should be considered as having citizenship in Iowa. In support of this contention, the plaintiffs point out that defendant has thousands of subscribers throughout the country and that it exercises, through a centralized unity of action, all of the functions and authority of incorporated insurance companies. It is also said, with some justification, that there is a basis in the law for extending the rule that a corporation is a citizen of the state of its formation to organizations having corporate characteristics. Moore, Fed. practice, 2d Ed., Vol. 3, 17.25, at p. 1413;4 People of Puerto Rico v. Russell & Co., supra; United Mine Workers of America v. Coronado Coal Co., 259 U.S. 344, 42 S. Ct. 570, 66 L. Ed. 975; American Federation of Musicians v. Stein, supra. It may be that upon reexamination of the subject the Supreme Court will adopt a broader rule, but until it does we feel compelled to follow the law as it now exists.

Affirmed.