F I L E D
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Tenth Circuit
                                       PUBLISH
                                                                              FEB 16 1999
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk
                               FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT



    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

         Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                            No. 97-2283
    v.

    ERIC STUART HARFST,

         Defendant-Appellant.


            APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
                         (D.C. No. CIV-97-314-LH)


Submitted on the Briefs:*

John J. Kelly, United States Attorney, and Thomas L. English, Assistant United States
Attorney, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Patrick J. Perrone of McCarter & English, LLP, Newark, New Jersey, for Defendant-
Appellant.
                       _________________________________

Before PORFILIO, HOLLOWAY, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.



*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered
submitted without oral argument.
HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judge.
                  __________________________________

       Defendant Eric Stuart Harfst appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion

challenging his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We conclude that because defendant

may have a valid claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel arising from counsel’s failure

to properly present the claim that defendant was only a minor or minimal participant in the

offense of which he was convicted, the case must be remanded for an evidentiary hearing on

this issue.

                                               I

       Defendant entered a conditional guilty plea to possession with intent to distribute

methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), reserving the right to appeal the

denial of his motion to suppress. The district court sentenced him to 96 months’

imprisonment and ordered that he be subject to five years of supervised release to commence

on his release from confinement. On direct appeal defendant challenged the denial of the

motion to suppress, but did not challenge his sentence. This court affirmed the conviction

and the denial of defendant’s suppression motion. See United States v. Harfst, 

(table), No. 95-2164, 

(10th Cir., March 25, 1996).

       Defendant subsequently filed the instant motion challenging his sentence pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 2255. In his motion, defendant contended that he was not a “single participant

in a single occurrence crime,” as his presentence report stated, but was only a one-time


                                              -2-
courier in a drug distribution scheme and, therefore, was a minor or minimal participant in

the offense entitled to have his offense level decreased pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. He

also contended that he did not understand his right of allocution and therefore did not explain

to the district court his minimal role in the offense. In response the government argued,

among other things, that defendant had procedurally defaulted his claims because he had not

shown cause for failing to raise them on direct appeal.

       The district court referred the case to a magistrate judge who recommended that

defendant’s § 2255 motion be denied. The magistrate judge agreed with the government that

defendant had not shown adequate cause to excuse his procedural default. The magistrate

judge also concluded that defendant could not show prejudice because, as a courier,

defendant was not necessarily a minimal or minor participant entitled to a sentence

adjustment. Finally, the magistrate judge concluded that defendant had not shown he was

denied his right of allocution.

       In his objections to the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation, defendant

for the first time argued that “counsel’s failure to raise the[se] issue[s] before the district

court or on direct appeal constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.” R. Doc. 9 at 4.     1



Adopting the findings and recommended disposition of the magistrate judge, the district court

denied defendant’s § 2255 motion without addressing his argument that his procedural


1
        Defendant stated that he did not receive a copy of the government’s response brief
until after the magistrate judge had issued his recommendation and therefore he was
unable to file a reply to the government’s brief.

                                             -3-
default should be excused on the basis of counsel’s ineffectiveness. Defendant timely filed

a notice of appeal. Defendant thereafter filed an application for a certificate of appealability,

as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), along with his opening brief. We granted defendant a

certificate of appealability on “the constitutional issue of whether his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to seek a reduction in his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 on the basis

of his alleged minor or minimal participation in the offense.” May 5, 1998 Order at 1.

                                               II

       A court may issue a certificate of appealability “only if the applicant has made a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). As

explained in his supporting memorandum, defendant’s § 2255 motion presented two issues:

(1) whether defendant was entitled to a downward departure as a minor or minimal

participant in the crime, and (2) whether defendant failed to understand his right of

allocution. See R. Doc. 2 at 5, 10. Neither the motion nor the supporting memorandum

mentioned any ineffectiveness, or any assistance or lack of assistance at all, on the part of

counsel. At least facially, the two issues raised are both nonconstitutional sentencing issues

that, while proper bases for defendant to proceed in the district court, by themselves would

not support issuance of a certificate of appealability because they do not assert the denial of

a constitutional right. See, e.g., Young v. United States, 

, 799 (7th Cir. 1997)

(noting that not every misapplication of law implicates a constitutional error and stating that

“[i]f the district court denies a petition based on a statutory issue, § 2253(c)(2) precludes an


                                              -4-
appeal.”), cert. denied, 

(1998).

         Defendant did not raise the constitutional issue of ineffective assistance of counsel

until his objections to the magistrate judge’s recommendation.          In those objections,

defendant contended that “counsel’s failure to raise the [sentencing] issue[s] before the

District Court or on direct appeal constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. It is well

settled that ineffective assistance of counsel constitutes ‘cause’ and excuses a procedural

default.” R. Doc. 9 at 4 (citation omitted). Because the district court’s analysis of an

ineffective counsel claim is similar whether presented as cause or a separate claim, we will

consider defendant to have sufficiently raised this issue and we will proceed to the merits of

defendant’s claim.

                                              III

         While traveling by train from Los Angeles to Chicago, a DEA agent identified

defendant as a possible drug courier. After talking to defendant and searching his bags, the

agent found a plastic-wrapped package that he believed contained either crack cocaine or

methamphetamine, and he arrested defendant. The package contained 1.124 net kilograms

of methamphetamine. Defendant was the only individual charged and convicted, after a

guilty plea, in connection with the possession and distribution of this methamphetamine.

         In addressing a possible sentence adjustment for his role in the offense, defendant’s

presentence report stated that “defendant was a single participant in a single occurrence

crime.     Therefore, no role adjustment is warranted.” Application for Certificate of


                                              -5-
Appealability, Ex. A at 5. After recommending credit for acceptance of responsibility and

cooperation with authorities, the presentence report determined defendant’s offense level to

be twenty-nine and his criminal history category to be II.

       The district judge accepted the presentence report recommendations but he concluded

a criminal history category of II significantly over represented defendant’s criminal past

because it was based on two misdemeanor convictions, one of which was ten years old. The

court determined that a history category of I was more appropriate which, when combined

with an offense level of twenty-nine, resulted in a guideline range of 87 to 108 months’

imprisonment. The court also found that defendant met the criteria of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f),

allowing for a sentence below the statutory minimum of 120 months. Accordingly, the

district court sentenced defendant to 94 months’ imprisonment.

                                              IV

                                               A

       Defendant contends that he was a one-time drug courier with no understanding of the

nature or scope of the criminal enterprise, that he did not have any ownership interest in the

methamphetamine, and that he was less culpable than those who owned the

methamphetamine and controlled its distribution.           He claims that his counsel was

constitutionally ineffective for failing to present this information to the district court,

specifically by (1) failing to object to the statement in the presentence report that he was a

single participant in a single occurrence crime; (2) failing to move for a reduction in his base


                                              -6-
offense level under § 3B1.2 on the basis he was a minor or minimal participant; and (3)

failing to advise him that he could be eligible for a sentence reduction, in which case he

would have fully informed the district court through his right of allocution of his limited

participation in the crime.

       These closely related claims all revolve around the possible adjustment in offense

level under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 based on a defendant’s role in a crime. If a defendant was a

“minimal participant” in the criminal activity, the offense level is reduced by four; if the

defendant was a “minor participant,” the level is reduced by two. § 3B1.2(a), (b).

Application Note 1 explains that a minimal participant is “plainly among the least culpable

of those involved in the conduct of a group. Under this provision, a defendant’s lack of

knowledge or understanding of the scope and structure of the enterprise and of the activities

of others is indicative of a role as minimal participant.” On the other hand, “a minor

participant means any participant who is less culpable than most other participants, but whose

role could not be described as minimal.” Application Note 3.

       Whether a defendant is a minimal or minor participant is a factual question for the

district court. See United States v. Sukiz-Grado, 

, 1009 (10th Cir. 1994). The

defendant has the burden of proving entitlement to a § 3B1.2 adjustment by a preponderance

of the evidence. See United States v. Gault, 

, 1405 (10th Cir.), cert. denied,

(1998). In this case, if the district court had awarded defendant a four-point

adjustment for being a minimal participant, his sentencing range would have been reduced


                                             -7-
to 57 to 71 months. If the district court had awarded defendant a two-point adjustment for

being a minor participant, his sentencing range would have been reduced to 70 to 87 months.

       To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show both that his

counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient, and that this deficient performance

prejudiced him. See Strickland v. Washington, 

, 687 (1984). Under the first

prong of this test, a defendant must establish “that counsel made errors so serious that [he]

was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.”

standard, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly

deferential,” and the court must avoid the “distorting effects of hindsight.” 

Under

the second prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must establish that “there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.” 

                                              B

       In denying defendant’s § 2255 motion, the district court did not address defendant’s

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, but did “note[] that Harfst’s counsel

unsuccessfully made the argument [for a § 3B1.2 reduction] during sentencing.” R. Doc. 6

at 3. We agree with the government that an actual presentation by counsel of defendant’s

argument for an adjustment, although unsuccessful, would likely negate any claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel. However we do not agree that counsel actually made such

an argument. Counsel did not object to the presentence report or specifically request an


                                             -8-
adjustment based on § 3B1.2. When the district judge asked counsel at sentencing whether

defendant had any objections to the presentence report, counsel replied: “No, sir. The only

thing that I would ask the Court to consider is whether or not he’s a minor or minimal

participant based on the information the Court has available to it . . . .” R. Doc. 2, Ex. C at

3. The district court never commented on counsel’s belated request and proceeded to

sentence defendant without any apparent consideration of his role in the crime.

       “Describing [Defendant’s] role as minimal or minor is insufficient to raise the section

3B1.2 issue; counsel cannot properly invoke a particular Guideline provision ‘“merely by

reciting to the court a list of mitigating facts.”’” United States v. Soto, 

, 58 (D.C.

Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v. Foster, 

, 210 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (quoting

United States v. Sergio, 

, 881 (7th Cir. 1991))). “This is particularly true where,

as here, the guideline requires the district court to make empirical judgments and where

factual subtleties can make a real difference.” 

. Moreover, here the

district judge apparently did not view counsel’s statement as a request for a § 3B1.2

adjustment since he did not comment on this request or make the required factual finding

regarding whether defendant was entitled to the adjustment, and instead sentenced defendant

without any apparent consideration of his role in the offense.            Thus we reject the

government’s argument that defendant’s ineffective counsel claim fails because counsel

raised the issue at sentencing.

       The district court also concluded that defendant could not show prejudice sufficient


                                              -9-
to excuse the failure to present his sentencing claims on direct appeal.2 The magistrate

judge’s report, which the district court adopted, stated:

       There is no per se rule in this circuit that couriers are minor or minimal
       participants. United States v. Ballard, 

(10th Cir. 1994). In the
       instant action, there was no evidence before the Court as to the relative roles
       of any other participant in this drug scheme. Rather, the only evidence is
       Harfst’s self-serving allegation that he was a small cog in an elaborate
       multiparty scheme to distribute drugs. Moreover, Harfst was charged and
       sentenced for the amount of drugs he personally carried. “When a courier is
       held accountable for only the amount [of drugs] he carried, he plays a
       significant rather than a minor role in that offense.” United States v. Burnett,
       

, 140 (7th Cir. 1995). Thus, the Court did not err by accepting the
       Presentence Report’s finding.

R. Vol. I, Doc. 6 at 3.

       While we agree with the district court that defendant has not shown that he must

necessarily be found to be a minimal or minor participant, we disagree with the district

judge’s analysis to the extent that it implies that defendant could not prove that he was a

minimal or minor participant. We have held that a courier is not necessarily a minor or

minimal participant, not that a courier is ineligible for a § 3B1.2 adjustment. See, e.g.,

; United States v. Caruth, 

, 816 (10th Cir. 1991) (“If the

district court had determined that [the defendant courier] was entitled to minimal participant

status, we would not have been able to reverse that finding as clearly erroneous.”). We also



2
        Again, the district court was not addressing the ineffective counsel claim, but
rather the prejudice defendant needed to show to excuse his procedural default.
However, the required prejudice showings are the same. See Medina v. Barnes, 

, 371 (10th Cir. 1995).

                                            -10-
disagree with the district court that there was no evidence of the relative roles of any other

participants in the criminal activity, which is required for consideration of a § 3B1.2

adjustment, see, e.g., 

, other than defendant’s self-serving allegations.

In addition to his affidavit explaining his role, defendant submitted a statement regarding his

role, as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(5) and U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, for him to qualify for

sentencing below the mandatory minimum. This statement reads as follows:

               Jeff King of Tujunga, California approached me in a bar in Tujunga and
       asked me if I would take a package by train from Los Angeles to Chicago. He
       told me that I would be paid $3600.00 plus the cost of the train ticket. I
       agreed. Jeff had someone drop the package off to me at the Eagle Rock
       Comfort Inn. I was living at the Eagle Rock Comfort Inn at the time. I did not
       know the name of the person who dropped it off. I had never seen that person
       before. Jeff told me I was to take the package to Chicago and someone would
       meet me at the train station. Whoever was to meet me at the train station had
       a description of me, knew my name, and knew what time I was to arrive. I was
       told to turn over the package to that person.

Appellant’s Br. Ex. E. Partially on the basis of this statement, the district court imposed a

sentence below the statutory minimum pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f). The court therefore

must have found that “the defendant has truthfully provided to the government all

information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense.” § 3553(f)(5). Thus,

there was evidence “of other participants and their role in the criminal activity.” See 

.

       Additionally the district court’s reliance on the Seventh Circuit’s decision in Burnett

is misplaced because Burnett conflicts with the law of this circuit. We have held that “a

sentencing court may consider the underlying scheme, as opposed to merely the offense of

                                             -11-
conviction, in determining role in the offense adjustments” under Chapter 3, Part B of the

sentencing guidelines. United States v. Saucedo, 

, 1513 (10th Cir. 1991)

(citing United States v. Caballero, 

, 1298-99 (D.C. Cir. 1991)), overruled in

part on other grounds, Stinson v. United States, 

(1993). Caballero held, in

contrast to the holding in Burnett, that a courier charged with possession with intent to

distribute could be eligible for a § 3B1.2 adjustment by looking at “‘the contours of the

underlying scheme itself rather than the mere elements of the offense 

(quoting United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 111 (5th Cir. 1991) (further

quotation omitted)). The Ninth Circuit has held:

       [B]y mandating a fact-based inquiry into the relative seriousness of the
       defendant’s offense of conviction compared to his actual criminal conduct, the
       [introductory] commentary [to Chapter 3, Part B] expressly allows for a
       downward adjustment for a courier convicted of possession with intent to
       distribute, provided his role and culpability in the trafficking scheme are
       sufficiently minor compared to that of the other participants.

United States v. Demers, 

, 1385 (9th Cir. 1994); see also United States v.

Isaza-Zapata, 

, 239 (3d Cir. 1998); United States v. Snoddy, 

,

1231-32 (8th Cir. 1998).

       Defendant has sufficiently alleged, and the record albeit incomplete supports at this

stage his contention, that he could have been eligible for a § 3B1.2 adjustment and that his

counsel did not properly present this issue to the district court at sentencing. Viewing this

in terms of the two-prong test for ineffective assistance of counsel, we conclude that defense

counsel’s performance may have been deficient because counsel failed to request the

                                            -12-
adjustment at sentencing. Thus, further proceedings in the district court are necessary. See

(finding deficient performance where counsel failed to raise “potentially

helpful” § 3B1.2 argument); United States v. Headley, 

, 1084 (3d Cir. 1991)

(same); United States v. Stevens, 

, 145 (6th Cir. 1988) (failure to challenge

inaccuracies in presentence report could constitute deficient performance); United States v.

Rone, 

, 1173 n.2 (7th Cir. 1984) (same).

       While there would appear to be little justifiable reason for failing to seek the

adjustment, we cannot say as a matter of law on this record that counsel’s performance was

constitutionally deficient for this reason. This is primarily a factual matter proper for the

district court’s determination.

                                              C

       With respect to the second prong of the Strickland test, two circuits have held in

similar circumstances -- that is, the sentencing of drug couriers who are part of allegedly

large operations -- that the failure to request § 3B1.2 adjustments was prejudicial. See 

; 

; cf. United States v. Castro, 

, 560

(5th Cir. 1994) (“A deprivation of an opportunity to have a sentencing court exercise its

discretion in a defendant’s favor can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.”); United

States v. Golden, 

, 32 (3d Cir. 1988) (same). In neither Soto nor Headley could

the court of appeals say that the defendant was necessarily entitled to the adjustment; this

factual determination was left to the district court on remand. See 

;


                                            -13-


. Additionally, although both courts found counsel’s assistance to

be ineffective, they remanded the matters to the district courts without vacating the

defendants’ sentences, leaving that matter to the district courts’ determination of the

defendant’s entitlement to the adjustment. See 

; 

-85.

       We agree in general with the analyses in Soto and Headley, and conclude that

defendant may be able to prove prejudice. We say “may” because under the law of this

circuit, the prejudice analysis in such situations focuses not solely on the failure to make the

argument for a reduction to the district court, but on the ultimate success of the argument.

See United States v. Glover, 

, 1350 (10th Cir. 1996); United States v. Kissick,

, 1056-57 (10th Cir. 1995); see also Banks v. Reynolds, 

, 1516

(10th Cir. 1995) (noting “apparent circularity” of requirement that court assess merits of

claim to determine whether counsel’s performance prejudiced defendant). In other words,

whether defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to request a § 3B1.2 adjustment

depends on whether the district court would have granted the request, a matter only the

district court can decide. And, as previously noted, the controlling question of the

defendant’s level of criminal participation is a factual matter, see 

, which, in the absence of a legally conclusive record, must be made in the first instance

by the district court.

       Thus defendant may have a valid claim for ineffective assistance of counsel at


                                             -14-
sentencing and is entitled to an evidentiary hearing. See § 2255 (district court must hold

hearing “[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the

prisoner is entitled to no relief”). We therefore remand the case to the district court for an

evidentiary hearing on defendant’s claim. As part of its prejudice analysis, the district court

should consider whether it would have granted a request for a § 3B1.2 adjustment. If so, and

assuming the court finds counsel’s performance deficient,3 then defendant would have shown

he received constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, and the district court will have

to vacate his sentence and resentence him.

                                               V

       Accordingly, we remand the cause with directions that the district judge conduct an

evidentiary hearing on defendant’s claim of ineffectiveness of counsel and for further

proceedings as specified in this opinion.




3
       Of course, if the district court finds that counsel’s performance was not deficient,
it may not need to address the prejudice issue.

                                             -15-