F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           FEB 24 1999

                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                       PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                 Clerk



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 97-4161
 v.                                                 (D.C. No. 97-CR-86)
                                                           (Utah)
 GLORIA E. NUNO,

          Defendant-Appellant.




                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, PORFILIO and TACHA, Circuit Judges.


      Gloria Nuno entered a conditional guilty plea to one count of possession

with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1) and was

sentenced to 135 months in prison. She appeals, arguing that the district court

erred in denying her motion to suppress evidence obtained from a vehicle search,

and that the court abused its discretion in dismissing the original indictment

without prejudice under the Speedy Trial Act. We affirm.

      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Ms. Nuno was driving a mini-van through Utah when she was stopped for

traffic violations by Sheriff’s Deputy Phil Barney. The encounter between Ms

Nuno and Deputy Barney was captured on videotape and a sound recording

system activated by the overhead lights on the patrol car. Deputy Barney

approached the van and asked Ms. Nuno for her driver’s license and registration.

She handed him her license and the title to the vehicle. After Deputy Barney

returned to his patrol car and checked with police dispatch, he went back to the

van and allegedly handed Ms. Nuno her license and title, as well as a warning

citation for excessively tinted windows. Deputy Barney then questioned Ms.

Nuno about her purchase of the van, and asked her if she were carrying narcotics,

to which she answered no. Deputy Barney asked for permission to look inside the

van and Ms. Nuno allegedly agreed. Thereafter Deputy Barney entered the van

and observed shoe prints on the van floor, as well as unusual seat molding,

unusual carpet seaming and an unusual raised floor. Believing that these

observations gave him probable cause to search further, Deputy Barney opened

the trunk, pulled up carpeting, and ultimately discovered packages of cocaine. He

arrested Ms. Nuno and brought her personal belongings from the van to the patrol

car for safekeeping. A subsequent thorough search of the van revealed fifty-

seven kilos of cocaine.




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      Ms. Nuno was indicted and filed a motion to suppress the cocaine revealed

by the vehicle search. The district court denied the motion after several

evidentiary hearings. Ms. Nuno then filed a motion to dismiss under the Speedy

Trial Act, which the judge granted without prejudice. The government thereafter

brought a new indictment and Ms. Nuno renewed her motion to suppress. After

the district court denied this motion, as well as a motion to dismiss the

indictment, Ms. Nuno entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving the right to

challenge the denial of her motion to suppress and the denial without prejudice of

her Speedy Trial Act motion.

      We turn first to the denial of Ms. Nuno’s motion to suppress.

         In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the
      district court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. In
      the context of a hearing on a motion to suppress, we are mindful that
      “the credibility of the witnesses and the weight given to the evidence,
      as well as inferences and conclusions drawn therefrom, are matters
      for the trial judge.” Of course, the ultimate question of the
      reasonableness of a search or seizure is a question of law that we
      review de novo.

United States v. Angulo-Fernandez, 

, 1178-79 (10th Cir. 1995)

(citations omitted).

      In denying the motion here, the district court ruled that the initial traffic

stop was supported by reasonable suspicion, and Ms. Nuno does not argue to the

contrary on appeal. The court further found that Deputy Barney returned Ms.

Nuno’s license and vehicle title to her before questioning her on matters unrelated

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to the initial stop. Ms. Nuno argues on appeal that this finding is clearly

erroneous and then asserts that the search was unlawful under arguments and

authorities directed to the scenario in which the officer retains the driver’s

documents while asking further questions or requesting consent to search.

      The testimonial evidence was in direct conflict as to whether Deputy

Barney gave Ms. Nuno’s documents to her when he returned to the van after

checking with dispatch. Ms. Nuno testified that he did not, Deputy Barney

testified that he did, and both sides argued to the court that the videotape

supported their version of events. The issue thus required the district court to

make a credibility determination that we are not at liberty on this record to

reverse. Accordingly, we accept the district court’s determination that Deputy

Barney returned the documents in analyzing the lawfulness of the search. We

thus reject Ms. Nuno’s reliance on cases in which the documents were not

returned and the encounter therefore did not become consensual. See, e.g., United

States v. Walker, 

, 817 (10th Cir. 1991).

      The district court determined from the totality of the circumstances that

after the documents were returned, the encounter became consensual. This

question requires assessment of factors pertinent to whether the officer’s conduct

rises to a sufficient show of authority to constitute a seizure, and “calls for the

‘refined judgment’ of the district court.” United States v. Werking, 915 F.2d


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1404, 1409 (10th Cir. 1990). (citation omitted). We cannot say on this record that

the district court’s determination was clearly erroneous. Here, as in Werking, the

only show of authority was the fact that Deputy Barney was a uniformed officer, a

circumstance that standing alone is insufficient to establish the requisite

constraint. 

      Finally, we find no ground for disturbing the court’s determination that Ms.

Nuno consented to the search. The testimony of Ms. Nuno and Deputy Barney

was in direct conflict on this matter as well, and the parties agree that the sound

recording system did not pick up Ms. Nuno’s response when Deputy Barney

sought her consent. This matter of credibility was for the district court to resolve,

and his determination is supported by Ms. Nuno’s undisputed subsequent

cooperation in the search. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of

Ms. Nuno’s motion to suppress.

      Next we address Ms. Nuno’s argument that the court abused its discretion

in dismissing her original indictment without prejudice. In assessing whether

dismissal under the Speedy Trial Act should be with or without prejudice, the

court is to consider the seriousness of the offense, the facts and circumstances

that led to dismissal and the impact that reprosecution would have on the

administration both of the Act and of justice. See United States v. Mora, 

, 1358 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2). Contrary to


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Ms. Nuno’s assertion, felony drug charges are serious offenses. United States v.

Pasquale, 

, 953 (10th Cir. 1994). Moreover, the court here

determined that Ms. Nuno was intentionally culpable in the delay, and that

reprosecution was possible because witnesses and evidence were still available.

Although Ms. Nuno asserts on appeal that the delay has prejudice her defense, she

does not explain the nature of that prejudice, nor does she take issue with the

court’s determination that she was responsible for the delay. We find no abuse of

discretion in the court’s dismissal without prejudice.

      AFFIRMED.

                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                Stephanie K. Seymour
                                Chief Judge




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