F I L E D
                                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Tenth Circuit
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                          SEP 3 1999
                                FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                              Clerk


 UNITED STATES,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                           Case No. 98-1258
 v.
                                                           (D.C. No. 92-CR-113)
 RAUL CASTELLON,                                           (District of Colorado)

                Defendant-Appellant.


                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before BRORBY, HOLLOWAY, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.



       Raul Castellon appeals his conviction following a jury trial on one count of

conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§

841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846. He argues the court erred in failing to grant his motion to

suppress evidence. We affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       On February 11, 1992, acting at the request of the FBI, the Denver police stopped



       *
               This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of
orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
a car in which Mr. Castellon was riding with Rafael Iribe-Perez. Based on conversations

that it had intercepted between Mr. Iribe-Perez and his brother, Martin, the FBI suspected

that Martin was collecting money for the head of a drug ring and that the car contained

cocaine that he had recently purchased

       Denver police officer Gary Salazar testified that he ordered a fellow officer, Ron

Neiber, to make the stop. According to Officer Salazar, he also told Officer Neiber to

identify the men inside the car and determine whether they were illegal aliens. Officer

Salazar added that when the car passed the spot at which he was conducting surveillance,

it was traveling at a high rate of speed, “reason enough to [make the] stop.” Rec. supp.

vol. I at 111.

       Because they did not want to immediately compromise the ongoing drug

investigation, the law enforcement agents decided in advance to use a “ruse” of one sort

or another on the car’s occupants. Accordingly, after Rafael Iribe-Perez produced no

form of identification other than a Mexican birth certificate and Mr. Castellon produced a

green card, the Denver police officers called agents of the Immigration and Naturalization

Service (INS) to the scene. The INS agents questioned the two men and informed them

that they would be taken to an INS detention center twelve miles from the location of the

stop. The agents explained that they needed to take him into custody in order to verify his

green card because it looked too new and was of a new series. They also told him that he

might be suspected of alien smuggling because he was traveling with an illegal alien.


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When Mr. Castellon arrived at the INS detention center, the agents fingerprinted and

photographed him. One and one-half hours later, after verifying his identification, the

agents released Mr. Castellon.

       Meanwhile, the police towed the car to the FBI garage. After obtaining a warrant,

law enforcement agents conducted a search and discovered eight kilograms of cocaine in

a hidden compartment in the chassis of the car. The agents then decided that, in order to

continue their investigation, they would continue the ruse. Thus, before releasing Mr.

Castellon, they informed him that the car had been detained not because they suspected

that it contained drugs but because it had been driven by an illegal immigrant. As a

result, they said, the car could be claimed by the proper owner.

       Pursuant to a court authorized wiretap, FBI agents intercepted several telephone

calls between Mr. Castellon and Mr. Almeida after Mr. Castellon’s release. Records of

the calls were introduced at trial to connect Mr. Castellon with the alleged conspiracy.

       Mr. Castellon was charged with violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1) and

(b)(1)(A) conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine on February 28, 1992. At

trial, he moved to suppress the evidence against him, including evidence found in the

searched car and his subsequent phone statements. The district court held a hearing and

denied the motion. Mr. Castellon was subsequently found guilty, and sentenced to 50

months imprisonment and five years of supervised release.




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                                     II. DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Mr. Castellon argues the district court erred in denying his motion to

suppress evidence obtained from the search of the car in which he was riding and his

subsequent phone statements. The government responds that Mr. Castellon lacks

standing to challenge the search because he was merely a passenger without a property

interest in the vehicle. Alternatively, the government argues that the law enforcement

officers complied with the Fourth Amendment.

       When reviewing a district court's denial of a motion to suppress, we consider the

totality of the circumstances and view the evidence in a light most favorable to the

government. See United States v. Gordon, 

, 1225 (10th Cir. 1999). We

accept the district court's factual findings unless those findings are clearly erroneous. 

bears the burden of proving that the challenged search was illegal under

the Fourth Amendment, but the ultimate determination of reasonableness under the

Fourth Amendment is a question of law we review de novo. 

with the government's contention that Mr. Castellon lacks standing to

challenge the search. Fourth Amendment protection is “a personal right that must be

invoked by an individual.” Minnesota v. Carter, 

, 473 (1998). We have

previously labeled the question of whether an individual is protected by the Fourth

Amendment as a “standing” inquiry. See 

n.2. However, as the

Supreme Court has noted, “[i]n order to determine whether a defendant is able to show


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the violation of his (and not someone else's) Fourth Amendment rights, the 'definition of

those rights is more properly placed within the purview of substantive Fourth Amendment

law than within that of standing.'” 

(quoting Rakas v. Illinois, 

, 140 (1998)).

       We agree with the government that Mr. Castellon does not have sufficient Fourth

Amendment interests to challenge the search directly. He must show that he had an

“expectation of privacy in the place searched, and that his expectation is reasonable.”

. Here, he has not met his “burden of adducing facts at the

suppression hearing indicating that his own rights were violated by the challenged

search.” 

(quoting United States v. Skowronski, 

,

1418 (10th Cir. 1987)). He claimed neither legitimate ownership nor possession of the

car. See 

A passenger does not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in the

chassis of a car. See 

(“Like the trunk of an automobile, [the

glove compartment and area under the seat] are areas in which a passenger qua passenger

simply would not normally have a legitimate expectation of privacy.”). Thus, Mr.

Castellon may not challenge the search itself.

       Nevertheless, even as a passenger, Mr. Castellon has a sufficient Fourth

Amendment interest (what we previously called standing) to challenge the initial traffic

stop and his subsequent detention. “It is beyond dispute that a vehicle's driver may

challenge his traffic stop, and we see no reason why a person's Fourth Amendment


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interests in challenging his own seizure should be diminished merely because he was a

passenger, and not the driver, when the stop occurred.” United States v. Erwin, 

, 270 (10th Cir. 1989); see also United States v. Eylicio-Montoya, 

, 1164

(10th Cir. 1995) (concluding “that a passenger has standing to challenge a constitutionally

improper traffic stop, detention, or arrest on Fourth Amendment grounds even though,

when the seizure occurs, she has no possessory or ownership interest in either the vehicle

in which she is riding or in its contents”).

       Accordingly, we must consider whether the evidence obtained was the fruit of an

unlawful stop or detention. “Even if defendant lacks standing to challenge the search of

the car, if the initial stop was illegal, the seized contraband is subject to exclusion under

the 'fruit of the poisonous tree' doctrine.” 

n.2; see also Eylicio-

(considering whether evidence was the fruit of a passenger's

unlawful arrest). The fruit of the poisonous tree inquiry is not a matter of “but for”

causation:

       We need not hold that all evidence is "fruit of the poisonous tree" simply because
       it would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police. Rather, the
       more apt question in such a case is whether, granting establishment of the primary
       illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by
       exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be
       purged of the primary taint.

Wong Sun v. United States, 

, 487-88 (1963) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). However, “if not even the 'but for' test can be met, then clearly the

evidence is not a fruit of the prior Fourth Amendment violation." United States v.

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Shareef, 

, 1508 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting 5 Wayne LaFave, Search and

Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment § 11.4(a), at 236-37).

       Here, we conclude that there is no error in the district court's refusal to suppress

evidence under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. In particular, the record supports

the district court's conclusion that the initial stop of the vehicle was lawful. Officer

Salazar testified that the vehicle was speeding. Moreover, the evidence submitted by the

government regarding its investigation of the drug conspiracy established that the law

enforcement agents had a reasonable suspicion that the car contained cocaine. Thus, the

initial stop of the car comported with the Fourth Amendment.

       Further, while we have some question as to whether Mr. Castellon was properly

detained after he produced a valid green card, he has not shown that the evidence he seeks

to suppress – the contents of the car and his subsequent statements – was the “but for”

result of his detention, regardless of whether the detention itself was legal. Both the car

evidence and Mr. Castellon's subsequent statements regarding his involvement with the

car resulted from the detention of the car, not of Mr. Castellon. The police would have

obtained the very same evidence whether Mr. Castellon had been detained or whether he

had been allowed to immediately walk away.

       Although Mr. Castellon argues that the police should have released the car to him,

this argument is without merit. The officers were under no obligation to release the car to

Mr. Castellon, particularly when it appears from the record that Mr. Castellon did not


                                              7
produce any proof of legal entitlement to the car. See United States v. Long, 

, 1262 (10th Cir. 1983) (law enforcement officers may impound an automobile until

the ownership of the vehicle can be ascertained). Finally, we note that the police

subsequently obtained a search warrant to search the car based on probable cause to

believe it contained contraband, and Mr. Castellon does not challenge the issuance of that

warrant on appeal. For the above reasons, the evidence is not fruit of the poisonous tree

under Wong Sun.



                                  III. CONCLUSION

       Although we have some concerns about the propriety of Mr. Castellon's detention,

Mr. Castellon has failed to establish that law enforcement agents obtained the evidence in

question as a result of that detention. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court's denial

of Mr. Castellon's motion to suppress.



                                                 Entered for the Court,



                                                 Robert H. Henry
                                                 Circuit Judge




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