F I L E D
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               NOV 30 1999
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                    Clerk

 ALBUQUERQUE CHEMICAL
 COMPANY, INC.,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,


 v.                                                          No. 98-2336
 ARNESON PRODUCTS, INC.;                              (D.C. No. CIV-98-423-SC)
 RONALD DALE BROWN; LISA                                      (D.N.M.)
 CALLAWAY BROWN,

          Defendants-Appellees.


                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before KELLY, HOLLOWAY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.


      Albuquerque Chemical Company, Inc. (Albuquerque Chemical), appeals from a

district court order affirming the bankruptcy court’s decision to allow debtors Ronald D.

Brown and Lisa C. Brown (the Browns) to reopen their Chapter 7 bankruptcy case and

avoid a lien held by Albuquerque Chemical against their residence. We exercise


      *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.


                                            1
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm in part and reverse in part.

                                             I.

       On February 3, 1986, the Browns, who were engaged in the business of building

swimming pools, filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. According to schedules filed

with their bankruptcy petition, the Browns had first and second mortgages, in the amounts

of $20,000 and $50,000 respectively, on their home. The Browns listed the fair market

value of their home at $85,000, and their equity at $15,000. Mr. Brown claimed a

homestead exemption in the amount of $20,000; Mrs. Brown, in lieu of her homestead

exemption, selected an exemption for office furniture in the amount of $2,000. Among

their listed debts, the Browns noted they owed approximately $10,000 to Albuquerque

Chemical for business debt. The case trustee filed a no-distribution report on October 27,

1986. The bankruptcy court subsequently granted the Browns a discharge from debt on

November 28, 1986, and closed the case.

       In June 1997, the Browns attempted to refinance their house. At the time of the

loan closing, however, they discovered there were outstanding judgment liens on the

house, including a 1985 lien in the amount of $14,660.50 from Albuquerque Chemical.

The Browns obtained counsel and, on August 21, 1997, filed a motion to reopen their

Chapter 7 bankruptcy case in order to avoid the outstanding liens. Albuquerque Chemical

filed an objection to the motion to reopen. The bankruptcy court overruled Albuquerque

Chemical’s objection and granted the Browns’ motion to reopen the case.


                                             2
       The Browns subsequently moved to avoid the lien held by Albuquerque Chemical

against their residence. Albuquerque Chemical again objected and filed a motion to

dismiss. The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on Albuquerque Chemical’s motion

to dismiss, during which both sides presented expert testimony from appraisers regarding

the value of the residence in 1986 and 1998. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court

denied the motion to dismiss and found that the value of the Browns’ residence, as of the

date their bankruptcy petition was originally filed in 1986, was $91,000.

       Based upon the bankruptcy court’s finding regarding the 1986 value of their

residence (which was approximately $6,000 higher than the Browns’ original estimate),

the Browns filed an amended Schedule B-4. In the amended schedule, both Mr. and Mrs.

Brown claimed homestead exemptions, totaling $40,000. The office furniture previously

exempted by Mrs. Brown in lieu of her homestead exemption was moved to another

category of exemption (e.g., a “wildcard exemption, tools of the trade exemption or

miscellaneous personal property exemption[]”) under New Mexico law. App. at 94.

Although Albuquerque Chemical filed an objection to the amended Schedule B-4, the

objection was overruled by the bankruptcy court.

       Ultimately, the bankruptcy court issued an order avoiding Albuquerque Chemical’s

lien. Albuquerque Chemical appealed to the district court. The magistrate judge found

no merit to Albuquerque Chemical’s arguments and recommended that its appeal be

denied. The district court, after allowing Albuquerque Chemical to file objections,


                                             3
adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation in full, affirmed the rulings of the

bankruptcy court, and dismissed the action.

                                              II.

       Reopening of the bankruptcy case

       Albuquerque Chemical contends the bankruptcy court erred in reopening the

Browns’ case. According to Albuquerque Chemical, the sole purpose for reopening, to

avoid liens on the Browns’ home, could have been accomplished before the Browns’

bankruptcy case was originally closed. Further, Albuquerque Chemical argues it was

prejudiced by the reopening of the case eleven years after it was originally closed. In

particular, Albuquerque Chemical contends the long delay deprived it of the opportunity

to conduct a proper appraisal to determine the value of the house as of the date the

Chapter 7 case was filed. Albuquerque Chemical argues this “decreased ability to

vindicate itself” is “sufficient to establish laches on the part of the” Browns.

Albuquerque Chemical’s Opening Brief at 21.

       Under the Bankruptcy Code, “[a] case may be reopened in the court in which such

case was closed to administer assets, to accord relief to the debtor, or for other cause.” 11

U.S.C. § 350(b). A bankruptcy court’s decision to reopen a bankruptcy case is reviewed

by this court only for abuse of discretion. In re Woods, 

, 778 (10th Cir.),

cert. denied, 

(1999). Because there are no statutory time limits on

reopening a case (or on avoiding a lien), “courts have dealt with such motions in different


                                              4
ways.” In re Bianucci, 

, 528 (7th Cir. 1993). “The leading approach is

permissive but incorporates an equitable defense akin to laches, so that a debtor may

reopen the bankruptcy case at any time to avoid a lien absent a finding of prejudice to the

creditor.” 

conclude the bankruptcy court properly exercised its discretion in

reopening the Browns’ case. The Browns’ purpose for reopening, to avoid outstanding

liens, clearly fell within the parameters of § 350(b). It is well established that § 350(b)’s

provision for “accord[ing] relief to the debtor” encompasses lien avoidance. See, e.g., In

re Weinstein, 

, 686 n.7 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1999).

Although the eleven-year delay was indeed lengthy, Albuquerque Chemical has failed to

substantiate its claims of prejudice arising out of that delay. During the hearing on

Albuquerque Chemical’s motion to dismiss, both parties’ appraisers admitted that,

because of the delay, they were not able to perform all of the tasks typically associated

with an appraisal (e.g., viewing the house in its 1986 condition, viewing comparable

properties in their 1986 condition). Despite these apparent hindrances, however, both

appraisers arrived at remarkably consistent historical valuations for the Browns’ property

(the Browns’ expert appraised the property at $90,000, while Albuquerque Chemical’s

expert appraised it at $92,000), and the bankruptcy court took the average of these two

figures in determining the value of the property for purposes of the case. Thus, there




                                              5
appears to be little, if any, prejudice to Albuquerque Chemical in this regard.1 Aside from

the alleged prejudice regarding the appraisals, there was no evidence that Albuquerque

Chemical attempted to foreclose on the property, or otherwise incurred expenses in

enforcing its lien. See Hawkins v. Landmark Finance Co., 

, 327 (4th Cir.

1984) (affirming decision not to reopen case where creditor instituted state foreclosure

proceedings and “incurred court costs and counsel fees in reliance on the fact that the

debtors did not challenge the validity or viability of its lien”).



       Amendment of Schedule B-4

       Albuquerque Chemical contends the bankruptcy court erred in allowing the

Browns, after the hearing on the motion to dismiss, to amend their Schedule B-4 and

increase their collective homestead exemption from $20,000 to $40,000. The decision to

allow amendment of schedules after a case is reopened is committed to the sound

discretion of the bankruptcy court and will not be set aside absent abuse of that discretion.

In re Faden, 

, 796 (5th Cir. 1996); In re Rosinski, 

, 540-41 (6th

Cir. 1985). Generally, a debtor will be precluded from amending schedules only where

he has acted in bad faith, or where the amendment will result in prejudice to a creditor.


       1
          We note Albuquerque Chemical presented no testimony indicating that the
historical appraisal of the Browns’ residence cost more than a typical appraisal. See In re
Caicedo, 

, 107 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1993) (denying motion to reopen based
upon prejudice to creditor resulting from increased expenses associated with performance
of historical appraisal and determination of balances of prior liens).

                                               6
See In re Calder, 

, 867 (10th Cir. 1992); 

.

       After reviewing the record on appeal, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of

the bankruptcy court in allowing the Browns to amend their Schedule B-4. Although

Albuquerque Chemical claims it was prejudiced by the Browns’ amendment, its sole

argument in this regard is that it incurred “the expense of litigating the [motion to avoid

the lien] in reliance upon the [Browns’] original Schedule B-4.” Albuquerque Chemical’s

Opening Brief at 29. This simply does not amount to prejudice sufficient to warrant

setting aside the Browns’ amended schedule. At the time the case was originally filed in

1986, the Browns reasonably believed they needed to exercise only $20,000 worth of

homestead exemptions in order to protect their equity in their home. Thus, Mrs. Brown

waived her homestead exemption. After the case was reopened and the parties obtained

their historical appraisal figures, however, it became apparent to the Browns that they

needed to amend their schedule in order to protect their equity in the residence. More

specifically, given the historical appraisal figures and the district court’s finding regarding

the historical value of the home (which was higher than the Browns’ own estimate of the

value of the residence set forth in their bankruptcy petition), it was necessary for Mrs.

Brown to utilize her homestead exemption. Clearly, neither party could have reasonably

foreseen this outcome, and Albuquerque Chemical fails to identify precisely what it

would have done differently had it known an amendment would be necessary. Indeed,

other than Albuquerque Chemical’s vague arguments regarding its decision to litigate,


                                              7
there is no other evidence of prejudice resulting from the amendment. See 

(holding that loss of security interest does not constitute prejudice, at least

where the existence of the security interest is “an accidental benefit . . . obtained as a

result of a mistake on the part of their debtors or their counsel”).



       Applicability of 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)

       Albuquerque Chemical contends that 11 U.S.C. § 522(f), the Bankruptcy Code

provision allowing for lien avoidance, is superfluous in this case because, under New

Mexico law, its judicial lien cannot attach to, and thus cannot impair, the Browns’

homestead exemption. The question of whether a judicial lien is avoidable under § 522(f)

is a question of law we review de novo. In re Shafner, 

, 

at

*1 (10th Cir. 1996) (unpublished case).

       At the time the Browns’ bankruptcy petition was originally filed, § 522(f) provided

in pertinent part:

       Notwithstanding any waiver of exemptions . . . , the debtor may avoid the
       fixing of a lien on an interest of the debtor in property to the extent that
       such lien impairs an exemption to which the debtor would have been
       entitled under subsection (b) of this section, if such lien is–
               (1) a judicial lien.

11 U.S.C. § 522(f).2



      Section 522(f) was amended by Congress in 1994. Aside from the fact the
       2

amendments are inapplicable to this case (since the case was filed in 1988), the
amendments did not alter the general avoidance language cited above.

                                               8
       In determining whether § 522(f) applies to a particular case and can be used to

avoid a lien, we employ a three-step process. In re Sanders, 

, 261 (10th Cir.

1994) (citing Owen v. Owen, 

, 312-13 (1991)). First, we must “determine

whether the debtor is entitled to an exemption.” 

Here, it is undisputed that,

under applicable New Mexico law, the Browns are each entitled to a $20,000 homestead

exemption, giving them a collective homestead exemption of $40,000. See N.M. Stat.

Ann. § 42-10-9 (1987).

       Second, we must determine the extent to which the lien may be avoided. 

. Under the law of this circuit applicable to cases filed prior to the 1994

amendments to the Bankruptcy Code, “a lien may not be avoided beyond the amount of

the exemption.”3 Shafner, 

at *1 (citing 

).

Because the sum of Albuquerque Chemical’s lien ($14,660.50) is less than $40,000, it can

be totally avoided, assuming it is avoidable at all. See 

       “The third step in determining whether 522(f) applies requires the court to

determine whether the lien actually impairs the exemption.” 

(citing Sanders, 39


       3
         As part of the 1994 amendments to the Bankruptcy Code, Congress set forth a
specific formula for determining the extent to which a lien impairs an exemption, which
in turn determines the extent to which a lien may be avoided. See 11 U.S.C. §
522(f)(2)(A). Notably, this formula differs from, and effectively overrides, the holding in
Sanders regarding the extent to which a lien may be avoided. Because, however, the
Browns’ bankruptcy petition was filed well prior to the 1994 amendments, Sanders
remains the controlling precedent for this case. See Shafner, 

at *1
(applying pre-amendment circuit precedent to pre-amendment bankruptcy case); In re
Holloway, 

, 1069 (11th Cir. 1996) 

). In Sanders, we interpreted Utah’s homestead exemption scheme and

determined that it prevented a judgment lien from attaching to a debtor’s 

. Accordingly, we concluded “[a]voidance under § 522 [wa]s unnecessary

because the lien [at issue] d[id] not fix upon the Utah exemption.” 

we

held that “when state law does not allow a lien to attach to exempt property, § 522(f) is

superfluous and without application.” 

we applied Sanders and concluded

that, under Colorado law, “a homestead is exempt from execution . . . [and thus] is not

subject to the attachment of a judgment lien.” 

at *2. As in Sanders, we

thus concluded in Shafner that § 522(f) was “extraneous.” 

outcome of the third-step question hinges upon whether New Mexico

law (which the Browns relied upon for their exemptions) prevents Albuquerque

Chemical’s lien from attaching to, and thus impairing, the Browns’ homestead

exemptions. “Under New Mexico law, a money judgment becomes a lien on the

judgment debtor’s realty when the transcript of the judgment docket is filed and recorded

with the county clerk of the county in which the realty is situated.” Ranchers State Bank

v. Vega, 

, 875 (N.M. 1982) (citing N.M. Stat. Ann. § 39-1-6). The effect of

this general rule is tempered, however, by New Mexico’s “Homestead Exemption”

statute, which provides as follows:

       A married person, widow, widower or person who is supporting another
       person shall have exempt a homestead in a dwelling house and land
       occupied by him or in a dwelling house occupied by him although the
       dwelling is on land owned by another, provided that the dwelling is owned,

                                             10
       leased or being purchased by the person claiming the exemption. Such a
       person has a homestead of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) exempt from
       attachment, execution or foreclosure by a judgment creditor and from any
       proceeding of receivers or trustees in insolvency proceedings and from
       executors or administrators in probate.

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 42-10-9 (1979). As this statute makes clear, the homestead exemption

is “exempt from attachment, execution or foreclosure by a judgment creditor.” In other

words, a judicial lien attaches to the debtors’ “entire interest in [a particular parcel of] real

property except their homestead which remain[s] free of the lien.”4 

. Thus, under New Mexico law, a “debtor’s homestead right is fully protected and not

in need of intervention by bankruptcy law.” 

.

       Because Albuquerque Chemical’s lien has not attached (and can never attach) to

the Browns’ homestead exemption, the exemption is not impaired by the lien and, as in

Sanders and Shafner, Ҥ 522(f) is superfluous and without 

.

Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s order avoiding Albuquerque Chemical’s lien

pursuant to § 522(f) was in error and should have been reversed by the district court.5

       4
         In practical terms, if a judgment creditor attempts to foreclose on New Mexico
property subject to the homestead exemption, the judgment debtor is entitled to assert, as
an affirmative defense, the existence of the homestead exemption. See, e.g., Morgan
Keegan Mortgage Co. v. Candelaria, 

, 1068 (N.M. Ct. App. 1997)
(discussing mortgagor’s assertion of homestead exemption in her answer to foreclosure
suit); D’Avignon v. Graham, 

, 932 (N.M. Ct. App. 1991) (holding
“exemption is an affirmative defense which may be relied upon only as a matter of
privilege”). The result is that proceeds from a foreclosure sale are subject to the
exemption. See Morgan 

.
       5
           We find it unnecessary to address Albuquerque Chemical’s remaining argument
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                               11
                                          III.

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.



                                                 Entered for the Court

                                                 Mary Beck Briscoe
                                                 Circuit Judge




      5
       (...continued)
that the bankruptcy court erred in finding there was no non-exempt equity in the Browns’
residence.

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