F I L E D
                                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Tenth Circuit
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                   JUN 6 2000
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                             PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                      Clerk


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                              No. 99-4154
 v.
                                                        (D.C. No. 98-CR-190-01)
                                                            (District of Utah)
 ANDRES GALINDO-DAVALOS,

           Defendant-Appellant.




                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before EBEL, PORFILIO, and MAGILL,** Circuit Judges.



       Appellant Andres Galindo-Davalos was convicted of distribution of cocaine in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He moved for a new trial, arguing his confession,

obtained involuntarily through the implicit threat of torture, should not have been

admitted at trial. The trial court denied his motion, and he brings this appeal.




       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

       The Honorable Frank J. Magill, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court
       **

of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
       On April 29, 1998, Mr. Galindo-Davalos was arrested pursuant to a warrant after

an F.B.I. drug investigation in Salt Lake City, Utah, revealed his involvement in the

distribution of cocaine. Upon his arrest, Mr. Galindo-Davalos was interrogated, in

Spanish, by Agent Ronald Ward. Mr. Galindo-Davalos signed both a written waiver of

his Miranda rights and a confession.

       Mr. Galindo-Davalos now contends his confession was obtained through the

implied threat of torture. Specifically, he claims Agent Domenic Perriello, who was

present during the interrogation, left the interrogation room and returned with a can of

soda pop. According to the defense, Mexican police commonly obtain confessions

through tehuacanazo, a form of torture which involves pouring a carbonated beverage

into a suspect’s sinuses. The defense contends Mr. Galindo-Davalos, who is a young

Mexican national with no prior experience with U.S. law enforcement, saw the soda can

and, believing torture to be imminent, confessed.

       Mr. Galindo-Davalos raised the issue of voluntariness for the first time at trial, and

prior to admitting the confession, the trial court held a hearing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §

3501. There Agent Ward testified Mr. Galindo-Davalos signed a waiver of his

Miranda rights after having them explained to him orally and after reading the written

form himself out loud. Agent Ward characterized Mr. Galindo-Davalos as cooperative

throughout the interview, never displaying any reluctance to continue answering

questions. He also testified the can of soda was brought into the interrogation room for


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Mr. Galindo-Davalos after he indicated he was thirsty. Mr. Galindo-Davalos himself did

not testify at the voluntariness hearing. After hearing this testimony, the district court

found the confession to be voluntary: “[t]he facts are unrebutted that the defendant was

advised of his rights, the right to counsel, the right to remain silent and he voluntarily

chose to speak. So the statement is found to be voluntary by the Court.”

       The voluntariness of a confession is ultimately a question of law which we review

de novo, but we defer to the district court’s underlying findings of fact unless they are

clearly erroneous. United States v. Wiseman, 

, 1206 (10th Cir. 1999). In

this case, there is simply no evidence in the record to indicate the district court’s findings

of fact are clearly erroneous. Agent Ward’s testimony at trial describes a voluntary

confession: Mr. Galindo-Davalos was informed of his right not to speak to the F.B.I.

agents, he indicated both orally and in writing that he understood that right, and he then

confessed in a cooperative manner. This depiction of events, of course, comes from the

testimony of the interrogating F.B.I. agent, but his testimony was uncontroverted, and his

credibility is not easily questioned at this stage of the proceedings. See Anderson v. City

of Bessemer City, 

, 575-76 (1985) (affording great deference to credibility

determinations).

       We also believe Mr. Galindo-Davalos’ testimony in his pre-trial suppression

hearing casts doubt on the veracity of his claim that he confessed under what he perceived

to be the imminent threat of torture. Mr. Galindo-Davalos initially moved to suppress his


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confession not on grounds it was given involuntarily, but on the basis that he had

requested and been denied counsel. In his testimony at that hearing, Mr. Galindo-Davalos

described his arrest and interrogation, going so far as to indicate Agent Ward spoke in “a

very aggressive tone” and “kept insisting with his face close to mine.” However, he never

mentioned the can of soda, despite his counsel’s representation to this court that its

impact on his client was equivalent to bringing a “red hot poker” into the interrogation

room. Nor does he mention any fear that he would be tortured if he did not confess.

       Seeing no clear error in the district court’s findings of fact, we have no difficulty

concluding as a matter of law that Mr. Galindo-Davalos’ confession was voluntary. The

judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.



                                           ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                           John C. Porfilio
                                           Senior Circuit Judge




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