F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          JUN 13 2001
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 WILLIAM KEITH PACE,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.                                                     No. 00-6413
                                                 (D.C. No. 99-CV-1439-W)
 LEROY L. YOUNG, Warden, and                           (W.D. Okla.)
 STATE OF OKLAHOMA,

          Defendants-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before EBEL, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.


      William Keith Pace (“Pace”) brings this petition for habeas corpus under 28

U.S.C. § 2254 challenging his conviction in Oklahoma state court on two counts

of first-degree murder under Okla. Stat. tit. 21 § 701.1(a). See Pace v. State, No.

F-96-1364, slip op. at 1 (Okla. Crim. App. 1998). The jury heard evidence that

Pace invited his victims, Ralph Jared (“Jared”) and Aaron Combs (“Combs”),


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore submitted without oral argument. This Order and Judgment is not
binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
along with a third man named Douglas Everman (“Everman”), to his home to

drink beer. See 

45 minutes, the four men visited at Pace’s

kitchen table without incident. See 

that he got up to go to

the bathroom with Jared following behind him, heard several popping noises, and

turned to see Pace holding a gun. See 

Pace told Everman to get out of

the way, and then shot Jared. See 

Pace killed both Combs and Jared, and

then invited Everman to stay for another beer. See 

and

instead left to report the shooting. See 

appealed his conviction to the Oklahoma Court of

Criminal Appeals, asserting that: (1) he was prejudiced by ineffective assistance

of counsel because his attorney failed to (a) seek a limiting instruction for certain

impeachment evidence, (b) demur at the close of evidence, and (c) request a jury

instruction on voluntary intoxication, see Pace, No. F-96-1364 at 2; (2) the

prosecutor improperly commented on Pace’s invocation of his right to silence,

see 

(3) the evidence was insufficient to prove Pace acted with malice

aforethought, see 

and (4) the evidence was insufficient to disprove Pace’s

claim that he acted in self defense, see id..

      The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals rejected each of these arguments,

see generally 

filed a petition for habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 which substantially duplicated his arguments on direct appeal and in


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addition claimed that: (1) the district court’s omission of the word “unlawfully”

from a jury instruction defining “malice aforethought” violated his constitutional

right to due process, see Doc. 2 at 6; and (2) Pace’s counsel was ineffective

because he failed to object to the jury instruction on malice aforethought, and

because he failed to object to the admission of incriminating statements that Pace

made to an investigating officer after asserting his right to counsel, see 

      The district court referred Pace’s petition to a magistrate for initial

proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), and the magistrate issued a

report and recommendation that Pace’s petition be denied. See generally Doc. 43.

The district court adopted the report in full. See Doc. 45 at 2. Specifically, the

district court denied those claims which were presented on direct appeal in light

of the deferential standard of review required by the Antiterrorism and Effective

Death Penalty Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). See Doc. 45 at 2; Doc. 43 at 4, 9, 13

& 16. Further, the district court held that Pace’s new objection to the jury

instructions and his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel were procedurally

barred, and were not excused by ineffective assistance of appellate counsel as

Pace argued in his petition. See 

Finally, the district court denied

Pace’s requests for a Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) and to appear in forma

pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). See Doc. 51.




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      With respect to those claims which the district court found were addressed

in his direct state appeal, we deny COA for substantially the reasons set forth in

the district court’s order and in the magistrate’s report and recommendation. Pace

did not appeal the district court’s denial of relief based on his counsel’s failure to

object to the impeachment evidence, and therefore we do not consider the

argument in this order and judgment. Further, we agree that Pace failed to

exhaust his due process objection to the jury instruction defining malice

aforethought and his related claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel in

state court. Thus, Pace’s substantive objection to the jury instructions is now

procedurally barred, and we deny COA as to this issue. Cf. Odum v. Boone, 

, 331 (10th Cir. 1995) (upholding procedural bar on the basis of

petitioner’s failure to present a claim on direct appeal in Oklahoma state court).

      The district court held that Pace’s claim that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to the instructions was also procedurally barred,

and that Pace could not establish cause and prejudice excusing the procedural bar.

See Doc. 43 at 18. We need not reach the question of procedural bar on this

issue, however, because we find that the petition can as easily be denied on its

merits. Cf. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2) (“An application for a writ of habeas corpus

may be denied on the merits, notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to

exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the State.”) In order to establish


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entitlement to relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, Pace must

show both that his attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness and that he was prejudiced by his attorney’s mistakes.

See Strickland v. Washington, 

, 687 (1984). In this case, Pace has

not alleged facts satisfying either element of his claim. Despite the omission of

the word “unlawfully” from the jury instruction on malice aforethought, the

instructions as submitted substantially tracked the elements of first-degree murder

in Oklahoma. See Okla. Stat. tit. 21 § 701.7. Further, we note that the OCCA has

in the past approved of similar jury instructions defining malice aforethought.

See Williams v. State, No. D-99-654, 

at *7-8 (Okla Crim. App.

2001) (holding that instruction defining malice aforethought as “a deliberate

intention to take away the life of a human being” properly conveyed the mens rea

element of first degree murder); Cleary v. State, 

, 744 (Okla. Crim.

App. 1997) (approving instruction defining malice aforethought as the “deliberate

intent to take a human life”). Finally, the idea of “unlawful” is implicitly

embraced in the concept of malice. For these reasons, we do not believe either

that Pace’s trial attorney’s performance was objectively unreasonable or that any

mistakes the attorney made prejudiced Pace at trial. We therefore deny COA as to

this issue as well.




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      Finally, because we find that Pace’s appeal was not taken in good faith, we

DENY Pace’s motion to appear in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1915(a)(1) & (a)(3).



                                      ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                      David M. Ebel
                                      Circuit Judge




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