F I L E D
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           MAR 1 2001
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                Clerk

    STEVEN LYNN BALES,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

    v.                                                    No. 00-7009
                                                    (D.C. No. 97-CV-592-P)
    DALE UPTERGROVE, Marshall                             (E.D. Okla.)
    County Undersheriff, in his official
    capacity; LINDA VOLES, Jail
    Official, Marshall County Jail,

                Defendants-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT           *




Before BRORBY , KELLY , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.



         Plaintiff-appellant Steven Lynn Bales appeals from a jury verdict in favor

of the defendants on his complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The jury found

against Bales on his claims of deliberate indifference to serious medical needs


*
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The Court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
and use of excessive force. It found in his favor on his claim of unconstitutional

conditions of confinement, but awarded only nominal damages.

       Bales’ principal contentions in this appeal are that the jury’s verdict in

favor of the defendants was against the weight of the evidence and that the

nominal damages award was so inadequate as to require a new trial.

Unfortunately, Bales failed to preserve these alleged errors by raising them before

the district court.

       Appellate courts review only those claims of legal error on which the trial

court has first had an opportunity to rule.     See, e.g. , Neu v. Grant , 

,

287 (10th Cir. 1977). There are two routes available to present a claim that a

verdict was against the weight of the evidence to the district court. First, a party

may file a motion for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) at the close of all the

evidence, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a), followed by a renewed motion for judgment

after trial, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b). Second, he may file a motion for new trial




                                              -2-
after the jury has returned its verdict against him.    See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59.   1
                                                                                      Bales

did not follow either route in this case.

       Failure to move for a new trial, or to file a Rule 50(b) motion on the ground

that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, waives the issue for

purposes of appeal.    See Scarfo v. Cabletron Sys., Inc.    , 

, 948 (1st Cir.

1995). Failure to file a motion for new trial also waives any argument concerning

the adequacy of the damages the jury awarded.          Cf. Morrison Knudsen Corp. v.

Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. , 

, 1256 n.45 (10th Cir. 1999) (stating, in

context of compromise verdict, that grounds for new trial arising in context of

post-trial proceedings must be presented by means of a motion for new trial);            see

also Mason v. Okla. Tpk. Auth. , 

, 1457 (10th Cir. 1997) (stating

that court of appeals reviews     district court’s determination that damages are not

so inadequate to require new trial).    2
                                            For this reason, we cannot review Bales’

1
        Early cases from this Court suggested that a party could bring a Rule 59
motion for new trial even if the party had not previously filed a motion for JMOL
prior to submission to the jury.  See, e.g. , Ketchum v. Nall , 

, 243
(10th Cir. 1970) (entertaining motion for new trial based on claim that verdict
was contrary to evidence, despite absence of motion for directed verdict). More
recent cases seem to undermine that proposition.     See FDIC v. Schuchmann , 

, 1231 (10th Cir. 2000) (barring claim that verdict was against weight of
evidence, in absence of proof party filed a Rule 50(a) motion, even though
insufficiency of evidence was raised in party’s motion for new trial). We need
not decide which rule applies here because Bales filed neither a Rule 50 motion
nor a Rule 59 motion for new trial.
2
       Perhaps recognizing the import of his procedural default, Bales complains
                                                                     (continued...)

                                              -3-
claims concerning the weight of the evidence and the sufficiency of the damages

awarded.

      Bales also argues that the district court erred in sustaining an objection by

defense counsel during his attorney’s closing argument. One of the issues in this

case was whether the defendants violated Bales’ Eighth Amendment rights by

leaving him shackled for an extended period of time. During closing argument,

Bales’ counsel stated that the law required medical permission before a prisoner

is restrained for an extended period. Defendants’ counsel objected that there was

no such law. The district court sustained the objection.

      Bales’ trial counsel did not cite any law in response to defendant’s

objection, and on appeal, no such law is identified. It is the province of the

district court to instruct the jury concerning the law applicable to a case, not that

of the litigants’ attorneys. Fed. R. Civ. P. 51. The jury instructions in this case

contained no reference to the alleged law identified by counsel. Appellant’s trial

counsel had ample opportunity to request such an instruction if he wished to have

the jury instructed concerning the existence of such a law. Bales has failed to


2
 (...continued)
that his attorneys were ineffective in failing to pursue adequate post-trial
remedies. Ineffective assistance of counsel does not relieve a litigant from an
adverse judgment in a civil case.  MacCuish v. United States , 

,
735 (10th Cir. 1988). Bales’ appropriate remedy for any allegedly incompetent
representation in this case is a malpractice suit against his trial counsel.

                                          -4-
show that the district court made any error of law or that he is otherwise entitled

to a new trial because the district court sustained defendants’ objection.

      The judgment is AFFIRMED.      3




                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     Carlos F. Lucero
                                                     Circuit Judge




3
     In light of the district court’s transmission of the record on appeal to this
Court, appellant’s “Motion for Appeal to be Heard on the Full Record” is denied
as moot.

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