F I L E D
                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                               Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                              JUN 12 2001
                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                                                    Clerk

MARK HALL; LARRY HALL;
JIMMY HALL; BRAD HALL; JUDY
HALL; BETTY HALL; CLINT
HALL and SHANNON HALL, as
parents and next friends of Trevor
Barnes, a minor child,

             Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.                                               No. 00-7077
                                           (D.C. No. 99-CV-495-S)
KELLY BURKE, individually and in                 (E.D. Okla.)
his official capacity as Deputy Sheriff
of Wagoner County; DENNIS
JAMES, individually and in his
official capacity as Reserve Deputy
of Wagoner County; GREG OWENS,
individually and in his official
capacity as Deputy Sheriff of
Wagoner County; CARL GLASS,
individually and in his official
capacity as Deputy Sheriff of
Wagoner County,

             Defendants-Appellants,

      and

DENNIS DANCER, individually and
in his official capacity as Trooper of
Oklahoma Highway Patrol; MIKE
CHILDRESS, individually and in his
official capacity as Trooper of
Oklahoma Highway Patrol; LANCE
SHIELDNIGHT, individually and in
his official capacity as Deputy Sheriff
of Wagoner County,

               Defendants.



                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT          *




Before HENRY , BRISCOE , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.




       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal.   See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

       Defendants-appellants Dennis James and Greg Owens bring this

interlocutory appeal from the district court’s denial of their motions for summary

judgment based on qualified immunity in this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights action.

Because we lack subject matter jurisdiction to entertain defendants’ appeals, we

dismiss.




*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

                                          -2-
                               I. Background Facts

      On April 24, 1999, plaintiff Mark Hall and defendant Deputy Sheriff Kelly

Burke had a hostile verbal exchange at a car wash in Wagoner, Oklahoma. When

Officer Burke attempted to arrest Mark for assaulting a police officer, Mark fled

the car wash and headed for the family ranch, owned by his parents, Larry and

Judy Hall, located in Wagoner County. While pursuing Mark, Officer Burke

called for back-up assistance. Defendants Dancer, Childress, James, Shieldnight,

Owens, and Glass arrived at the Hall ranch in response. Also present at the scene,

in addition to Mark, were Jimmy Hall, Larry Hall, Brad Hall, Betty Hall, Judy

Hall, and a minor child. During the attempt to arrest Mark, several altercations

took place resulting in the arrests of Larry Hall and his sons, Mark and Brad.

      Plaintiffs, all members of the Hall family, brought this action, alleging

various civil rights violations of state and federal law, including excessive force,

false arrest, and conspiracy. Defendants filed motions for summary judgment

based on qualified immunity which the district court granted in part and denied in

part. Defendants Burke, Owens, James, and Glass appealed from the portions of

the district court’s order denying their motions for summary judgment based on

qualified immunity.

      In denying defendants’ motions for summary judgment based on qualified

immunity, the district court made a number of rulings as to the various parties.


                                         -3-
The district court’s findings of importance to our decision are those surrounding

the arrest of Larry Hall. The court specifically found a factual dispute as to the

officers’ allegations that Larry Hall was arrested for physically interfering with

the arrest of his sons, Mark and Brad. Contrary to this allegation, Larry Hall

stated that when he was arrested, he was walking back to his house to call for

assistance after observing the officers beating his son, Brad. Although neither

defendant James or Owens actually arrested Larry Hall, both defendants were

present. Defendant James testified that he observed Larry Hall lying on the

ground and being pulled up by handcuffs. Defendant Owens testified that,

although he observed Larry Hall walking toward the officers and telling them they

were not going to arrest Mark, he did not observe Larry Hall physically

interfering with the arrest of Brad. Judy Hall also testified that she saw Larry

Hall walking toward the house at the time he was arrested. In this light, the

district court concluded that there were genuine issues of disputed material fact as

to whether the officers had probable cause to arrest Larry Hall. Moreover, as to

the false arrest claims against James and Owens, the court found a disputed

factual question as to whether, if the arrest of Larry Hall lacked probable cause,

defendants’ conduct in failing to prevent the unlawful arrest was objectively

reasonable.




                                         -4-
      As an initial matter, this court ordered briefing on the issue of whether we

had subject matter jurisdiction to entertain defendants’ interlocutory appeals. We

subsequently answered in the negative as to Burke and Glass and dismissed their

appeals. As to James and Owens, we determined that we had jurisdiction to

address the abstract legal question of whether a police officer had to personally

participate in the arrest to be held liable for false arrest. After a thorough review

of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, however, we conclude that this is

not the significant question raised by defendants’ appeal.

      Defendants cast their appellate argument as a question of law regarding

whether it was clearly established that an officer must personally participate in an

arrest to be held liable for false arrest. We construe their appeal, however, as

raising the issue of whether the district court was correct in concluding that there

were genuine issues of material fact remaining as to whether there was probable

cause to arrest Larry Hall, and as to whether defendants’ conduct in failing to

intervene was objectively reasonable. Therefore, for the reasons that follow, we

now reconsider our earlier decision and dismiss the appeals of James and Owens

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.




                                           -5-
                                 II. Qualified Immunity

       Qualified immunity protects public officials performing discretionary

functions unless their conduct violates “clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”           Harlow v.

Fitzgerald , 

, 818 (1982). Qualified immunity leaves “ample room

for mistaken judgments,” protecting “all but the plainly incompetent or those who

knowingly violate the law.”      Malley v. Briggs , 

, 341 (1986). Public

officials whose mistaken judgments result from unsettled law, faulty information,

or exigent circumstances may thus be entitled to qualified immunity.         Pritchett v.

Alford , 

, 313 (4th Cir. 1992).

       When a public official asserts the defense of qualified immunity in a

summary judgment motion, the court must first determine “whether plaintiff’s

allegations, if true, state a claim for a violation of a constitutional right that was

clearly established when defendant acted.”          Bisbee v. Bey , 

, 1100

(10th Cir. 1994). This means that the plaintiff must establish that “[t]he contours

of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand

that what he is doing violates that right.”     Anderson v. Creighton , 

,

640 (1987). If the plaintiff satisfies this burden, then, in order to be entitled to

summary judgment, the defendant must show that “no material issues of fact

remain as to whether the defendant’s actions were objectively reasonable in light


                                              -6-
of the law and the information the defendant possessed at the time of his actions.”

Hollingsworth v. Hill , 

, 738 (10th Cir. 1997) (quotations omitted).


                                   III. Jurisdiction

       We review issues of subject matter jurisdiction de novo.         United States ex

rel. Hafter D.O. v. Spectrum Emergency Care, Inc.      , 

, 1160 (10th

Cir. 1999). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Therefore, “we

presume no jurisdiction exists absent an adequate showing by the party invoking

federal jurisdiction. If jurisdiction is challenged, the burden is on the party

claiming jurisdiction to show it by a preponderance of the evidence.”         

       In Mitchell v. Forsyth , 

, 527-28 (1985), the Supreme Court

held that an order denying summary judgment was a collateral order subject to

immediate appeal under    Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp.        

(1949), where (1) the defendant raised a qualified immunity defense, and (2) the

issue appealed concerns, not which facts might be provable, but whether certain

facts establish the violation of clearly established law. An order denying

qualified immunity is appealable before trial only if it involves “neat abstract

issues of law.”   Johnson v. Jones , 

, 317 (1995) (quotations omitted);

accord Gross v. Pirtle , 

, 1156 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding an order




                                           -7-
denying qualified immunity will not be collaterally appealable unless it presents

abstract issues of law).

       When, as here, the district court’s denial of the qualified immunity defense

rests on the existence of a genuine issue of fact which will determine the

availability of the defense, the order is not immediately appealable.     See Johnson ,

515 U.S. at 313-15; Gross , 245 F.3d at 1156 (holding that courts “clearly lack

jurisdiction to review summary judgment orders deciding qualified immunity

questions solely on the basis of evidence sufficiency--which facts a party may, or

may not, be able to prove at trial”) (quotation omitted);     Armijo ex rel. Chavez v.

Wagon Mound Pub. Sch. , 

, 1259 (10th Cir. 1998) (noting that

“where the district court makes a legal finding and states specific facts upon which

that finding is based, we do not have jurisdiction to delve behind the ruling and

review the record to determine if the district court correctly interpreted those facts

to find a genuine dispute”);   Myers v. Okla. County Bd. of County Comm’rs      , 

, 424-25 (10th Cir. 1996) (concluding that the court lacked jurisdiction to

hear an appeal when “the district court denied summary judgment to the individual

defendants on their qualified immunity defense on the sole basis that there was a

genuine issue for trial regarding the reasonableness of defendant’s conduct”)

(quotation omitted).




                                             -8-
       In this case, the right asserted by Larry Hall is the Fourth Amendment right

to be free from arrest without probable cause. As found by the district court, that

right was clearly established at the time of Larry Hall’s arrest.      See Beck v. Ohio ,

, 91 (1964);    see also Baptiste v. J.C. Penney Co.     , 

, 1256

(10th Cir. 1998). “We have long recognized that it is a jury question in a civil

rights suit whether an officer had probable cause to arrest.”       DeLoach v. Bevers ,

, 623 (10th Cir. 1990);      see also Arnott v. Mataya , 

, 124

(8th Cir. 1993) (“Where there is a genuine issue of material fact surrounding the

question of plaintiff’s conduct, we cannot determine, as a matter of law, what

predicate facts exist to decide whether or not the officer’s conduct clearly violated

established law.”). Here, the district court specifically noted the conflicting

versions of the incident presented by Larry Hall and the police officers regarding

Larry Hall’s conduct and whether there was probable cause to arrest him. Viewing

Larry Hall’s version of the facts favorably as the nonmoving party, which the court

must do when considering summary judgment,           Simms v. Okla. ex rel. Dep’t of

Mental Health & Substance Abuse Servs.        , 

, 1326 (10th Cir.),   cert.

denied , 

(1999), his factual scenario was sufficient to determine that a

reasonable officer could have believed the arrest to be unlawful under clearly

established law. Therefore, it is clear that genuine issues of material fact remain




                                              -9-
concerning whether the officers reasonably believed there was probable cause to

arrest Larry Hall.

       Next, the district court found, and we agree, that it is clearly established

       that all law enforcement officials have an affirmative duty to
       intervene to protect the constitutional rights of citizens from
       infringement by other law enforcement officers in their presence. An
       officer who fails to intercede is liable for the preventable harm caused
       by the actions of the other officers where that officer observes or has
       reason to know: (1) that excessive force is being used, (2) that a
       citizen has been unjustifiably arrested, or (3) that any constitutional
       violation has been committed by a law enforcement official[.] In
       order for liability to attach, there must have been a realistic
       opportunity to intervene to prevent the harm from occurring. Whether
       an officer had sufficient time to intercede or was capable of
       preventing the harm being caused by another officer is an issue of fact
       for the jury unless, considering all the evidence, a reasonable jury
       could not possibly conclude otherwise.

Anderson v. Branen , 

, 557 (2d Cir. 1994) (citations omitted)          ; see also

(holding that it is well established that a police officer has a

duty to intervene to prevent use of excessive force by another police officer);         Yang

v. Hardin , 

, 285 (7th Cir. 1994) (holding under certain circumstances,

a police officer’s act of omission in failing to intervene will render him liable

under § 1983).   1




1
       We note that, contrary to defendants’ argument on appeal, the plaintiff need
not cite a factually identical case to establish that the law at issue was clearly
established. See Clanton v. Cooper , 

, 1156 (10th Cir. 1997).
Plaintiff may satisfy the burden “by citing cases that have a sufficient degree of
factual correspondence to enable a reasonable officer to know that the officer’s
acts violated the plaintiff’s constitutional or statutory rights.”  Baptiste , 147 F.3d
at 1257 n.9.

                                            -10-
      The existence of probable cause to arrest Larry Hall is pivotal to defendants’

entitlement to qualified immunity. The question of probable cause must be

determined before it can be decided whether the defendants breached their duty to

intervene to prevent unconstitutional conduct. Therefore, the district court

correctly stated that it could not “determine as a matter of law what predicate facts

exist to decide whether or not the officer’s conduct violated clearly established

law.” Appellants’ App. at 277, 289. Because this court cannot “review the record

to determine if the district court correctly interpreted th[e] facts to find a genuine

dispute,” Armijo , 159 F.3d at 1259, we lack jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.

See Johnson , 515 U.S. at 311; see also Gross , 245 F.3d at 1158 (holding that when

appellate review “would necessitate an assessment of the district court’s

evidentiary conclusions, we must dismiss [defendants’] appeal of the district

court’s decision” denying qualified immunity).

      Accordingly, the appeals of Dennis James and Greg Owens are

DISMISSED.



                                                      Entered for the Court


                                                      Mary Beck Briscoe
                                                      Circuit Judge




                                          -11-