F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           JUL 11 2001
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

 WILLIAM MCNALLY,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.
                                                        No. 01-1059
 COLORADO STATE PUBLIC
                                                    (D.C. No. 00-Z-2278)
 DEFENDER, DAVID F. VELA,
                                                          (D. Colo.)
 CHRISTOPHER P. AHMANN,
 SHERYL L. UHLMANN, in their
 individual and professional capacities,

          Defendants-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before EBEL, KELLY and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.


      Plaintiff-Appellant William McNally (“McNally”) appeals the district

court’s dismissal of a civil suit he brought against attorneys of the Colorado State

Public Defender’s office and the office itself (collectively “Defendants”).



      *
        After examining appellant’s brief and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R.
34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This
Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be
cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
McNally’s suit raises a variety of claims arising out of Defendants’ representation

of him with respect to several unspecified traffic offenses. (Doc. 3 at ¶ 4).

According to his complaint, he was represented by a series of public defenders

who consistently failed to provide effective representation and one of whom –

McNally’s trial counsel – was an unlicenced law student who held himself out to

be a lawyer. (Id. at ¶¶ 5-14, 16.) McNally alleges that he was convicted, but that

his conviction was reversed by the Douglas County District Court because his

trial counsel was not licensed. (Id. at ¶¶ 18 & 20.)

      McNally then filed the case at bar alleging violations of his Sixth

Amendment Right to Counsel, his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due

process, the Contracts Clause, failure properly to train and supervise attorneys

working for the Colorado State Public Defender, and a conspiracy to violate his

civil rights. McNally’s case was filed pro se, and the district court granted his

motion to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). The

court dismissed McNally’s case under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) after finding that it was

frivolous (see generally Doc. 6), and then denied him leave to appeal in forma

pauperis, finding that McNally’s appeal was not taken in good faith.

      For substantially the reasons set forth in the district court’s order, we find

that McNally has failed to raise a nonfrivolous argument for relief, and




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accordingly we deny his motion to proceed in forma pauperis and dismiss his

appeal.

      As the district court noted, McNally has not alleged that a change in law

impaired a contractual relationship, and therefore he has failed to allege facts

sufficient to support his claim under the Contracts Clause. See General Motors

Corp. v. Romein, 

, 186 (1992). McNally’s remaining claims fail

because he has failed to establish state action by Defendants, as is required to

bring a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deprivations of rights under the

Constitution and laws of the United States. 1 “[A] public defender does not act

under color of state law when performing a lawyer’s traditional functions as

counsel to a defendant in a criminal proceeding.” Polk County v. Dodson, 

, 325 (1981). Although allegations of a conspiracy between McNally’s

attorneys and state actors might be sufficient to demonstrate Defendants acted

under color of law, “mere conclusory allegations with no factual averments are

insufficient; the pleadings must specifically present facts tending to show


      1
        McNally argues on appeal that he relied on § 1983 to support only his
conspiracy claim, and that the rest of his claims are brought under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1331. Although § 1331 creates original jurisdiction in the district courts for
civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States,
it does not itself create a cause of action upon which a plaintiff may seek relief.
McNally must instead turn to § 1983 to recover for violations of his federal
rights. Cf., e.g., Albright v. Oliver, 

, 271 (1994) (Section 1983
“provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred”
(quotations omitted)).

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agreement and concerted action.” Hunt v. Bennett, 

, 1268 (10th Cir.

1994) (citation and quotations omitted). McNally has not pleaded specific facts

demonstrating agreement and concerted action, and therefore he cannot

demonstrate that Defendants acted under color of state law.

      In sum, we find McNally’s appeal was not taken in good faith, we deny his

application to proceed in forma pauperis, and accordingly we dismiss his appeal.



                                      ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                      David M. Ebel
                                      Circuit Judge




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