F I L E D
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Tenth Circuit
                                   PUBLISH
                                                                       MAR 20 2001
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                   PATRICK FISHER
                                                                            Clerk
                                TENTH CIRCUIT



 DORIS FEERER; MARTIN BROTHERS, a
 partnership; J. CASPER HEIMANN; MALCOLM
 SMITHSON; CHRISTINE SMITHSON,

       Plaintiffs-Appellees,                                 Nos. 99-2146 &
                                                                  99-2231
 v.

 AMOCO PRODUCTION COMPANY, individually;
 AMERADA HESS CORPORATION; SHELL
 WESTERN E & P, INC.; EXXON CORPORATION,
 individually and as class representatives,

       Defendants-Appellants.


                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the District of New Mexico
                          (D.C. No. CIV-95-12-JC)


Thomas A. Graves (D. Russell Moore of Keleher & McLeod, P.A., Albuquerque,
New Mexico; Charles W. Cunningham and Gary Cruciani of McKool Smith, P.C.,
Dallas, Texas, with him on the brief) of Figari Davenport & Graves, L.L.P.,
Dallas, Texas, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Harold L. Hensley, Jr. (for Exxon Company U.S.A.) (John Cooney and Chris
Muirhead of Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A., Albuquerque, New
Mexico, for Amoco Production Company; Harrell Feldt and Richard H. Page of
Vinson & Elkins, L.L.P., Houston, Texas, for Amerada Hess Corporation and
Shell Western E & P, Inc., with him on the briefs) of Hinkle, Cox, Eaton, Coffield
& Hensley, Roswell, New Mexico, for Defendants-Appellants.
Before BRORBY, ANDERSON and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.


BRORBY, Circuit Judge.



      This appeal involves a dispute arising after settlement of class action

litigation pertaining to the payment of royalties on carbon dioxide (CO      2   )

produced in New Mexico and sold in West Texas oil fields for use in enhanced

oil recovery projects. Pursuant to a settlement agreement, Defendants/ working

interest owners assumed all post-production costs associated with compression,

dehydration and gathering, marketing fees, and part of the transportation costs,

thus increasing the royalties to be paid to the Plaintiffs/ royalty interest owners.

When making royalty payments pursuant to the settlement agreement, however,

Defendants withheld (recouped) from the newly calculated royalty that portion of

the New Mexico severance tax     1
                                     attributable to the increased royalty value. In

protest of the severance tax deduction, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Enforce




      1
        The parties refer to the taxes at issue collectively as “severance taxes.”
They represent that various other different state taxes are involved, including the
Oil and Gas Conservation Tax, the Oil and Gas Emergency Tax, and the Oil and
Gas Ad Valorem Production Tax, but that the distinctions are not relevant to this
appeal.


                                            -2-
Settlement Agreement with the district court.    2
                                                     The district court granted

Plaintiffs’ motion, concluding (1) “the settlement agreement says nothing about a

new method for severance tax calculations based upon differing values for

royalty owners and for working interests;” and (2) under New Mexico law, “the

‘value’ of the carbon dioxide for severance tax calculations is the same for

royalty interest and working interest owners,” and therefore, “Defendants are not

entitled to a further ‘deduction’ in the taxable value.” Exercising jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), we affirm.



                                   BACKGROUND

      In the underlying class action lawsuit, Plaintiffs complained the

Defendants had improperly deducted certain costs (including compression,

dehydration, gathering, transportation and marketing costs) when calculating CO    2


royalties owed to them. A court-approved settlement agreement specified that

Defendants would no longer deduct such costs and further specified a procedure

through which Defendants would remit royalties reflecting the resulting increase.

However, Plaintiffs never received the full increase. Defendants deducted certain

sums from the required settlement payments as additional severance taxes,


      2
       The district court expressly retained continuing jurisdiction as to the
“implementation, construction, and enforcement of” the settlement agreement.


                                           -3-
reasoning that the “value” of the Plaintiffs’ royalty interest increased as a result

of their being relieved by the settlement from sharing in certain post-production

costs. 3




                                     DISCUSSION

       Defendants raise three issues on appeal, which condensed present the

following question: Are Defendants entitled by state law or the terms of the

settlement agreement to reallocate to Plaintiffs that portion of the state severance

tax attributable to the increased value of the post-settlement CO   2   royalty

payments?



       We answer this question in the context of affirming or reversing the

district court’s judgment granting Plaintiffs’ Motion to Enforce Settlement

Agreement. We review a district court’s decision regarding the enforcement of a

settlement agreement for an abuse of discretion.      See Heuser v. Kephart , 

         Two defendants, Amoco and Shell, did not deduct any amount for
severance taxes from payments deposited with the court pending court approval of
the settlement agreement; however, in order to reallocate the severance tax, all
defendants reduced the amount of the royalty payments made directly to the
royalty interest owners after the settlement became final.


                                            -4-
1186, 1190 (10th Cir. 2000). An abuse of discretion occurs, however, if the

district court bases it decision on an erroneous conclusion of law.          See Wang v.

Hsu , 

, 130 (10th Cir. 1990). The question presented is one of law.

We review questions of law de novo.       See e.g. , Dang v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. , 

, 1189 (10th Cir. 1999).



New Mexico Law

       New Mexico imposes a tax on the value of CO        2   extracted from the ground:

       There is imposed and shall be collected by the department a tax on
       all products that are severed and sold, except as provided in
       Subsection B of this section. The measure of the tax and the rates
       are:

       ....

       (6) on carbon dioxide, three and three-fourths percent of the          taxable
       value determined under Section 7-29-4.1 NMSA 1978.

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 7-29-4A(6) (emphasis added). “Value” as used in the phrase

“taxable value” is defined as “the actual price received for products at the

production unit, except as otherwise provided in the Oil and Gas Severance Tax

Act”. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 7-29-2D.



       As operators of the production unit, Defendants are charged with the

responsibility of determining the “taxable value” of the CO        2   they extract.   See


                                            -5-
N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 7-29-4.1, 7-29-6, 7-29-7. Then, because “[e]very interest

owner shall be liable for the tax to the extent of his interest in [the CO         2   ],” N.M.

Stat. Ann. § 7-29-4(C), Defendants withhold severance taxes from payments to a

royalty interest owner “for his portion of the value of products from a production

unit.” N.M. Stat. Ann. § 7-29-6.



       Defendants’ primary argument on appeal assumes the New Mexico statutes

require or at least contemplate that severance taxes may be based on different

“taxable values” for different interest owners. Specifically, Defendants would

have us interpret “taxable value” to mean actual price received by each interest

owner ( i.e. , royalty interest owner versus working interest owner) as adjusted to

reflect the allocation of post-production costs, rather than “actual price received

for products at the production unit.” This interpretation would justify

Defendants’ attempt to calculate the taxable value of the Plaintiffs’ proportionate

share of CO   2   based on its “tailgate” value (a sales price reflecting the benefit of

compression, gathering, transportation and marketing), but to calculate the

taxable value of the working interests’ proportionate share of CO            2   on the

“wellhead” value (a lesser value reflecting a deduction of post-production costs

from the actual price received). We reject Defendants’ interpretation.




                                             -6-
       “Value” as defined by the plain language of the statute does not reflect the

price received anywhere by anyone, but rather that price received “at the

production unit.” The New Mexico Oil and Gas Commission has defined

“production unit” to mean the “wellhead.” N.M. Admin. Code tit. 3, § 18.1.7.5;

see also N.M. Stat. Ann. § 7-29-2B. As Plaintiffs note, severance tax valuation

at the wellhead is logical inasmuch as the CO          2   is severed from the ground at the

wellhead. Moreover, it is only by valuing CO               2   at the wellhead that Defendants

are entitled to deduct post-production costs from the severance tax calculation at

all. Because there is no sale at the wellhead, no actual price is received for CO                2


at that location. Under these circumstances, the State permits operators to

calculate the taxable or wellhead value by deducting costs for compression,

dehydration, gathering, and transportation from the downstream sales price (such

as a tailgate price) received for the product.         See N.M. Stat. Ann. § 7-29-4.2C;

see also N.M. Admin. Code tit. 3, §§ 18.1.7.1, 18.6.7. Defendants have provided

no cogent authority to support their contention New Mexico law requires a

second valuation for any portion of production attributable to an interest owner

not required to share in post-production costs.            4
                                                               Our obligation is to “give effect


       4
        Defendants cite as authority a Texas administrative decision requiring
each interest owner to pay severance taxes based on the actual value received.
See Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts in Decision of the Comptroller of
Public Accounts, Hearing No. 11,660, 

, at *13 (Tex. Cptr. Pub.
Acct. June 23, 1982). That decision applying Texas statutes and regulations to

                                                 -7-
to the intent of the legislature as expressed rather than determine what the law

should or should not be.”   Beck v. Northern Natural Gas Co.   , 

,

1024 (10th Cir. 1999) (quotation marks and citation omitted).




determine the tax liability of a working interest owner who bears all post-
production costs where the royalty interest owner (the state) is exempt from
taxation, is neither binding, nor particularly persuasive under present
circumstances.

       Looking outside New Mexico, the more persuasive authority, as the district
court recognized, is Mobil Oil Corp. v. Calvert, 

(Tex. 1970),
which the Texas Comptroller dismissed as distinguishable in the administrative
decision cited above. In Calvert, the Texas Supreme Court held that the taxable
value of natural gas for purposes of computing occupation taxes (similar to
severance taxes) due the state is the same for royalty and working interest owners,
notwithstanding the fact the producer had agreed to pay the royalty owners one-
eighth of the gross receipts from the sale of gas. 

The court held
the tax to be paid to the state was “not affected by Mobil’s agreement to assume
payment of the processing costs theretofore paid by the royalty owners.” 

The Texas court found “no sound basis in the [Texas] statutes for holding
that the tax imposed thereby must be computed on each ownership interest
separately.” 

held

      the market value of gas at the mouth of the well in cases such as this
      is measured, as to all ownership interests, by the total proceeds of the
      sale of the component parts of the gas after processing, less
      transportation and processing costs; and that each taxable ownership
      interest is liable to the State for its proportionate part of the tax
      computed on market value as thus ascertained.

Id.; see also Tex. Att. Gen. Op. No. M-968 (Oct. 7, 1971) (specifically applying
Calvert to the allocation of taxes between different interest owners when a royalty
owner is tax exempt and bears no processing or transportation costs).


                                         -8-
       Defendants suggest at one point in their brief they were required to remit

to the State of New Mexico additional severance taxes on the incremental

increase in royalty payments made to Plaintiffs, and therefore should be allowed

to recoup such taxes. This suggestion is misleading. We find no evidence in the

record that the total amount of severance tax to be paid to the State of New

Mexico increased – i.e. , Defendants were not remitting to the State the amount

they deducted from the increased royalty payments to the Plaintiffs. The record

instead indicates that Defendants simply were attempting to reallocate the

existing tax burden so as to increase the proportion paid by the royalty interest

owners, and thereby decrease the working interest owners’ tax payments by a

corresponding amount.



       In sum, we hold the calculation of severance taxes under New Mexico law

is based on a single valuation of a total quantity of CO   2   extracted at the wellhead

during a given time period.     See N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 7-29-4.2 (taxable wellhead

values of products from the same field should be comparable), and 7-29-7

(operator reports the “total value”). Although New Mexico law makes clear that

each interest owner is liable for its proportionate share of the calculated tax,

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 7-29-4C, the law does not mandate or even contemplate the

determination of different taxable values for each of the various interest owners


                                            -9-
based on proceeds received downstream from the wellhead. We believe so long

as (1) CO 2 production is accurately measured and valued as a whole at the

wellhead, (2) the appropriate tax rate is applied to that production to calculate the

total tax owed, and (3) the total tax is allocated to the various interest owners in

proportion to their fractional interest in that production, the pertinent New

Mexico statutes are satisfied. Any readjustment in the allocation of the tax

burden among working interest owners and royalty interest owners is left to

private contract.



The Settlement Agreement

      The key aspect of the settlement agreement is the calculation of royalty

payments to the class   vis a vis Defendants’ liability for post-production costs.

Specifically, Defendants agreed they would not deduct costs of compression,

dehydration, gathering and marketing fees when calculating CO      2   royalties. They

also agreed to limit the amount of deductible transportation charges. Defendants

agreed to deposit additional sums payable as royalties under the settlement

agreement with the district court pending final settlement approval. Thereafter,

Defendants would make the agreed upon royalty payments directly to the class

members.




                                          -10-
      Nothing in the settlement agreement speaks to severance tax liability or in

any way authorizes a change to the existing method for allocating severance taxes

between the working interest and royalty interest owners (   i.e. , allocation of tax

burden based on the parties’ proportionate mineral interests in the total wellhead

value of CO 2, as determined by the actual price received for the production as a

whole at the wellhead). Some Defendants admitted, “[n]o adjustment or

allocation of tax liabilities was ever discussed or agreed to in the settlement.”

The settlement agreement itself states “[t]he Parties do not anticipate that any [of

the additional royalty payments deposited with the court] will be subject to any

taxes other than state and federal income taxes,” thus indicating that to the extent

the parties contemplated any tax implications of the settlement, they specifically

addressed those implications.



      Given our interpretation of New Mexico law and our understanding of how

Defendants historically calculated severance taxes in accordance with that law,

we fail to appreciate Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs are shifting severance

tax liability to Defendants in contravention of the settlement agreement. If

Defendants had intended to modify the prior method of severance tax allocation

as described above, we believe they could and should have done so expressly.

Absent such agreement, we hold Defendants are not entitled to deduct additional


                                          -11-
amounts from the agreed upon royalty payments.



      Because we find nothing in New Mexico law or the settlement agreement

to support Defendants rationale for reallocating to Plaintiffs a portion of the state

severance tax Defendants attribute to the increased value of the post-settlement

CO 2 royalty payments, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment enforcing the parties’

settlement agreement.




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