F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           JUL 10 2002
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff - Appellee,

    v.                                                    No. 01-1573
                                                    (D.C. No. 99-CR-299-S)
    NATHAN BROWN, also known as Lil                      (D. Colorado)
    Nate,

                Defendant - Appellant.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, ANDERSON, Circuit Judge, and
BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge.




         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.




*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Defendant-appellant Nathan Brown entered a conditional guilty plea to

possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of cocaine base in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(iii), reserving for appeal the issue of

whether the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence. See

Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(2). The district court sentenced Mr. Brown to thirty

months’ imprisonment and assessed $100 in costs. On appeal, Mr Brown argues

that the district court’s findings regarding his motion to suppress were clearly

erroneous. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm the

district court’s denial of the motion to suppress and Mr. Brown’s conviction and

sentence.

      Mr. Brown was a passenger in a vehicle stopped by two Denver police

officers for a defective license plate light on July 8, 1999 at approximately 11:00

p.m. Neither the driver nor Mr. Brown were able to produce any identification or

explain the presence of tires and rims in the car’s backseat. Also, the driver could

not produce a driver’s license, vehicle registration or proof of insurance.

Although the driver claimed the car belonged to Mr. Brown, Mr. Brown denied it.

The officers ordered Mr. Brown and the driver to exit the car and patted them

down for weapons and identification. Officer Dempsey felt a hard object, which

he described as consistent with crack cocaine, in Mr. Brown’s crotch area. When

Officer Dempsey tried to handcuff Mr. Brown, he pulled away and ran. After a


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short chase, the officers apprehended Mr. Brown. Incident to an arrest, the

officers found a package containing eighteen grams of cocaine base in the crotch

area of Mr. Brown’s underwear.

      A traffic stop, such as occurred here, was a seizure within the meaning of

the Fourth Amendment, and therefore the stop was constitutional only if it was

reasonable. See United States v. Callarman, 

, 1286 (10th Cir.

2001) (citing Delaware v. Prouse, 

, 653-54 (1979)), cert. denied,

(2002). Reasonableness is judged using the two-part standard set

forth in Terry v. Ohio, 

, 19-20 (1968): the stop must be “‘justified at

its inception’” and it must be “‘reasonably related in scope to the circumstances

which justified the interference in the first place.’” United States v.

Botero-Ospina, 

, 786 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (quoting Terry).

      Mr. Brown now concedes the initial stop was valid. Thus, the relevant

inquiry on appeal is only whether it was reasonable, under the circumstances, for

the officers to order Mr. Brown to exit the car and to submit to a pat-down. In

addressing this question, the district court found, under the circumstances set out

above, that the officers’ conduct in removing and patting-down Mr. Brown “was

reasonable in scope and conducted for a legitimate investigatory purpose.” R.

vol. 1, tab 675 at 3. Further, the court found that the search of Mr. Brown’s

person and the seizure of the crack cocaine was incident to a lawful arrest.


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      After reviewing the record in the light most favorable to the government,

considering the totality of the circumstances and deferring to the district court’s

assessment of the credibility of the witnesses, we conclude that the district court’s

factual findings are not clearly erroneous. See, e.g., United States v. Long,

, 1307 (10th Cir. 1999). Upon de novo review of the legal question

presented, we agree with the district court’s ultimate determination of

reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. See United States v. Caro,

, 1243 (10th Cir. 2001).

      Thus, Mr. Brown’s argument that the officers’ “motive for the stop was to

identify and search the individuals and not to pursue a minor traffic violation” is

unpersuasive. Appellant’s Br. at 5. And the record specifically refutes his further

argument that the officers never expressed concern for their safety and never were

in a vulnerable position. See R. vol. 3 at 7; 

at 38-39.

      Accordingly, the judgment of the United States District Court for the

District of Colorado is AFFIRMED.



                                                      Entered for the Court



                                                      Wade Brorby
                                                      Senior Circuit Judge



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