F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         AUG 26 2002
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                       No. 02-2023
v.                                               (D.C. No. CR-00-931-JP)
                                                    (D. New Mexico)
AARON R. PEREZ,

          Defendant - Appellant.




                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, McKAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.




      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.




      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
I. INTRODUCTION

      Aaron 1 R. Perez was convicted of one count of distributing more than five

grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), and

sentenced to 121 months’ incarceration. He appeals his conviction and sentence.

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and

affirm and dismiss in part.

II. FACTS

      During the month of December, 1999, Detective Jay Rayjee of the

Albuquerque Police Department conducted an undercover narcotics investigation

of Marcos Acosta. The goal of the investigation was to discover Acosta’s

supplier of cocaine base (“crack”). Posing as an individual interested in

purchasing large amounts of crack for resale, Rayjee spoke over the telephone

with Acosta on December 29 and 30 and expressed his interest in buying three

ounces of crack. On the afternoon of December 30, Rayjee drove to Acosta’s

house. Acosta got into Rayjee’s car and told him to drive to a nearby payphone.

After making a call, Acosta directed Rayjee to drive to a “ditch bank.” Upon

arriving at the ditch bank, Rayjee and Acosta settled on a price of $935 for an




      1
        Defendant’s counsel on appeal spells the defendant’s first name “Arron.”
The record, however, is replete with the alternative spelling “Aaron.” We will
likewise use the spelling “Aaron.”

                                        -2-
ounce and a half of crack. 2 Rayjee then heard a honk and saw a green Pontiac

parked behind his car. Perez was standing beside the car. Acosta walked to

Perez, who handed Acosta a plastic bag containing a yellow substance weighing

roughly an ounce and a half. The substance was later identified as crack. Acosta

walked back to Rayjee’s car; Rayjee weighed the crack and gave the money to

Acosta. Rayjee then gave an arrest signal, and numerous police officers

descended on the ditch bank. They arrested Perez and Acosta.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Perez argues that his trial counsel’s representation was constitutionally

deficient because he failed to interview and call to testify the brothers of Marcos

Acosta. According to Perez, the brothers could verify the defense theory of the

case that the calls from the Acosta home to Perez’s telephone on December 30

were not calls made by Marcos to set up illegal drug deals, but calls by Marcos’

brother to make New Year’s Eve plans.

      “Ineffective assistance of counsel claims should be brought in collateral

proceedings, not on direct appeal. Such claims brought on direct appeal are

presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed.” United States v.

Galloway, 

, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc). Only in the rarest of


      2
          One ounce is approximately 28.35 grams.

                                         -3-
circumstances, when an ineffective assistance claim needs no further factual

development, will we consider such a claim on direct appeal. See 

This case does not present such a rare circumstance. As we indicated in Beaulieu

v. United States, a failure to interview witnesses claim is often fact-dependent.

See 

, 808 (10th Cir. 1991), overruled on other grounds, 

. In this case, for instance, to determine the adequacy of trial

counsel’s representation, such facts as whether counsel attempted to interview

Acosta’s brothers and, if not, his reasons for not doing so must be known. The

record sheds no light on these questions, and, accordingly, we will not address the

claim.

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

         In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

conviction, we view all evidence in the light most favorable to the government.

See United States v. Edwards, 

, 430 (10th Cir. 1995). We will uphold

the verdict if any reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt. See 

that he was just an innocent bystander to the drug transaction.

He contends that telephone records introduced by the government indicate only

that calls to his phone were made by someone at the Acosta residence, not

necessarily by Marcos Acosta. Even ignoring all evidence relating to telephone


                                          -4-
calls made to Perez’s telephone from Acosta’s home, however, the evidence was

more than sufficient to convict. The jury was presented with testimony that Perez

met Acosta and Rayjee at the ditch bank, that Perez handed Acosta a bag

containing crack, that Acosta gave Rayjee the bag in exchange for over nine

hundred dollars, that when police arrived Perez fled, and that cocaine residue and

plastic baggies were found at Perez’s home. From these facts, a reasonable jury

could infer that Perez knowingly distributed crack.

C. Obstruction of Justice Enhancement

      The district court enhanced Perez’s offense level by two points under

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, which provides

      If (A) the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to
      obstruct or impede the administration of justice during the course of
      the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of
      conviction, and (B) the obstructive conduct related to (i) the
      defendant’s offense of conviction and any relevant conduct; or (ii) a
      closely related offense, increase the offense level by 2 levels.

The district court found that

      [b]ased on the trial testimony given, I think that the Probation Office
      has correctly ascertained that the trial testimony given by the
      defendant falls withing Section 3C1.1 of the guidelines and that he
      did willfully attempt to obstruct or impede the administration of
      justice during the prosecution of the case by giving false testimony,
      one, denying his involvement in the drug transactions, and second,
      denying that he participated in the phone conversation that was a
      critical element leading up to a drug transaction.




                                        -5-
Perez contends the district court erroneously relied on the guilty verdict to

determine that Perez gave false testimony. He also contends that there is

insufficient evidence that Perez lied on the stand.

      We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error. See United

States v. Mounkes, 

, 1029 (10th Cir. 2000). When the district court

observes the defendant’s testimony, we give deference in reviewing its finding of

perjury. See 

no merit to Perez’s contention that the district court

relied only on the jury verdict. The court expressly relied on “the trial testimony

given.” Moreover, the district court’s factual finding that Perez falsely testified

that he had no part in the drug transaction is not clearly erroneous. Detective

Rayjee testified that Perez met Rayjee and Acosta at the ditch bank and gave

Acosta a bag containing crack. The district court observed Perez’s testimony and

we defer to its determination that Perez falsely testified when he stated he was not

involved in the drug transaction.

IV. CONCLUSION

      Perez’s conviction and sentence is AFFIRMED. Perez’s claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                       Michael R. Murphy
                                       Circuit Judge

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