F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit

                                                                           OCT 17 2003
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                       PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk


 DEBRA L. JACKSON,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                                     No. 02-1056
                                                        (Colorado)
 DILLARD’S DEPARTMENT                               (D.Ct. No. 00-B-604)
 STORES, INC.,

          Defendant-Appellee.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT


Before KELLY and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges and EAGAN, District Judge *.



      Debra L. Jackson appeals the district court’s award of summary judgment

to Dillard’s Department Stores, Inc. (Dillard’s) on her claims of sexual

discrimination, hostile work environment and retaliation under Title VII of the

Civil Rights Act of 1964 and her supplemental Colorado state law claims. 1



      The Honorable Claire V. Eagan, United States District Judge for the
      *

Northern District of Oklahoma, sitting by designation.
      1
       Ms. Jackson also appeals the district court’s order denying her motion to
reconsider its order of summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e), its order
denying her motion to continue under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f),and its order awarding
attorneys fees to Dillard’s. Her arguments on these issues are without merit.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

Facts

        Ms. Jackson was employed by Dillard’s in its Park Meadows Mall store in

Littleton, Colorado between September 1998 and February 2000. From

September 1998 until June 1999, she worked as a salesperson in the women’s

shoes department. During this period, she claims to have been sexually harassed

on repeated occasions, both verbally and physically, by two of her co-workers,

Raul Rivadeneyra and Olig Rozenberg. She contends she complained to her

superiors about the harassment, to no avail.

        According to Ms. Jackson, on November 15, 1998, Mr. Rivadeneyra came

up behind her and deliberately tripped her, causing her to fall. As a result of the

fall, she injured her back and neck. She immediately reported the injury to

Dillard’s for worker’s compensation and visited a doctor who approved her return

to work with physical restrictions. On November 19, Ms. Jackson returned to

work. She complains her superiors did not honor the restrictions imposed by her

doctor. To the contrary, Dillard’s offered evidence it tailored Ms. Jackson’s job

responsibilities to meet the physical restrictions recommended by her doctor. Ms.

Jackson admits to a number of absences between November 1998 and July 1999,

which she attributes to her injury and anxiety engendered by the sexual

harassment she faced.


                                         -2-
      On March 31, 1999, her doctor released Ms. Jackson to return to work full-

time with a simple restriction that overhead activities be limited to five minutes

per hour. In July 1999, Dillard’s transferred Ms. Jackson to the men’s pants

department. According to Dillard’s, this transfer was intended to both meet the

work restrictions recommended by her doctor and assuage Ms. Jackson’s

expressed disaffection with the women’s shoes department.

      On July 20, 1999, Ms. Jackson took a leave of absence from Dillard’s for

treatment of her work-related injury, including eventual cervical spine surgery on

October 10, 1999. Dillard’s leave policy allowed an employee to take six months

leave without explanation. However, according to the policy, an employee who

did not report to work after the six months would be terminated. 2 Ms. Jackson did

not return to work after six months and was terminated under the leave policy on

February 2, 2000. During her leave of absence, she was not employed elsewhere;

nor did she seek other employment. After her surgery, Ms. Jackson’s doctor had

requested a functional capacity evaluation. The evaluation was conducted May 3,

2000. It set her work tolerance at “4 hours in the sedentary/light work category.”

(Appellant App., Vol. II, p. 377).



      2
        Ms. Jackson argues she was not informed of a change in the leave policy,
effective September 1, 1999, to provide for mandatory rather than optional
termination when an employee used up all of his/her leave. This argument is moot
in light of our decision in the case.

                                         -3-
      During her deposition on September 21, 2000, Ms. Jackson claimed she had

been medically unable to work at any job, including one involving only light

duties, since her November 15, 1998, injury. She stated she had completely

withdrawn from the job market. She also testified she had tried to continue

working at Dillard’s after the accident, but was medically unable to do so, and

that she became totally unable to work when she began her leave of absence from

Dillard’s in July 1999. In a second deposition on July 24, 2001, she qualified her

earlier deposition testimony by attributing her inability to work to the

unavailability of a job at Dillard’s meeting her medical needs. In her November

13, 2001 response to Dillard’s motion for summary judgment, Ms. Jackson

submitted an affidavit in which she stated that although she remained out of the

job market, she was able to return to work so long as it involved only light duties,

as per her doctor-recommended physical restrictions.

District Court Proceedings

      Ms. Jackson filed Title VII claims against Dillard’s for sexual

discrimination, hostile work environment and retaliation, under 42 U.S.C. §§

2000e-2(a) and 2000e-3(a), seeking equitable relief in the form of lost wages and

benefits under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g). She also filed state law claims for

wrongful and constructive discharge, seeking compensatory and exemplary

damages.


                                         -4-
      The district court awarded summary judgment in favor of Dillard’s on all of

Ms. Jackson’s Title VII claims, reasoning that because she was not “ready,

willing and able” to work, equitable relief under Title VII was unavailable to her

as a matter of law. In the alternative, the district court concluded there was no

genuine issue of material fact with respect to any of her individual Title VII

claims. The court also awarded summary judgment to Dillard’s on Ms. Jackson’s

state law claims on the grounds they did not present genuine issues of material

fact and Dillard’s was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Standard of Review

      We review de novo a district court’s award of summary judgment. Koch v.

Koch Industries, Inc., 

, 1212 (10th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 

(2000). Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if

any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

“When applying the standard, we view the evidence and draw reasonable

inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Simms

v. Oklahoma ex rel. Dep’t of Mental Health & Substance Abuse Servs., 

, 1326 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 

(1999).




                                         -5-
Title VII Claims

      In concluding Ms. Jackson did not make out a claim for equitable relief

because she was not “ready, willing and able” to return to work, 3 the district court

accepted her September 21, 2000 deposition testimony and disregarded her

November 13, 2001 affidavit, characterizing it as an attempt to create a sham

issue of fact. Ms. Jackson challenges this ruling. “We review a district court’s

decision to exclude evidence at the summary judgment stage for abuse of

discretion.” Lantec, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., 

, 1016 (10th Cir. 2002).

But “we will not disturb the district court’s decision unless [we have] a definite

and firm conviction that the lower court made a clear error of judgment or

exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” 

and citation omitted).

      “[I]n determining whether a material issue of fact exists, an affidavit may

not be disregarded because it conflicts with the affiant’s prior sworn statements.”

Franks v. Nimmo, 

, 1237 (10th Cir. 1986). However, “[i]n

assessing a conflict under these circumstances . . . courts will disregard a contrary

affidavit when they conclude that it constitutes an attempt to create a sham fact

issue.” 

cautioned, “the utility of summary judgment as a procedure


      3
       Ms. Jackson does not dispute her claim for equitable relief (lost wages and
benefits) would fail if she was not “ready, willing and able” to return to work.
See Taylor v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 

, 267-68 (10th Cir. 1975).

                                         -6-
for screening out sham fact issues would be greatly undermined if a party could

create an issue of fact merely by submitting an affidavit contradicting his own

prior testimony.” 

omitted). We have suggested factors to

consider in evaluating whether a party is attempting to create a sham fact:

      Factors relevant to the existence of a sham fact issue include whether
      the affiant was cross-examined during his earlier testimony, whether
      the affiant had access to the pertinent evidence at the time of his
      earlier testimony or whether the affidavit was based on newly
      discovered evidence, and whether the earlier testimony reflects
      confusion which the affidavit attempts to explain.

proceed to apply the Franks test.

      The first relevant factor under Franks is whether or not the affiant was

cross-examined during earlier testimony. In her September 21, 2000 deposition,

Ms. Jackson was represented by counsel. She unequivocally testified she had

been medically unable to work at any job, even one involving only light duties,

since November 15, 1998, and had completely withdrawn from the job market.

She explained she had tried to continue working at Dillard’s after the accident,

but was unable to do so. She then declared July 20, 1999, when she began her

leave of absence from Dillard’s, to be the date when she became totally unable to

work. Whether Ms. Jackson’s declared inability to work at any job began

November 15, 1998, or July 20, 1999, does not alter her sworn testimony that at

the time of her termination, her condition was such that she remained unable to

work at any occupation, even one involving only light duties. Ms. Jackson gave

                                         -7-
this testimony even though she had in hand the results of the functional capacity

evaluation conducted May 3, 2000, which cleared her to work four hours a day in

the light/sedentary work category. Ms. Jackson’s counsel neither objected to the

line of questioning leading to her statements, nor cross-examined Ms. Jackson in

order to clear up any misimpression they may have left.

      In her second deposition, taken on July 24, 2001, Ms. Jackson testified she

had reviewed the transcript of her earlier deposition in order to correct any errors.

No corrections appear in the record. Nor did she alter her unequivocal statements

of September 21, 2000, other than to attribute her inability to work to the

unavailability of a job at Dillard’s that met her perceived medical needs.

      We now turn to the second relevant factor in the Franks test. In her

affidavit of November 13, 2001, filed after Dillard’s filed its Motion for Summary

Judgment, Ms. Jackson disavowed her September 21, 2000 deposition testimony

insofar as it might be characterized as a declaration that she was unable to work at

any job, even one including only light duties. While acknowledging she remained

entirely out of the job market, she claimed in her affidavit to have always been

“ready, willing and able” to perform work encompassing light duties at Dillard’s,

such as behind the counter in men’s fragrances or in cosmetics. In her affidavit,

Ms. Jackson does not claim she was without access to pertinent evidence at the

time of her earlier testimony, including the results of the functional capacity


                                         -8-
evaluation. Nor does she point to any newly discovered evidence to justify her

apparent departure from her earlier testimony.

      Turning to the last relevant factor in the Franks test, Ms. Jackson does not

argue her first deposition reflected confusion which she only tried to explain in

her subsequent affidavit. Instead, she contends her affidavit is really not at odds

with her earlier deposition testimony. We conclude otherwise. She points to the

portion of her July 24, 2001 deposition in which she attributed her inability to

work at any job, stated in her first deposition, to the unavailability of a job at

Dillard’s which met her medical needs. We give no weight to this qualification in

her second deposition because the record suggests Ms. Jackson consistently chose

to determine for herself what kind of a job met her medical needs. For example,

she acknowledged that on March 31, 1999, her doctor permitted her to return to

work at Dillard’s full-time, with a simple restriction that overhead activities be

limited to five minutes per hour. Instead of working under this restriction, Ms.

Jackson chose to second-guess the doctor’s recommendation: “I think some of the

stuff he thought maybe I could do, maybe I couldn’t.” (R., Appellant App., Vol.

II, p. 545). Her predilection to self-diagnose was further demonstrated in her

first deposition when she proclaimed herself unable to work at any job, even one

involving only light duties, in the face of a functional capacity analysis requested

by her own doctor that cleared her for limited sedentary/light duty. It appears


                                           -9-
Ms. Jackson elected not to return to work unless it was in a department and under

conditions of her own choosing, despite Dillard’s demonstrated efforts to

accommodate her doctor-recommended medical restrictions. 4 Because Ms.

Jackson does not enjoy the personal prerogative to define the conditions of her

employment, we put aside the qualification expressed in her second deposition.

Without it, Ms. Jackson’s affidavit is clearly contrary to her September 21, 2000

deposition testimony. Although she does not claim it was executed to clear up

confusion, there was in any event no confusion to clear up. Her declarations of

September 21, 2000, were unambiguous.

      Having applied the relevant factors of the Franks test, we conclude the

district court did not abuse its discretion in finding Ms. Jackson’s November 13,

2001 affidavit was an attempt to create a sham issue of fact in order to survive

summary judgment. Relying only on her earlier deposition testimony, the district

court correctly found Ms. Jackson was not “ready, willing and able” to return to

work. Thus, the equitable relief she sought on her Title VII claims (lost wages

and benefits) was not available to her as a matter of law. See Taylor, at 267.

Because we agree with the district court that Ms. Jackson’s federal claims fail for

lack of a remedy, we need not reach the district court’s alternate disposition


      4
       The record suggests Ms. Jackson’s inability to return to work on her own
terms was complicated by psychological distress she suffered as a result of her
November 15, 1998 injury, for which she was also treated.

                                        -10-
awarding Dillard’s summary judgment on Ms. Jackson’s individual Title VII

claims.

State Law Claims

      Ms. Jackson argues she was discharged by Dillard’s because she exercised

her right to claim workers’ compensation for her November 15, 1998 injury. 5 She

contends this is actionable under Colorado’s public policy exception to the at-will

employment doctrine. See Martin Marietta Corp. v. Lorenz, 

, 108

(Colo. 1992). “[W]e know of no reason why the public-policy exception should

not apply to the discharge of an employee . . . because of the employee’s exercise

of a statutory right or privilege granted to workers.” 

(internal citations

omitted). Lorenz cites with approval to Lathrop v. Entenmann’s Inc., 

(Colo. Ct. App. 1989), cert. granted, 

(Colo.

1989)(recognizing a claim for wrongful discharge based on an employee filing for

workers’ compensation).

      Ms. Jackson’s claim can only withstand summary judgment if she is able to

present evidence that her termination was causally connected to her filing for



      5
       In the alternative, Ms. Jackson argues she was constructively discharged.
This argument is without merit. Constructive discharge is premised upon the
equivalence between a resignation induced by intolerable conditions and an
outright termination. See Wilson v. Board of County Comm’rs of County of
Adams, 

, 1259 (Colo. 1985). Ms. Jackson did not resign; she was
terminated.

                                         -11-
benefits under workers’ compensation. See 

Dillard’s maintains it

terminated Ms. Jackson under its evenly-applied leave policy, and its actions were

not pretextual. While Dillard’s presented evidence substantiating its position, Ms.

Jackson was unable to present any evidence her termination was due to her

application for workers’ compensation benefits. 6 The fact she did not return to

work because of the lasting effects of her work-related injury does not establish

the necessary causal connection. We believe the reasoning expressed in Lankford

v. True Ranches, Inc. would be persuasive to the Colorado courts: “[t]here is a

distinction between a termination for the exercise by the worker of his rights

under the worker’s compensation law and a termination for inability to do the

work, even if such inability is caused by an accident requiring the exercise of

worker’s compensation rights.” 

, 872 (Wyo. 1992). We conclude

the district court correctly determined there was no genuine issue of material fact

presented in Ms. Jackson’s state law claims, and it correctly awarded summary




      6
        Nearly fifteen months elapsed between the time Ms. Jackson reported her
injury to workers’ compensation and the time she was discharged. This span of
time is insufficient to support an inference of a causation. See also, Richmond v.
ONEOK, Inc., 

, 209 (10th Cir. 1997) (finding a three month period
between protected activity and adverse employment action, standing alone,
insufficient to establish causation).

                                        -12-
judgment to Dillard’s. 7

Conclusion

       For the reasons given, we AFFIRM the orders of the district court.

                                       Entered by the Court:

                                       TERRENCE L. O’BRIEN
                                       United States Circuit Judge




      7
        Ms. Jackson in her brief takes issue with the district court’s denial of her
claim for exemplary damages. We agree this claim was mooted by the failure of
her state law claims for actual damages. See Defeyter v. Riley, 

, 998
(Colo. Ct. App. 1983).

                                        -13-