F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          FEB 6 2004
                                TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,                      No. 03-5076
          v.                                      (D.C. No. 02-CR-148-P)
 MAURO ADRIAN GARCIA,                                 (N.D. Oklahoma)

               Defendant-Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT           *




Before HENRY , BALDOCK , and HARTZ , Circuit Judges.


      Defendant Mauro Adrian Garcia was stopped by Oklahoma State Trooper

Gene Hise on November 6, 2002, for failure to signal when changing lanes. After

the trooper questioned Defendant and issued a “courtesy warning,” Defendant

gave the trooper consent to search his car. Hise ultimately discovered

approximately 26 kilograms of cocaine. Defendant moved the district court to


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.   This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
suppress the cocaine, arguing that the search of his car violated the Fourth

Amendment. After the district court denied his motion, Defendant entered a

conditional guilty plea to possessing with the intent to distribute five kilograms or

more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). As part of his plea,

Defendant reserved the right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to

suppress. On appeal Defendant argues: (1) the traffic stop itself violated the

Fourth Amendment because it was pretextual, (2) Hise asked questions that

impermissibly exceeded the scope of the traffic stop, and (3) Defendant’s consent

to search his car was not freely given. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, and affirm.

      “In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the factual

findings of the district court unless they are clearly erroneous.” United States v.

Botero-Ospina, 

, 785 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc). The final

determination whether a warrantless search was reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment is a question of law to be reviewed de novo. 

the

evidence on appeal in the light most favorable to the government.” 

      The facts as found by the district court and supported by the record are as

follows: At 2:47 p.m. on November 6, 2002, Defendant was stopped by Trooper


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Hise near the entrance to a toll booth on Interstate 44. Defendant’s vehicle, a

1996 Monte Carlo, had been traveling in the inside lane of traffic when “[t]he

vehicle cut across the outside lane of traffic and overshot the marked lane for

exiting the turnpike all without the driver signaling his intent to change lanes or

exit the turnpike.” Supp. App. at 93. The entire detention was captured on

videotape by a camera mounted inside Hise’s car.

      Hise asked Defendant to step out of his vehicle and produce his driver’s

license. Defendant handed him the license. Defendant incorrectly told Trooper

Hise that the vehicle was a 1994 model. Defendant sat in the patrol car as Hise

filled out paperwork. Hise informed Defendant that he was only going to issue

him a “courtesy warning,” rather than give him a ticket. Defendant appeared

extremely nervous. He appeared to have an elevated heart rate (Hise testified that

he could see the throbbing carotid artery in Defendant’s neck), his hands were

shaking, and he avoided eye contact. While completing the paperwork, Hise

asked Defendant his weight, his address, where he was going, where he worked,

what he did for a living, how long he had owned his car, and where he had bought

it. At approximately 2:55 p.m. Hise called in a license check to verify the

information on Defendant’s driver’s license.

      Hise then asked Defendant to produce the vehicle registration. Defendant

responded that the registration was in the Monte Carlo, but when the two went to


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the vehicle, he was able to produce only a bill of sale showing that the vehicle

had been transferred to “Adrian Garcia” in August—approximately three months

earlier. Hise also observed at this time that the Monte Carlo displayed a

temporary Illinois registration.

      At 2:59 p.m. Hise received information from the dispatcher regarding the

license he had called in. He then left the patrol car to look into the driver’s

window of the Monte Carlo, promptly returned to his car, and again informed

Defendant that he was issuing him only a courtesy warning. At 3:03 p.m., sixteen

minutes after the stop, Hise returned Defendant’s paperwork and told him that he

was done and to “have a nice day.” Supp. App. at 64. Defendant left the patrol

car and began to walk back to the Monte Carlo.

      At that point Hise got out of the patrol car and asked Defendant if he “had

a minute where I could visit with him.” Supp. App. at 33. Defendant agreed.

Hise told Defendant that he appeared extremely nervous and asked him whether

everything was okay. He then asked Defendant whether he had any guns,

marijuana, or cocaine in his car. Defendant said that he did not. Hise also

questioned Defendant about his having put more than 12,000 miles on the Monte

Carlo since he had purchased it in August.

      At 3:06 p.m. Hise asked for permission to search the Monte Carlo, and

Defendant consented. Hise walked his drug-sniffing dog, which had been in the


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back of his patrol car, around the Monte Carlo. The dog alerted to drugs, and

Hise discovered 26 bundles of cocaine in the car.

II.   DISCUSSION

      Defendant challenges the stop, questioning, and subsequent search of his

car on several grounds: (1) that the stop was merely pretextual; (2) that Hise’s

questions exceeded the scope of the traffic stop; and (3) that his consent to search

was invalid because it was the product of the prior excessive questioning, which

left him with “the impression he was not free to go.” Aplt. Br. at 18.

      A.     Initial Stop

      “[A] traffic stop is valid under the Fourth Amendment if the stop is based

on an observed traffic violation . . . .” 

. Whether

the stop is routine and the subjective motivations of the police officer are both

irrelevant. 

not signal when he changed lanes, thereby violating 47 Okla.

Stat. § 11-309. The stop was therefore reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.

Defendant’s first argument is without merit.

      B.     Scope of Questioning

      Defendant next argues that Hise’s questioning exceeded the scope of the

encounter. But “an officer conducting a traffic stop may request vehicle

registration and a driver’s license, run a computer check, ask about travel plans


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and vehicle ownership, and issue a citation.” United States v. Zubia-Melendez,

, 1161 (10th Cir. 2001). Implicit in the authority to ask these

questions is the authority to follow up on them when the answers are suspicious.

For example, although Defendant’s driver’s license indicated that he lived in

Dallas, he told Hise that he was on his way to Chicago, where he claimed to work.

Presented with this peculiar answer (and noting that Defendant appeared

extremely nervous even after Hise told him he was only issuing a courtesy

warning), Hise properly asked several additional questions to verify the

truthfulness of Defendant’s statements about his travel plans and confirm his

identity. We agree with the district court that, in context, the questions were

permissible.

      Similarly, Defendant was unable to provide Hise with vehicle registration,

title, or a permanent tag, and Defendant also misidentified the year of his car. In

addition, the bill of sale that Defendant provided had a name on it somewhat

different from his own. Hise asked him questions to ensure that he was indeed

the owner and had authority to operate the car. For substantially the reasons set

forth in the district court’s order, we agree that Hise’s questioning of Defendant

was, under the totality of the circumstances, permissible because Hise “had the

authority to ask sufficient questions to verify the Defendant’s ownership of, and

authority to operate, the vehicle.” Supp. App. at 99.


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       C.    Consent

       After Hise returned to Defendant his documents and indicated that the

traffic stop was over and Defendant was free to go, he asked Defendant whether

he “had a minute where I could visit with him.” Supp. App. at 33. The district

court found that from this point on, the encounter was purely consensual.

Defendant had all his documents in his possession, and the record indicates no

coercion. Additionally, during the subsequent search of the Monte Carlo,

Defendant did not object or attempt to withdraw his consent. The district court

did not clearly err in finding that consent to search the vehicle was voluntary.

Thus, the search did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

III.   CONCLUSION

       We AFFIRM the judgment below.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                       Harris L Hartz
                                       Circuit Judge




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