F I L E D
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Tenth Circuit
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              August 22, 2005
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                     Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                          No. 03-6094
                                                       (D.C. No. CR-2-08-A)
 SHIRLEY MAYE ROLLOW,                               (Western District of Oklahoma)

           Defendant-Appellant.




                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before HARTZ, Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge, and
McCONNELL, Circuit Judge.



       In a 47-count Indictment filed in the United States District Court for the Western

District of Oklahoma, Shirley Maye Rollow (“Rollow”), Norma El-Samad (“El-Samad”),

Lorraine Bourassa (“Bourassa”), and Hung Nguyen (“Nguyen”), were charged with

various drug and drug related crimes. From the “Introduction” section in the indictment

we learn that pseudoephedrine is a listed chemical under the Controlled Substances Act

and is made to be used as an over-the-counter sinus medication, but that it can also be

       *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
used as a primary ingredient in the manufacture of methamphetamine, a controlled

substance. We further learn that because pseudoephedrine is a listed chemical,

manufacturers and distributors of pseudoephedrine are required to be registered with the

Drug Enforcement Administration and are further required to maintain records of their

purchase and distribution of pseudoephedrine. Thus, those who seek to be distributors of

pseudoephedrine must identify the customers to whom they sell pseudoephedrine. El-

Samad was an owner and operator of a company named Norma’s Enterprises in

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Bourassa was an owner and operator of a company named

Southwest Sales in Arlington, Texas. Rollow was an employee of both Norma’s

Enterprises and Southwest Sales. Nguyen was also an employee of both companies.

      In the first count of the indictment, all four defendants were charged with

conspiring from January 1999 to July 2001, with each other, and others, to possess and

distribute pseudoephedrine, a listed chemical, knowing or having reasonable cause to

believe that the pseudoephedrine would be used to manufacture methamphetamine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(c)(2). In Counts 39 through 47 Rollow was charged with

“Structuring Transactions to Avoid Reporting Requirements,” in violation of 31 U.S.C.

§§ 5324(a)(3), and 5322(b). Collectively, those transactions were claimed to total some

$50,000. The United States also sought forfeiture under 21 U.S.C. § 853.

      Rollow and El-Samad were thereafter jointly tried. Bourassa had entered into a

plea agreement and testified as a government witness at the trial. Nguyen, who had been


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released on bail, absconded and was not tried with Rollow and El-Samad. Nguyen was

later apprehended and he then entered into a plea agreement with the government.

Rollow was convicted on Count 1, and Counts 39 through 47, (excepting Count 44, which

was consolidated with Count 43) and was sentenced to 180 months on Count 1, and 60

months on each of the remaining counts, all to be served concurrently.1

       At trial, it was the government’s theory of the case that Rollow and the other

defendants had conspired with each other, and others, to distribute pseudoephedrine

“knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the pseudoephedrine would be used

to manufacture methamphetamine.” It was Rollow’s theory of the case that her

acquisition and distribution of the pseudoephedrine was “innocent,” i.e., that she did not

know or have reason to know that her distributees would use the pseudoephedrine to

manufacture methamphetamine, that, in fact, she thought her distributees were going to

sell the pseudoephedrine as a cold remedy, and that she did not “conspire” with anyone.

       At oral argument, counsel for Rollow presented two grounds for reversal: (1) the

district court improperly admitted evidence showing that in June, 2001, Rollow had

stored ten million pseudoephedrine tablets in Cura^ao, Netherlands Antilles, which she

proposed to ultimately bring into the United States, and (2) the district court erred in its

sentencing of her.


       1
        El-Samad was also convicted on Count 1 and on nine counts of structuring
transactions to avoid reporting requirements. She was sentenced to 97 months on Count 1
and 60 months on each of the remaining counts, all to be served concurrently.

                                             -3-
       Rollow filed a motion in limine attempting to obtain an order of the court that any

evidence showing that Rollow had stored ten million pseudoephedrine tablets in Cura^ao

would not be admitted at trial. The district court conditionally denied Rollow’s motion,

stating that if the government’s evidence at trial was the same as represented to the court

at the hearing, the testimony regarding Rollow’s storing ten million pseudoephedrine

tablets would be admitted at trial. In so doing, the district court stated that its order was

not based on Federal Rules of Evidence 404(b), but was based on its belief that the

testimony regarding the pseudoephedrine stored in Cura^ao was a part and parcel of the

conspiracy charged in Count 1 of the indictment. In this general connection, the court

spoke as follows:

              If the evidence is developed at trial along the lines stated in
              Mr. Sengel’s brief and presentation just heard, it would be
              relevant with respect to the conspiracy charge because of
              efforts to obtain alternate sources of the substance,
              pseudoephedrine. And that would not be 404(b) evidence
              because it’s inherent in the Count One of the indictment. If
              that’s not the way the evidence develops and we hear
              references to that, why, the government’s in a bit of trouble...”

       Additionally, the district court also spoke as follows:

              With respect to the matter of Cura^ao as a source, and
              whether permits would be required to bring pseudoephedrine
              from Cura^ao into the United States, there’s nothing about
              this conspiracy that requires illegality with respect to the
              source. Actually, Summa is a perfectly legal source. And the
              offense could be committed just as easily by a lawful import
              from Cura^ao as an unlawful import from Cura^ao because
              all that matters is what happens when it gets here.


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      We find no error in the admission of testimony showing that in June, 2001, Rollow

had ten million pseudoephedrine tablets in storage in Cura^ao and that she was

contemplating removal of those tablets to the United States. The indictment alleged a

conspiracy from January, 1999, to July, 2001, and the evidence was that the Cura^ao

“storage” was as of June, 2001. There was evidence, as was mentioned by the district

court, that the defendants’ source of pseudoephedrine in Texas was “drying up,” and that

the defendants were looking for “alternative sources.” The testimony of Charles Mustin,

Lorraine Bourassa, and an audio tape recording of a telephone conversation between

Rollow and one Tan Do concerning the pseudoephedrine belonging to Rollow and stored

in Cura^ao was sufficient to indicate, prima facie, that such was within the scope of the

conspiracy charged in Count 1.

        As for the audio tape of the telephone conversation between Rollow and Tan Do,

counsel complains that because the government had allowed Tan Do to be free on bail,

and he thereafter absconded, Rollow was denied her right to cross examine Tan Do. He

suggests that the government conspired with Tan Do to abscond and thus to be

unavailable at Rollow’s trial. In that connection, there is no evidence of government

misconduct, only the suggestion of counsel. The tape was of Rollow’s conversation with

Tan Do and consisted of statements made by Rollow against her interest concerning the

possible shipping of the pseudoephedrine into the United States, through either New

Orleans, or to Mexico and then to the United States. We find no error in admitting this


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line of testimony.

       In his brief, counsel asserts other grounds for reversal of Rollow’s conviction,

which were not mentioned at oral argument. We shall discuss those matters before

considering the other matter presented at oral argument, i.e. whether the district court

committed error in sentencing Rollow.

       In his brief counsel argued that there is insufficient evidence to support the jury’s

verdicts. He seems to suggest that, because there was no government witness who could,

for example, testify that he actually saw Rollow transfer pseudoephedrine to a distributee

who announced then and there, and for all to hear, that he was going to convert the

pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine, and then did so, Rollow could not be convicted of

conspiring to distribute pseudoephedrine “knowing or having reasonable cause to believe

that the pseudoephedrine would be used to manufacture methamphetamine.” We do not

agree with that argument. In United States v. Washington, 

, 594 (10th Cir.

1988), a defendant who came into possession of a listed chemical but thereafter had no

opportunity to actually manufacture a controlled substance was convicted of intent to

manufacture because he had reasonable cause to believe it would be used to manufacture

an illegal substance. See also, United States v. Saffo, 

, 1268 (10th Cir.

2000). The evidence, though largely circumstantial in nature, is sufficient to support the

jury’s verdicts. Untied States v. Ortiz-Ortiz, 

(10th Cir. 1995). The

“circumstances” we rely on in thus holding are the inordinate amount of pseudoephedrine


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involved, the false reporting to the DEA, the existence of large methamphetamine-related

dump sites, witness testimony including Charles Mustin who testified that he and Rollow

cut the bottoms off pseudoephedrine bottles and repackaged the pills in one gallon bags

for delivery to Nevada for manufacture of methamphetamine, and much more. Given the

quantity of evidence, a rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence and reasonable

inferences as a whole, could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 319 (1975). We find no error.

       In his brief, counsel argues that Rollow is entitled to a new and a “fair trial”

because counsel for El-Samad, in his closing argument, sought “to ‘sabotage’ Ms.

Rollow’s defense in an effort to place guilt squarely on Ms. Rollow,” and absolve his

client, El-Samad, of any wrong doing. Counsel bases this on pre-trial conversations he

had with counsel for El-Samad wherein the latter allegedly agreed not to “place blame on

Rollow.” In any event, neither El-Samad nor Rollow sought a separate trial. Counsel for

Rollow did not object to any part of El-Samad’s counsel’s closing argument so we

examine this matter for plain error. United States v. Bailey, 

, 1143 (10th

Cir. 2003). We have read the portions of counsel for El-Samad’s argument which counsel

for Rollow relies on, and find nothing therein which would require a new trial for Rollow.

       Counsel, in his brief, also argues that the jury was not fully instructed on the

elements necessary to show “structuring to avoid reporting requirements.” There was no

objection to the instructions given the jury on the prosecutor’s burden of proof on the


                                             -7-
structuring transaction issue. So, again we review for plain error. United States v.

Heckard, 

, 1231 (10th Cir. 2001). The jury was sufficiently instructed on

the matter and we find no plain error.

       Counsel also asserts on appeal that Rollow was improperly sentenced by the

district court. The Pre-Sentence Report set Rollow’s base offense level at 30 and then

recommended that her offense level be raised by two levels, because she, by testifying

falsely at her trial, had “obstructed justice,” and then, further increased her offense level

by two more levels for her role in the conspiracy. The district court, at sentencing, agreed

with the Report and raised Rollow’s offense level by four levels, i.e., from 30 to 34. Such

level, with Rollow’s Criminal History Category of I, resulted in a guideline range of 151

to 188 months, and, as indicated, she was sentenced to 180 months. Counsel for Rollow

objected to raising her offense level from 30 to 34, contending that in raising her offense

level from 30 to 34 the district court violated her Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury.

In this general connection, we would note that had her offense level remained at 30, with

her Criminal History Category of I, the guideline range would have been imprisonment

for 97 to 121 months. On appeal, counsel continues to argue that by increasing Rollow’s

offense level from 30 to 34, the district court violated her Sixth Amendment right to trial

by jury. We agree.

       While the present appeal has been pending in this Court, that matter has been

resolved by the Supreme Court. United States v. Booker-Fanfan, 

(2005).


                                             -8-
Booker-Fanfan governs the present appeal. 

See also United States v. Lott,

, 1233 (10th Cir. 2002).

       Under Booker-Fanfan the district court erred in basing its sentence, in part, on an

adjusted offense level of 34. The matter having been raised in the district court, we need

not resort to the so-called 4-prong test for plain error. See United States v. Gonzalez v.

Huerta, 

(10th Cir. 2005). However, Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(a) provides that

such error may be disregarded by us if the error is “harmless,” i.e., it does not affect

substantial rights. The district court erred when it found both that Rollow obstructed

justice and played a major role in the offense thereby sentencing her on the basis of those

facts not found by a jury. Booker-Fanfan at 756. The government has the burden of

showing that such error is harmless. In support thereof, in United States v. Lang, 

at 1065 (10th Cir. 2005), we spoke as follows:

              The burden of proving that an error does not affect substantial rights
       is upon the “beneficiary of the error”--here, the government. If the error is
       of constitutional magnitude, as it is here, the government is required to
       prove the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The government
       has not asserted that the error in this case was harmless. (Citations
       omitted.)

       The record, in our view, does not support a finding of harmless error. Rollow was

sentenced to imprisonment for 180 months, when the guideline range was 97 to 121

months based only on facts supported by a jury. The sentence imposed by the district

court exceeded the maximum sentence permissible under this guideline range by 59

months (4 years, 11 months). Such being the case, the error was not “harmless,”

                                             -9-
i.e. it did affect “substantial rights” under Rule 52(a). Accordingly, Rollow’s conviction

is affirmed. However, her sentence is vacated and the matter is remanded to the district

court with direction that she be re-sentenced in accord with Booker-Fanfan.



                                          ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                          Robert H. McWilliams,
                                          Senior Circuit Judge




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