F I L E D
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit

                                                                               July 27, 2005
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                  TENTH CIRCUIT                           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                    Clerk


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,

          v.                                                No. 04-1508
                                                     (D. Ct. No. 03-CR-184-N)
 DONOVAN EASTMAN,                                            (D. Colo.)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, and HARTZ, Circuit
Judges.



      Defendant-Appellant Donovan Eastman pleaded guilty to possession of a

firearm by a previously convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and

924(a)(2), and possession of counterfeit Federal Reserve Notes in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 472. Two months later, Mr. Eastman filed a pro se document requesting

withdrawal of the guilty plea. The District Court denied his request, and Mr.



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Eastman timely appeals. We take jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and

AFFIRM.

                               I. BACKGROUND

      Mr. Eastman was arrested on January 15, 2002, pursuant to a warrant issued

by the Larimer County District Court in Colorado. During the course of the

arrest, officers from the Denver Police Department obtained a search warrant and

seized five firearms in Mr. Eastman’s possession, along with counterfeit federal

reserve notes amounting to approximately $19,000.

      In August of 2004, Mr. Eastman pleaded guilty to Counts Three and Four of

a federal indictment, as specified in the plea agreement: possession of a firearm

by a previously convicted felon, and possession of counterfeit Federal Reserve

Notes. At the plea hearing, Mr. Eastman responded positively to the court’s

inquiry about the voluntariness of his plea. Although Mr. Eastman did state that

he had not eaten for two days and that he was on a medicine called Seroquel,

which he identified as an antipsychotic that a psychiatrist had prescribed a couple

of years before, he confirmed that these did not affect his awareness of the

proceedings. The court accepted his guilty plea.

      On October 27, two months after the plea hearing and three weeks before

sentencing, Mr. Eastman filed a pro se request—despite the fact that he was

represented by counsel—to withdraw his guilty plea. During the court’s hearing


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on the motion to withdraw the plea, Mr. Eastman’s concerns focused on

ineffective assistance of counsel and his physical and mental condition at the time

of the plea. Mr. Eastman also discussed the government’s loss or destruction of

the firearms that had been seized, which he advanced as a part of a number of

arguments, including ineffective assistance of counsel. The District Court ruled

that the plea was knowing and voluntary, that Mr. Eastman had been represented

by competent counsel at all stages of the proceedings, and that the destruction of

evidence did not provide a fair and just reason to withdraw.

      On appeal, Mr. Eastman argues that the District Court erred by denying his

request to withdraw. In support of his argument, Mr. Eastman contends that there

are three factors that mandate reversal of the District Court: (1) his diminished

capacity at the time of the plea, as influenced by his medication and a lack of

food, (2) his disagreements with his attorney, and (3) his desire to go to trial to

exploit the government’s destruction of relevant evidence.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B), a defendant may withdraw a plea of

guilty prior to sentencing if he can demonstrate a “fair and just reason” for doing

so. This Court considers seven factors influential to its consideration of whether

a defendant has stated a fair and just reason:

      (1) whether the defendant has asserted his innocence; (2) whether
      withdrawal would prejudice the government; (3) whether the defendant

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      delayed in filing his motion, and if so, the reason for the delay; (4) whether
      withdrawal would substantially inconvenience the court; (5) whether close
      assistance of counsel was available to the defendant; (6) whether the plea
      was knowing and voluntary; and (7) whether the withdrawal would waste
      judicial resources.

United States v. Sandoval, 

, 1299 (10th Cir. 2004). This Court

reviews the District Court’s decision for abuse of discretion. United States v.

Jones, 168 F.33d 1217, 1219 (10th Cir. 1999).

      We first address Mr. Eastman’s claims related to the voluntariness of his

plea. To begin, we note that Mr. Eastman has offered no evidence other than his

own statements that he was “over medicated and not in good shape at the time of

plea” as proof that the plea was made involuntarily or unknowingly. This Court,

however, has held that conclusory statements made by a defendant are, “absent

any other evidence, insufficient to show that his plea was involuntary.” United

States v. Kramer, 

, 1200 (10th Cir. 1999); see also United States v.

Groll, 

, 758, n.2 (7th Cir. 1993). Indeed, in another case in which

the defendant disclosed his use of prescription drugs at the plea hearing but later

claimed he had been unable to understand “in depth” what was going on, this

Court rejected the defendant’s arguments on the basis that he failed to support

them with anything besides his own statements. 

(holding that the defendant failed to support his statements with actual evidence

“such as medical records or narcotic drug prescriptions or doctors’ affidavits”).


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As such, there is no indication that Mr. Eastman’s plea was involuntary.

      Second, we point out that the evidence indicating the plea was voluntary is

well-documented and substantial. In an extended colloquy with the District Court

Judge, Mr. Eastman confirmed that the lack of food was not affecting his decision

to plead guilty, that the medicine did not interfere with his ability to understand

the proceedings, that he was alert, and that he had taken his last dose of medicine

some time ago and that its effects were beginning to wear off.

      We next address Mr. Eastman’s claims with respect to his “disagreement

with counsel”; or, as advanced in District Court proceedings, his claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel. Contrary to Mr. Eastman’s contention that

actions by his counsel provide him with a basis to withdraw his guilty plea, the

record provides ample indication that the plea was entered with close assistance

of counsel: Mr. Eastman’s attorney was present at the plea hearing, and both Mr.

Eastman and his attorney confirmed that they had discussed the elements of the

plea agreement. Mr. Eastman also confirmed that he and his attorney had

discussed all relevant elements of his case, including the plea bargain, his right to

trial, and the nature and elements of the crimes included in the agreement.

      Indeed, Mr. Eastman cites no specific errors by his attorney, referring only

to a “disagreement with counsel.” This “disagreement,” from our review of the

record, stems from Mr. Eastman’s allegation during the District Court hearing that


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his counsel had failed to file a motion to examine the evidence. The District

Court, however, identified this claim as false, and Mr. Eastman—both below and

on appeal—names no additional motions his counsel should have filed. In the

same hearing, Mr. Eastman also alleged that his attorney failed to return a number

of phone calls, but he did not explain the significance of that alleged failure. As

such, Mr. Eastman’s disagreement with, or dislike of, his attorney does not

provide a basis for him to withdraw his plea of guilty.

      We next address Mr. Eastman’s concern about the destruction of evidence,

which he offers on appeal as equivalent to an assertion of innocence. In essence,

he argues that he would have had a greater hope for acquittal if he had presented

evidence of the government’s destruction of the firearms at trial. This Court

follows the D.C. Circuit in concluding that “bare hope for acquittal is not a

‘legally cognizable defense’ and therefore is not an effective claim of legal

innocence.” United States v. Barker, 

(D.C. Cir. 1975). The

destruction of evidence in this case is not offered as part of any “legally

cognizable defense.” Mr. Eastman made no direct assertion of innocence in

District Court and does not do so here. As such, Mr. Eastman’s statements on

appeal do not constitute an assertion of innocence.

      Finally, we note the existence of significant factors that advise against the

withdrawal of the guilty plea. The District Court addressed two countervailing


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Sandoval factors—whether the court will be inconvenienced if the motion is

granted, and whether a waste of judicial resources would result if the motion is

granted—as follows:

      This case had been pending now for approximately two and a half years, an
      astonishing period of time for a simple, straightforward criminal case.
      Most of the delay in the case has been occasioned by the defendant’s
      frequent quarrels with his court-appointed attorneys and by his inability to
      proceed without an attorney. . . .

      For those reasons, the Court finds that it would be a waste of judicial
      resources to allow the withdrawal of the plea. If I allowed withdrawal of
      the plea, there would be more delay. The case would at best go to a jury
      trial, and the defendant, the Court is confident, would be found guilty. We
      would be months, if not years down the road with the same result, and we
      would be sitting here in the same situation, with one difference.
      Undoubtedly the Government would be saying, with some support in the
      law, that the defendant doesn’t get a 3-point downward adjustment for
      accepting responsibility.

      Mr. Eastman appears to dispute the District Court’s evaluation of

inconvenience by citing his alleged arrangements for a new attorney, but his

arguments do not displace the District Court’s point about the inutility of

withdrawal and the waste of judicial resources in the present case.

                               III. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the District Court acted well within

its discretion in denying Mr. Eastman’s motion to withdraw his plea of guilty and




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accordingly AFFIRM.

                      ENTERED FOR THE COURT,


                      Deanell Reece Tacha
                      Chief Circuit Judge




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