F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         APR 28 2005
                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk


    JACQUELINE J. SCHROEDER,

           Plaintiff - Appellant,

     v.
                                                       No. 04-6194
    SOUTHWEST AIRLINES; SUZANNE                  (D.C. No. 02-CV-1299-M)
    COLEMAN; LINDA LEE; SUSAN                          (W.D. Okla.)
    KILMER; LOIS WILLIAMS;
    INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
    OF MACHINISTS AND
    AEROSPACE WORKERS (IAMAW);
    LOCAL 2909 INTERNATIONAL
    ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS
    AND AEROSPACE WORKERS,

           Defendants - Appellees.


                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT           *




Before LUCERO , PORFILIO , and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges.




*
  The case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral argument pursuant to
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment is not
binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
       Jacqueline J. Schroeder appeals the district court’s order dismissing her

lawsuit as a sanction for failing to prosecute, failing to provide copies of

pleadings to defendants, and failing to comply with discovery requests, including

failing to attend her own deposition.   1
                                            She also appeals the order denying her

motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and        AFFIRM

both orders.

       Schroeder has filed three complaints in this Title VII case. The first was

dismissed without prejudice because Schroeder did not serve defendants with a

summons. The second complaint was dismissed, also without prejudice, because

Schroeder failed to file an amended complaint after leave to do so was granted.

During the time the second lawsuit was pending, Schroeder failed to serve

defendants with copies of her pleadings. She stated that she and her attorney

“allowed” these dismissals to occur as a “tactical decision,” hoping that an

ongoing government investigation would bolster her case upon refiling.

       Schroeder filed the complaint underlying this appeal on September 18,

2002, and defendants moved to dismiss. She filed a response to the motions, but

did not serve defendants with her response. The district court granted in part and



1
      Plaintiff was represented by Frederick W. Southern, Jr., who has been
disbarred. She is represented by different counsel on appeal.

                                             -2-
denied in part the dismissal motions, and directed Schroeder to file an amended

complaint. She complied with the district court’s direction, but again did not

serve defendants with copies of her pleading. Defendants then filed another

motion to dismiss; plaintiff filed a response, but yet again failed to serve a copy

on defendants. The court granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss.



      In early December 2003, defendants served discovery requests on

Schroeder’s attorney. They also served notices that they would depose Schroeder

on February 4, 2004. Because Schroeder’s counsel did not respond to the

discovery requests or to defendants’ attorneys’ other attempts to obtain the

discovery, defendants filed a motion to compel.

      Neither Schroeder nor her attorney appeared for the deposition set for

February 4th. They made no request to change the date and they did not notify

defendants’ attorneys that they would not appear. Furthermore, the attorneys’

telephone call to Schroeder’s lawyer on the day of the deposition went

unanswered and was never returned. Defendants’ attorneys traveled to Oklahoma

City from Washington, D.C. and San Antonio, Texas for the deposition.

      On February 19, 2004, Schroeder responded to the motion to compel by

stating that she had provided the requested discovery. The district court found

that those responses were inadequate. Three weeks later, Schroeder supplemented


                                          -3-
those responses, but the district court was not aware of the supplement.

Schroeder has not explained why she failed to respond adequately to the discovery

requests in a timely manner.

      On March 19, 2004, the district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss

with prejudice as a sanction for abusing the discovery process, failing to

prosecute her case, and failing to follow the rules of civil procedure. The court

evaluated the appropriate factors and concluded that dismissal with prejudice was

the only appropriate sanction under the circumstances.   2



      Schroeder then filed a motion to reconsider, which the district court

construed as a motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e). In

support of the motion, Schroeder submitted a statement explaining that she did

not know her deposition had been set for February 4th, and that the first two

complaints were allowed to be dismissed for tactical reasons. She also stated that

she had answered defendants’ discovery requests on February 19, 2004, and had

supplemented those answers on March 12, 2004. The district court denied the

motion, holding that plaintiff had not met the criteria to alter or amend a

judgment.




2
      The district court also ordered Schroeder’s then-attorney to pay attorney
fees and costs to defendants. These orders are not before us.

                                           -4-
       “We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to

impose the sanction of dismissal for failure to follow court orders and rules.”

Gripe v. City of Enid , 

, 1188 (10th Cir. 2002). “A district court

undoubtedly has discretion to sanction a party for failing to prosecute or defend a

case, or for failing to comply with local or federal procedural rules.”         Reed v.

Bennett , 

, 1195 (10th Cir. 2002). In addition, a district court has

discretion to dismiss a case for discovery violations.      LaFleur v. Teen Help ,

, 1151 (10th Cir. 2003). Sanctions are available to permit the court

to “manag[e] its docket and avoid[] unnecessary burdens on the tax-supported

courts, opposing parties or both.”     Mulvaney v. Rivair Flying Serv., Inc.       (In re

Baker ), 

, 1441 (10th Cir. 1984). In reviewing the district court’s

exercise of discretion, we consider the totality of the circumstances.         M.E.N. Co.

v. Control Fluidics, Inc. , 

, 872 (10th Cir. 1987). “Because a default

judgment is a harsh sanction, due process requires that ‘failure’ [to obey rules or

orders] is a sufficient ground only when it is the result of ‘willfulness, bad faith,

or [some] fault of petitioner’ rather than inability to comply.”         

Hockey League v. Metro. Hockey Club, Inc.          , 

, 640 (1976)). Willful

failure means “any intentional failure as distinguished from involuntary

noncompliance. No wrongful intent need be shown.”            

(quotation

omitted).


                                             -5-
      In Ehrenhaus v. Reynolds , 

(10th Cir. 1992), this court

articulated the following five criteria for a district court to consider when

evaluating whether dismissal is an appropriate sanction: “(1) the degree of actual

prejudice to the defendant; (2) the amount of interference with the judicial

process; . . . (3) the culpability of the litigant; (4) whether the court warned the

party in advance that dismissal of the action would be a likely sanction for

noncompliance; and (5) the efficacy of lesser 

(quotation and citations omitted). These criteria are guidelines, not a “rigid test.”

that the first two      Ehrenhaus criteria were met, although

she maintains that she was not at fault. She contends that the district court

abused its discretion in finding that the remaining factors weighed in favor of

dismissal. Specifically, she maintains that she was blameless, that the court never

warned her that her case could be dismissed with prejudice, and that a lesser

sanction is appropriate. She argues that the blame lies with her former attorney

and that the district court appropriately imposed sanctions on him.

      Addressing culpability, the district court determined that even though

Schroeder’s attorney was more culpable than she, no evidence had been presented

to demonstrate that she “was not aware of the date, time, and place for her

deposition.” Aplt. App. at 192. Schroeder points to her statement that she was


                                           -6-
not aware that her deposition had been scheduled. This statement was not filed

until after the case was dismissed. Therefore, at the time the case was dismissed,

“the record contain[ed] no direct evidence regarding what plaintiff knew of [her]

attorney’s derelictions,” and under those circumstances, a plaintiff is liable for the

acts and omissions of her attorney.     Gripe , 312 F.3d at 1188. “Any other notion

would be wholly inconsistent with our system of representative litigation, in

which each party is deemed bound by the acts of [her] lawyer-agent and is

considered to have notice of all facts, notice of which can be charged upon the

attorney.” 

(quotation omitted).    3



       We recognize, as plaintiff argues, that this court has stated that “‘[i]f the

fault lies with the attorneys, that is where the impact of the sanction should be

lodged.’” M.E.N. Co. , 834 F.2d at 873 (quotation omitted). In that case,

however, the district court “made no findings on whether [the sanctioned

litigants’] conduct met the willful noncompliance standard,” so the case was

remanded for specific findings.       

see Ocelot Oil Corp. v. Sparrow

Indus. , 

, 1465 (10th Cir. 1988) (collecting cases that were

remanded to permit district court to make findings on fault of litigant). In

contrast, the district court in this case made the explicit finding that Schroeder, as



3
      “Redress for [attorney] incompetence is usually found in a suit for
malpractice rather than on direct appeal.” M.E.N. Co. , 834 F.2d at 873.

                                             -7-
well as her attorney, was culpable. “[W]here the district court considered this

factor on the record, the client was liable for the acts and omissions of [her]

counsel.” LaFleur , 342 F.3d at 1152; see also 

(dismissal

appropriate even where “the record contains no direct evidence regarding what

plaintiff knew of his attorney’s derelictions,” because “of the repeated and

documented failure of his chosen representative.”).

       Moreover, Schroeder stated that the first two complaints “were allowed to

be dismissed without prejudice for tactical reasons.” Where sanctionable conduct

was the result of tactical decisions, “[w]e need not allocate fault . . . between

lawyer and client because both are bound by trial strategy.”     Smith v. United

States , 

, 171 (10th Cir. 1987). We conclude that the district court

did not abuse its discretion in its culpability determination.

       In evaluating the fourth   Ehrenhaus factor – whether the plaintiff had been

warned that dismissal was a likely sanction for noncompliance – the district court

found that even though she had not been warned, “the continuing nature of

plaintiff and her counsel’s inexcusable conduct, the extent of the prejudice to

defendants, and the interference with the judicial process outweigh the fact that

plaintiff was not specifically warned.” In addition, the court noted that the two

orders dismissing her lawsuit without prejudice should have put Schroeder on

notice that she and her counsel must comply with court deadlines and rules.        The


                                            -8-
district court considered this factor and stated legitimate reasons for dismissing.

Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.

       As for the fifth criterion – the efficacy of lesser sanctions – the district

court found that “nothing short of dismissal would be effective,” after considering

the history of this litigation and the repeated abuses of the judicial process.

Plaintiff first filed suit in November 2000. As of the dismissal date, March 19,

2004, the parties had not even accomplished the first phase of discovery. The

district court had granted leave to amend the complaint on at least two occasions,

defendants’ attorneys’ had failed to receive several key pleadings, defendants had

moved to compel discovery, Schroeder’s written and documentary discovery

responses were inadequate,   4
                                 and both Schroeder and her attorney failed to appear

for her deposition. “The burden of litigation is too pressing, and trial courts’

patience has too long been tried, to permit parties to evade the consequences of

neglecting their cases.”   M.E.N. Co. , 834 F.2d at 873. Under the circumstances,

the district court did not abuse its discretion in choosing dismissal as an

appropriate sanction.


4
       Schroeder argues that the district court inappropriately considered the
inadequacy of her responses to the discovery requests. She asserts that one of the
defendants’ attorneys did not certify that he conferred or attempted to confer with
plaintiff’s counsel, as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(2). Schroeder has not
shown that this issue was raised in the district court; therefore, we decline to
consider it on appeal. Wilburn v. Mid-South Health Dev., Inc. , 

,
1280 (10th Cir. 2003).

                                            -9-
       Schroeder also challenges the district court’s order denying her Rule 59(e)

motion to alter or amend the judgment. “We review a district court’s ruling on a

[Rule] 59(e) motion under an abuse of discretion standard. . . . A Rule 59(e)

motion to alter or amend the judgment should be granted only to correct manifest

errors of law or to present newly discovered evidence.”   Phelps v. Hamilton ,

, 1324 (10th Cir. 1997) (quotations omitted).

       Schroeder filed a declaration explaining her reasons for the delays in

prosecuting her case, and stating that she had been unaware that her deposition

had been scheduled. The district court appropriately declined to consider the

declaration because it contained no new information that was unavailable before

the dismissal order.   Comm. for First Amendment v. Campbell    , 

,

1524 (10th Cir. 1992) (finding no abuse of discretion when district court refused

to consider additional evidence in support of Rule 59(e) motion where there was

no showing “that the evidence was newly discovered or unavailable in a more

timely fashion through the exercise of diligence”). The district court held that

Schroeder had identified no instances in which the court had misapprehended the

facts or the controlling law, and denied relief. We similarly conclude that

Schroeder has not shown manifest error requiring that the judgment be reopened.

Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Schroeder’s motion.


                                          -10-
The judgment of the district court is      AFFIRMED .



                                                Entered for the Court



                                                Carlos F. Lucero
                                                Circuit Judge




                                        -11-