F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          June 29, 2005
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                 Clerk

    ALFA BA,

                Petitioner,
                                                         No. 04-9516
    v.                                              (BIA No. A78 355 117)
                                                     (Petition for Review)
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES,        *



                Respondent.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT         **




Before EBEL , BALDOCK , and KELLY , Circuit Judges.



         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal.   See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.


*
      On February 4, 2005, Alberto R. Gonzales became the United States
Attorney General. In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, Mr. Gonzales is substituted for John Ashcroft as the
Respondent in this action.
**
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Alfa Ba, a citizen of Sierra Leone, seeks asylum in the United States. An

immigration judge granted his request, but the Board of Immigration Appeals

reversed. We affirm the denial of asylum.



                                          I.

      Ba was born in 1972 in the city of Kabala, in Sierra Leone. In 1994, Ba’s

father ascended to a leadership position in Kabala, which Ba characterized as “the

chief of the village.” R. at 95. In this position, Ba’s father encouraged the

people of Kabala to support the government of Sierra Leone in its conflict with a

rebel group known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF).

      In 1999, the RUF entered Kabala and murdered Ba’s father and mother,

along with three other people in their house. Ba was not at home when this

massacre occurred, but he and other Kabala residents were subsequently taken

captive by the RUF. It appears from Ba’s testimony that his captors never

connected him to his father. Nevertheless, he was beaten daily, resulting in scars

that were still visible at his asylum hearing. He also saw a man summarily

executed for expressing support for the government.

      Eventually, Ba escaped from the RUF and fled to Guinea. From there, he

made his way to the United States, arriving in April 2000. He applied for asylum




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seven weeks after his arrival. The Immigration and Naturalization Service denied

Ba’s application and commenced removal proceedings.

      In proceedings before an immigration judge (IJ), Ba conceded removability

but continued to press his asylum claim. The IJ found Ba’s testimony was

“sufficiently detailed, consistent and believable to provide a plausible and

coherent account of the basis for his fears.” R. at 78. The IJ further determined

that the RUF would have imputed a hostile political opinion to Ba if they had

linked him to his father and that they would have killed him based on this imputed

opinion. In light of these conclusions, the IJ granted Ba’s application for asylum.

      The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) reversed. Although it accepted

the IJ’s credibility determination, the BIA held that Ba’s testimony did not

establish that the RUF persecuted him “on account of a protected ground.” 

The BIA further held that conditions in Sierra Leone had changed enough to

eliminate any reasonable fear of future persecution.



                                         II.

      As is relevant here, an alien may demonstrate that he is entitled to asylum

by showing either that he “has a well-founded fear of future persecution” or that

he “has suffered past persecution, which gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of

a well-founded fear of future persecution.” Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 

,


                                         -3-
893 (10th Cir. 2004) (alterations and quotations omitted). We have defined

persecution as “the infliction of suffering or harm upon those who differ (in race,

religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded as offensive,” noting that it “must

entail more than just restrictions or threats to life and liberty.” 

see also 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (defining a “refugee” as a person

who has been persecuted or may face persecution in his home country “on account

of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion”). When the BIA has denied an asylum application, “[w]e will not

reverse the agency’s decision unless the evidence compels the conclusion that

petitioner[] [has] a well-founded fear of persecution on one of the . . . grounds”

set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Estrada-Escobar v. Ashcroft, 

, 1046 (10th Cir. 2004). 1

                                  A. Past Persecution

      It is undisputed that Ba was kidnaped and tortured by the RUF, and we

assume for purposes of decision that these acts would constitute persecution if

accompanied by the requisite motivation. The BIA, however, found proof of such

motivation lacking. We uphold this determination.


1
        Congress recently modified a number of provisions governing asylum.     See
REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B, § 101, 119 Stat. 231, 302-06.
Although the REAL ID Act went into effect on May 11, 2005, only a handful of
its provisions apply to pending cases.   See 

119 Stat. at 305-06. None
of these provisions affect our analysis in this appeal.

                                          -4-
      Ba contends that the RUF persecuted him based on certain opinions

imputed to him and that persecution based on imputed opinions can satisfy

§ 1101(A)(42)(A). As the BIA found, however, there was no evidence that the

RUF ascribed any particular political views to Ba and their other captives. It is

possible that Ba’s kidnappers presumed that he and other Kabala residents shared

Ba’s father’s support for the Sierra Leonean government (as Ba alleges), but other

inferences are also possible from the record; for example, the rebels may have

believed their captives held neutral or even pro-RUF views and were therefore

ripe for conscription. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 

, 482 (1992);

Sangha v. INS, 

, 1488-90 (9th Cir. 1997). Under these

circumstances, we must uphold the BIA’s determination that Ba failed to prove

persecution on account of political beliefs.

                               B. Future Persecution

      On the issue of future persecution, the BIA relied on State Department

country reports stating that Sierra Leone had experienced a reduction in civil

strife generally, and RUF abuses in particular, since Ba departed. Ba contends

the BIA’s analysis was inadequate under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1) and Matter of

Chen, 20 I. & N. Dec. 16, 

(BIA 1989). We disagree.

      Under Chen and § 1208.13(b)(1), an asylum applicant who proves that he

suffered persecution in the past is presumed to have a well-founded fear of future


                                         -5-
persecution. One way for the Government to rebut this presumption is to show

that “[t]here has been a fundamental change in circumstances” since the

persecution occurred. 

cf. Chen, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 18

(discussing the presumption that arises from proof of past persecution and noting

that the Government can rebut this presumption by presenting “evidence that there

is little likelihood of present persecution”). Ba maintains that the BIA’s findings

do not satisfy § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A) and Chen. These authorities are inapposite,

however, as Ba has not made the showing of past persecution necessary to invoke

the § 1208.13(b)(1) presumption. See Akhtar v. Gonzales, 

, 406

(6th Cir. 2005) (rejecting Chen claim based on asylum applicant’s failure to prove

past persecution). For this reason, and because Ba has not otherwise challenged

the BIA’s conclusion about current conditions in Sierra Leone, we affirm the

BIA’s determination regarding future persecution.




                                         -6-
                                       III.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the BIA denying Ba’s

request for asylum.



                                                  Entered for the Court



                                                  Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                                  Circuit Judge




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