FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            February 24, 2006
                                       TENTH CIRCUIT                       Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                               Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,

          v.                                                  No. 05-3231
                                                  (D. Ct. No. 04-CR-40100-01-RDR)
 GREGORY LEE GABALDON,                                         (D. Kan.)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, ANDERSON, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.


      After the District Court denied Defendant-Appellant Gregory Lee Gabaldon’s

motion to suppress 213 pounds of marijuana discovered in his car following a traffic stop,

Mr. Gabaldon pleaded guilty to possessing with intent to distribute a controlled substance

under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Mr. Gabaldon now appeals the District Court’s denial of his

motion to suppress. Taking jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

      At around 8:00 a.m. on July 27, 2004, Mr. Gabaldon was pulled over by Deputy



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Sheriff Kelly Schneider for crossing the fog line on the right side of the road, which is a

violation of Kansas state law. After Mr. Gabaldon’s vehicle came to a stop, Deputy

Schneider motioned to Mr. Gabaldon to meet him between the police cruiser and Mr.

Gabaldon’s vehicle, where Deputy Schneider informed Mr. Gabaldon that he had crossed

the white line on the road and asked if he was awake. Deputy Schneider then asked for

Mr. Gabaldon’s driver’s license and registration. As Mr. Gabaldon returned to his car to

retrieve the documents, Deputy Schneider also walked to the car, where he saw several

coolers in the back seat. At least one of the coolers appeared to be sealed with silicone.

During this time, Deputy Schneider asked Mr. Gabaldon about his travel plans. He

replied that he and his passenger were traveling from Scottsdale to Chicago on vacation,

that they were going to a friend’s birthday party there, and that the friend was his

passenger’s cousin.

       After running a check on Mr. Gabaldon’s license and registration, Deputy

Schneider gave him a warning ticket and returned his license and registration. Deputy

Schneider then told Mr. Gabaldon to “be careful” and to “drive safely.” The two men

began walking away from each other. After a few steps, however, Deputy Schneider

turned and said, “Hey, you mind if I ask you another question?” The following dialogue

then took place:

Mr. Gabaldon:               What?
Deputy Schneider:           Mind if I ask you another question?
Mr. Gabaldon:               What’s that?
Deputy Schneider:           We have a lot of illegal contraband up and down this road and
                            illegal weapons. You don’t have anything like that?

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Mr. Gabaldon:               No.
Deputy Schneider:           Mind if I take a look in your car?
Mr. Gabaldon:               Yeah, I do.
Deputy Schneider:           Why?
Mr. Gabaldon:               [unintelligible]
Deputy Schneider:           How about I run a dog around your vehicle?
Mr. Gabaldon:               What?
Deputy Schneider:           How about I run a dog around your vehicle?
Mr. Gabaldon:               Around the vehicle?
Deputy Schneider:           Yeah. You don’t mind?
Mr. Gabaldon:               No.


       The District Court found that during this conversation, Deputy Schneider used a

conversational tone of voice and did not raise it. Nor did he command or instruct Mr.

Gabaldon. In addition, he did not draw or even touch his gun. Thereafter, Deputy

Schneider’s drug dog alerted to the vehicle, and a search resulted in the discovery of 44

packages of marijuana weighing approximately 213 pounds.

       After he was indicted and charged with one count of possession with intent to

distribute a controlled substance, Mr. Gabaldon filed a pretrial motion to suppress the

drugs found in his vehicle. The District Court held an evidentiary hearing on the matter

and denied the motion, concluding that under the totality of the circumstances, Mr.

Gabaldon voluntarily consented to further questioning and voluntarily gave consent to the

dog sniff. The court’s conclusion was based in part on the following findings:

       The court finds no evidence of coercion by Deputy Schneider. Deputy
       Schneider indicated to the defendant that he was free to go when he told
       him, “Be careful.” The defendant displayed a willingness to answer the
       questions posed by Deputy Schneider. He gave no indication that he did
       not wish to engage in a conversation with Deputy Schneider. The court
       finds that the defendant voluntarily consented to answer the questions posed

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       by Deputy Schneider and that he voluntarily consented to the drug sniff of
       his vehicle.

       Mr. Gabaldon subsequently pleaded guilty on the condition he be permitted to

appeal the District Court’s ruling. On appeal, he argues that Deputy Schneider’s line of

questioning after the stop concluded effectively detained him without reasonable

suspicion or valid consent and therefore his ensuing consent to the dog sniff and the

discovery of the marijuana was inadmissible as “fruit of the poisonous tree.” Mr.

Gabaldon further argues that even if he was not unlawfully detained, his consent to search

the vehicle was coerced and therefore involuntary.

                                    II. DISCUSSION

A.     Standard of Review

       “In reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the

district court’s factual findings unless clearly erroneous, and we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to those findings.” United States v. Wallace, 

, 974

(10th Cir. 2005). We review de novo a district court’s determination that a search or

seizure is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. 

       A traffic stop is reasonable, and therefore permissible under the Fourth

Amendment, if (1) “the officer’s action was justified at its inception[;]” and (2) “the

officer’s action was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the

interference in the first place.” United States v. Bustillos-Munoz, 

, 512 (10th


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Cir. 2000) (internal quotations and citations omitted). During a stop, an officer may

request a driver’s license and issue a citation. United States v. Taverna, 

,

877 (10th Cir. 2003). Once the officer gives a citation, however, the driver must be

permitted to leave. 

“is only permissible if the officer has a

reasonable suspicion that the driver is engaged in illegal activity or the driver voluntarily

consents to additional questioning.” 

(emphasis omitted). Mr. Gabaldon

does not contest the validity of the stop; rather, he maintains that he did not voluntarily

consent to the encounter and that Deputy Schneider did not have reasonable suspicion of

illegal activity.1

       Whether an encounter is consensual is a fact-intensive question involving the

totality of the circumstances. United States v. Elliott, 

, 813–14 (10th Cir.

1997). This court has recognized certain factors as significant when determining whether

an encounter is consensual, including the number of police officers at the scene, whether

the officer “displayed his weapon, physically touched the driver, or used a commanding

tone of voice indicating that compliance might be compelled.” 

.

The District Court found that none of these indicia of coercion were present in this case.

       Mr. Gabaldon does not challenge this factual finding, nor does he point to any

other specific actions taken by Deputy Schneider that support his assertion that the

encounter was not consensual. Instead, Mr. Gabaldon argues that the court should give


       1
        Because we conclude that Mr. Gabaldon consented to the encounter, we do not
reach the question of reasonable suspicion.

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greater weight to a citizen’s perception of the authority held by law enforcement officers,

as well as the difficulty a citizen may have determining whether a police officer’s

questions should be interpreted as instructions or commands. We have consistently

rejected this argument, and have specifically held that without other indicia of coercion,

“the fact that [the person posing the questions] was a uniformed police officer . . . is

insufficient to prove [the defendant] was ‘seized’ within the meaning of the fourth

amendment.” United States v. Werking, 

, 1409 (10th Cir. 1990) (citing

United States v. Mendenhall, 

, 555 (1980)); see also 

;

United States v. Turner, 

, 959 (10th Cir. 1991).

       We also disagree with Mr. Gabaldon’s contention that his initial refusal to permit

Deputy Schneider to search inside his vehicle indicates the encounter was nonconsensual.

To the contrary, in this case Mr. Gabaldon’s refusal demonstrates he understood that he

could, in fact, disregard Deputy Schneider’s request. We therefore conclude that the line

of questioning posed to Mr. Gabaldon after Deputy Schneider issued the citation occurred

in a consensual encounter, and, accordingly, did not implicate the Fourth Amendment.

The discovery of the marijuana is therefore not “fruit of the poisonous tree.” See United

States v. DeLuca, 

, 1132 (10th Cir. 2001) (evidence will be suppressed as

“fruit of the poisonous tree” only upon a determination that the detention was unlawful).

       Mr. Gabaldon’s next argument—that despite the legality of the encounter, his

consent to the dog search was not voluntary—fails for similar reasons. Like the

determination whether an encounter is a detention or consensual, the question of whether

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a person freely and voluntarily consents to a search during a consensual encounter with a

police officer is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of circumstances.

United States v. Patten, 

, 1194 (10th Cir. 1999). This analysis involves a

two-part test. United States v. Sanchez, 

, 719 (10th Cir. 1996). “[T]he

government must: (1) proffer clear and positive testimony that consent was unequivocal

and specific and freely and intelligently given and (2) prove that this consent was given

without implied or express duress or coercion.” 

       With respect to the first factor, there is no serious question that Mr. Gabaldon

unequivocally and intelligently consented. When asked if he minded if Deputy Schneider

brought the dog out to check the vehicle, Mr. Gabaldon clearly said no. There is no

evidence in the record indicating that Mr. Gabaldon did not understand the request. As to

the second factor, we noted above that none of the typical indicia of coercion were

present during the dialogue between Deputy Schneider and Mr. Gabaldon and that

Deputy Schneider’s position as a law enforcement officer, alone, is not a sufficient

indicator of coercion. Mr. Gabaldon’s consent to the dog sniff was therefore voluntary.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the District Court’s order denying Mr.




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Gabaldon’s motion to suppress.

                                 ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                 Deanell Reece Tacha
                                 Circuit Judge




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