FILED
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit

                                                                          May 29, 2008
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSElisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
                                       TENTH CIRCUIT



 MINDI LANCE QUINN; JANICE
 YOAK, individually and as
 representatives of a class of persons who
 are similarly situated,

           Plaintiffs-Appellants,
 v.                                                            No. 07-4150
 NATIONWIDE INSURANCE                                   (D.C. No. 2:05-CV-180-C)
 COMPANY,                                                       (D. Utah)

           Defendant-Appellee.


                                    ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before TACHA, BRISCOE, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.



       Plaintiffs Mindi Quinn and Janice Yoak, beneficiaries under a variable annuity

contract issued by defendant Nationwide Insurance (Nationwide), appeal from the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Nationwide on their claims for breach of

contract and conversion. Plaintiffs also appeal the district court’s denial of their motions

for class certification and to amend their complaint to add an additional plaintiff. We


       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

                                              I.

                                    Factual background

       Pat Shropshire (Shropshire) purchased from Nationwide, through its agent Morgan

Stanley, a variable annuity contract (the Contract) with an effective date of September 7,

2001. Shropshire’s purchase payments for the Contract totaled $175,661.10. The

Contract identified six beneficiaries who would share in the Contract’s death benefits in

the event Shropshire died: Carol Ann Fuller (20% beneficiary); Mark Ferrin (16%

beneficiary); Nancy Schmidt Olmstead (16% beneficiary); Mindi Lance Quinn (16%

beneficiary); Janice Yoak (16% beneficiary); and Robert J. Davis (16% beneficiary). The

Contract also, in a section entitled “Death Benefit Payment,” outlined how death benefits

would be calculated and distributed by Nationwide:

       The value of the Death Benefit will be determined as of the Valuation
       Date[1] coincident with, or next following the date the Company
       [Nationwide] receives in writing at the Home Office the following three
       items: (1) proper proof of the Annuitant’s [Shropshire’s] death; (2) an
       election specifying distribution method; and (3) any applicable state
       required form(s).

       Proof of death is either:
       (1) a copy of a certified death certificate;
       (2) a copy of a certified decree of a court of competent jurisdiction as to the
       finding of death;

       1
        The Contract defined the term “Valuation Date” as “[e]ach day the New York
Stock Exchange and the Company’s Home Office are open for business or any other day
during which there is a sufficient degree of trading of the Variable Account’s Underlying
Mutual Fund shares such that the current net asset value of its Accumulation Units might
be materially affected.” App. at 231.

                                              2
       (3) a written statement by a medical doctor who attended the deceased; or
       (4) any other proof satisfactory to the Company.

       The Beneficiary must elect a method of distribution which complies with
       the “Distribution Provisions” of this Contract. The Beneficiary may elect to
       receive such Death Benefits in the form of: (1) a lump sum distribution; (2)
       an annuity payout; or (3) any distribution that is permitted under state and
       federal regulations and is acceptable by the Company. If such election is
       not received by the Company within 60 days of the Annuitant’s death, the
       Beneficiary will be deemed to have elected a cash payment as of the last
       day of the 60 day period.

       Payment of the Death Benefit will be made or will commence within 30
       days after receipt of proof of death and notification of election.

Aplee. App. at 202-03.

       Shropshire died on February 1, 2002, approximately five months after purchasing

the Contract. Nationwide was first notified of Shropshire’s death on June 10, 2002, when

Morgan Stanley forwarded to Nationwide a death benefit claim, including a notice of

election specifying a method of distribution, on behalf of beneficiary Mark Ferrin.

Nationwide deemed the death certificate attached to the claim as proper proof of death

under the Contract. On June 11, 2002, Nationwide paid Ferrin’s portion of the death

benefits in one lump sum payment, as elected by Ferrin.

       The submission of Ferrin’s claim impacted Nationwide’s handling of all

subsequent claims for death benefits under the Contract in two ways. First, Nationwide

treated the date that Ferrin submitted his claim, June 10, 2002, as the “Valuation Date”

under the terms of the Contract. Second, Nationwide treated Ferrin’s claim as triggering

the valuation of the total “Death Benefit” under the Contract for all six 

. In doing so, Nationwide relied on a rider attached to the Contract. That

rider provided, in pertinent part:

       If the Annuitant dies at any time prior to the Annuitization Date, the dollar
       amount of the Death Benefit will be the greatest of: (1) the Contract
       Account Value; (2) the sum of all Purchase Payments, less an adjustment
       for amounts surrendered; (3) the greatest Contract Value on any Contract
       Anniversary Date prior to the deceased Annuitant’s 86th birthday . . . or (4)
       the 5% Interest Anniversary Value.

Aplee. App. at 217. Because Shropshire’s death occurred before the first Anniversary

Date of her contract, Nationwide deemed alternatives (3) and (4) inapplicable.

Nationwide also deemed alternative (1) inapplicable because the “Contract Account

Value,” as of June 10, 2002, was less than the sum of all the purchase payments

Shropshire had made. Accordingly, Nationwide concluded, in accordance with

alternative (2), that the Death Benefit under the Contract was “the sum of all Purchase

Payments,” or $175,661.10.2 

Nationwide paid Ferrin his share of the Death

Benefit.

       On June 27, 2002, Morgan Stanley forwarded to Nationwide a claim on behalf of

Carol Ann Fuller. Fuller, like Ferrin, elected to have her share of the Death Benefit

distributed in one lump sum payment. Nationwide concluded that all of the prerequisites

for payment of Fuller’s claim had been satisfied, and thus, on June 28, 2002, paid her

portion of the Death Benefit.

       2
         Because the “Contract Value” of the Contract had fallen below the total of the
purchase payments due to investment losses, Nationwide paid moneys into the Contract
so that, as of the June 10, 2002 Valuation Date, the Contract Value matched the
calculated Death Benefit. App. at 233.

                                             4
           On March 3, 2003, Morgan Stanley sent Nationwide a claim on behalf of five of

the six beneficiaries.3 The five listed beneficiaries included Ferrin and Fuller who, as

noted, had already received their death benefit payments from Nationwide. Thus, the

claim form essentially listed three beneficiaries, Quinn, Yoak, and Davis, who had not

previously requested or been paid their share of the Death Benefit. Shortly after receiving

the claims from these three beneficiaries, Nationwide personnel had follow-up

conversations with Morgan Stanley regarding the claims. During a March 10, 2003,

telephone conversation between Nationwide and Morgan Stanley representative Leslie

Adams, Nationwide personnel asked Adams whether Nationwide “should go ahead and

process the [claims] for the 3 bene[ficiarie]s who[se] signature[s]” were on the claim

form, i.e., Quinn, Yoak and Davis? App. at 234. Adams advised Nationwide “not to

process [these] death benefits” because “she need[ed] to contact the bene[ficiaries] to

discuss other options.” 

           On March 10, 2003, Morgan Stanley forwarded to Nationwide a claim on behalf of

the sixth beneficiary, Nancy Schmidt. As indicated on the form, Schmidt elected to defer

her share of the Death Benefit and have it distributed five years following the date of

Shropshire’s death. Nationwide honored Schmidt’s election the following day, March 11,

2003, by withdrawing her share of the Death Benefit and establishing an individual

contract for her.



           3
               The sixth beneficiary, Nancy Schmidt, was listed on the claim form, but failed to
sign it.

                                                   5
       On April 2, 2003, Morgan Stanley forwarded to Nationwide a revised claim on

behalf of Davis. In the revised claim, Davis elected to have his share of the Death Benefit

distributed in a lump sum, with the proceeds being paid into an interest-bearing checking

account. Nationwide complied with Davis’s request the following day, April 3, 2003.

       In early 2005, Quinn and Yoak filed suit against Nationwide in Utah state court.

Nationwide deemed the suit to be equivalent to a request for payment of Quinn’s and

Yoak’s shares of the Death Benefit. Accordingly, on March 24, 2005, Nationwide

processed the claims of Quinn and Yoak and paid them each $42,294.08. Nationwide

arrived at these amounts by taking the base amount it paid the first claimant, Ferrin, as of

the Valuation Date ($28,105.78), and adding to it two amounts: (1) approximately three

years of statutory interest under Utah law that amounted to $8,370.14 per plaintiff; and

(2) the actual amount by which the Contract Value had appreciated after the other

beneficiaries were paid, which resulted in an additional $5,818.16 per plaintiff.

                                  Procedural background

       On March 2, 2005, Nationwide removed plaintiffs’ suit from Utah state court to

federal court. On March 22, 2005, plaintiffs filed a first amended complaint asserting

claims against Nationwide for breach of contract and conversion.4 Plaintiffs also moved

for class certification on their breach of contract claim against Nationwide. The district



       4
         The first amended complaint also asserted claims against Nationwide for breach
of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty, civil
RICO, and civil conspiracy. Plaintiffs have effectively abandoned those claims on
appeal.

                                              6
court denied plaintiffs’ class certification motion.

       Nationwide moved for summary judgment against plaintiffs, and plaintiffs in

return moved for partial summary judgment against Nationwide. After the summary

judgment motions were fully briefed and before they were orally argued, plaintiffs moved

to amend their complaint to add Carol Ann Fuller as a new party plaintiff, and

simultaneously moved for summary judgment on her proposed claims against

Nationwide. The district court granted Nationwide’s motion for summary judgment and

denied plaintiffs’ motions for partial summary judgment and to amend the complaint to

add Fuller as a party plaintiff. Plaintiffs subsequently filed what they described as a Rule

52(b) motion to enter additional findings, and what in substance appears to have been a

motion for reconsideration. In that motion, plaintiffs also asked the district court to

address the issue of a death benefit check from Nationwide to Quinn that was deposited

with the clerk of the district court in February of 2006. The district court ultimately

denied plaintiffs’ motion to enter additional findings, but granted their request to release

the funds held on Quinn’s behalf.

                                              II.

                                Denial of class certification

       On appeal, plaintiffs challenge the district court’s denial of their motion for class

certification. “We review de novo whether the district court applied the correct legal

standard in its decision to grant or deny class certification . . . .” Carpenter v. Boeing Co.,

, 1187 (10th Cir. 2006). If the district court applied the proper standard, its


                                              7
“decision will be reversed only for abuse of discretion.” 

of Civil Procedure 23 governs class certification. “Rule 23(a)

requires an analysis of four elements which are preconditions to class certification:

numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of the named parties to represent the

class.” Shook v. El Paso County, 

, 968 (10th Cir. 2004). “A party seeking

class certification must show ‘under a strict burden of proof’ that all four requirements are

clearly met.” Trevizo v. Adams, 

, 1162 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting Reed v.

Bowen, 

, 1309 (10th Cir. 1988)). If all four requirements are satisfied,

“[t]he court must then look to the category of class action under Rule 23(b) for additional

prerequisites involving certification of a class.” 

.

       a) Rule 23(a) analysis

       The district court in this case, having properly identified the controlling standards

under Rule 23(a), concluded that plaintiffs were unable to satisfy the commonality or

typicality requirements. With respect to Rule 23(a)’s commonality prerequisite, the

district court concluded that “[d]etermining the amounts of money owed under what are

presumably different contracts with different language along with deciding what was a

‘reasonable amount of time’ under the circumstances of different cases would present

numerous uncommon issues of law and fact.” Aplee. App. at 43 (italics in original).

Although the district court noted that plaintiffs’ certification motion asserted that

Nationwide “breached a common contractual duty to pay benefits based upon

‘substantively identical financial contracts,’” it noted that plaintiffs had “not moved to


                                              8
amend their complaint to include this new allegation,” and likewise had failed to submit

any evidence to support this new allegation. 

“In short,” the district court

concluded, plaintiffs “failed to carry their burden of identifying a common, certifiable

factual issue in regard to their claims.” 

(italics in original). The district court

also concluded that plaintiffs “fail[ed] to meet Rule 23(a)’s typicality prerequisite.” 

In particular, the district court concluded that plaintiffs “ha[d] not shown that the

contracts (or condition precedents) [we]re similar and were breached in the same way.”

       Notably, plaintiffs do not mention, let alone challenge, any of the district court’s

conclusions. Instead, plaintiffs, mistakenly assuming that this court has authority to

certify a class, see Aplt. Br. at 35 (“Plaintiffs respectfully request that the Court certify a

class”), provide us with what they describe as an “abridged version of” their

memorandum in support of their motion for class certification. 

n.6. Plaintiffs

thus proceed to argue that this case should be certified as a class in order to compel

Nationwide to timely pay the correct death benefits to unsuspecting beneficiaries of

variable annuities whose payments were shorted or delayed because Nationwide breached

its contract by failing to pay the guaranteed benefit amount, failing to pay the 5%

enhanced rider, and “raking” premiums and fees after the “valuation date.”

       Even if we were to construe plaintiffs’ arguments as challenges to the district

court’s rulings, we conclude that plaintiffs have failed to establish that the district court

abused its discretion in denying their motion for class certification. With respect to Rule


                                               9
23(a)’s commonality and typicality requirements, plaintiffs have offered nothing more

than speculation that other contracts exist containing the same operative language.

Further, even assuming that Nationwide employs identical language in some or all of its

other contracts, plaintiffs have failed to establish that the circumstances of their case are

typical of the claims of the proposed class. Indeed, it appears to us that the circumstances

presented in this case, i.e., plaintiffs utilizing a Morgan Stanley agent to initially assert

their claims for benefits and then waiting a lengthy period of time before filing suit to

obtain benefits, makes their breach of contract claim factually unique. Thus, we are

persuaded that the district court acted well within its discretion in concluding that

“[d]etermining the amounts of money owed . . . under the circumstances of different cases

would present numerous uncommon issues of law and fact.” Aplee. App. at 43 (italics in

original).

       b) Rule 23(b) analysis

       In an alternative holding, the district court concluded that, “[e]ven assuming”

plaintiffs “could meet the commonality and typicality prerequisites after discovery,” they

were unable to “meet Rule 23(b)’s requirements for maintaining a class action.” 

To begin with, the district court noted, plaintiffs did “not argue that they satisf[ied] Rule

23(b)(1).” 

Rule 23(b)(2), the district court noted that it did “‘not extend to

cases in which the appropriate final relief relate[d] exclusively or predominantly to

money damages.’” 

R. Civ. P. 23, advisory committee’s note).

“Although the [plaintiffs’] amended complaint d[id] include a singular request for

                                               10
declaratory relief,” the district court noted, the plaintiffs likewise “d[id] not deny that they

primarily s[ought] money damages.” 

With regard to Rule 23(b)(3), the district

court agreed with Nationwide “that the [plaintiffs]’ class definition [wa]s impermissibly

broad because it ma[d]e class members impossible to identify prior to individualized fact-

finding and litigation.” 

That is, the district court was “persuaded that neither

[it] nor the parties c[ould] readily determine whether a beneficiary [wa]s a putative class

member without conducting an [sic] highly-individualized inquiry regarding the seven

criteria” for class membership identified by plaintiffs. 

The district court also

noted that the plaintiffs “ha[d] not even attempted to shoulder th[e] burden” of “showing

that differences in controlling state law [we]re minor,” and thus it concluded that

“individual legal issues predominate[d] over common ones.” 

Finally, the

district court concluded that plaintiffs had not met “the superiority requirement” of Rule

23(b)(3). 

In particular, the district court concluded that, given the “fact-

intensive inquiries” necessary to determine class membership and claims, and “the

differences in state law [that] w[ould] likely compound the unmanageability,” “a class

action would [not] be more efficient and economical than individual actions.” 

       In their appellate pleadings, plaintiffs again fail to specifically challenge the

district court’s conclusions. Instead, they assert that they “seek to certify a class action

under Rule 23(b)(3),” Aplt. Br. at 41, and proceed to discuss, in conclusory fashion, each

of the factors relevant to that rule, 

Plaintiffs, however, have clearly failed to

establish either “that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate

                                              11
over any questions affecting only individual members,” or “that a class action is superior

to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Indeed, as the district court aptly noted, it is apparent that both

Nationwide, and in turn the district court, would have to engage in a significant amount of

work simply to identify the purported class members (i.e., by analyzing individual

contract language along with the factual circumstances of each case).5 Thus, we fully

agree with the district court that the class action proposed by plaintiffs would be difficult

to manage and would not be more efficient than having the claims of individual class

members resolved independently.

       Lastly, plaintiffs argue that they “seek to have this class certified under F.R.Civ.P.

Rule 23(b)(2) because ‘the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds

generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or

corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole.’” Aplt. Br. at 44.

This argument, however, is clearly contradicted by plaintiffs’ first amended complaint,


       5
         In their opening appellate brief, plaintiffs describe the proposed class as including
any “designated beneficiary on a Nationwide variable annuity contract that includes the
guaranteed ‘Death Benefit Payment’ provision . . . and me[t] the following criteria” “at
any time from at least January 28, 2003 . . . to the present”: (1) “Nationwide calculated
[their] death benefit value on a specific ‘Valuation Date’”; and (2) “Nationwide failed to
properly calculate and pay the correct death benefit value as of the member’s ‘Payment’
due date.” Aplt. Br. at 36. According to plaintiffs, “[a]ll class members [would in turn]
belong to a specific sub-class based on the percentage of interest applied to their
damages.” 

descriptions differ from the descriptions of the class that
plaintiffs offered to the district court. Below, plaintiffs asserted that class members had to
meet seven specific criteria for inclusion. See Aplee. App. at 50 (outlining seven
criteria).

                                              12
which does not request injunctive relief. Further, plaintiffs have not even attempted to

refute the district court’s conclusion that the primary relief they are seeking is monetary

damages. Thus, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to

certify a class under Rule 23(b)(2).

                     Breach of contract - failure to timely pay benefits

       Plaintiffs next contend that the district court erred in granting summary judgment

in favor of Nationwide on their claim that Nationwide breached the Contract by failing to

pay them lump sum death benefits on or before July 11, 2002. “We review the district

court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard used by the

district court.” Somoza v. Univ. of Denver, 

, 1211 (10th Cir. 2008)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “Summary judgment is appropriate ‘if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving

party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” 

R.Civ.P. 56(c)). In

conducting our analysis, we “examine the factual record and draw all reasonable

inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” 

diversity case such as this, the forum state’s substantive law governs the

analysis of the claims. Hill v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

, 739 (10th Cir. 2007). The

law of the forum state in this case, Utah, directs us, in interpreting a contract, to “look to

the writing itself to ascertain the parties’ intentions, and we consider each contract

provision . . . in relation to all of the others, with a view toward giving effect to all and


                                               13
ignoring none.” Green River Canal Co. v. Thayn, 

, 1141 (Utah 2003)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “If the language within the four corners of the

contract is unambiguous, the parties’ intentions are determined from the plain meaning of

the contractual language, and the contract may be interpreted as a matter of law.” 

marks omitted).

       Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim hinges on what they contend is Nationwide’s

failure to comply with the Contract’s “Death Benefit Payment” provisions. Among other

things, the “Death Benefit Payment” provisions discuss the beneficiary’s election of a

method of distribution (what will hereafter be referred to as the “election” provision) and,

in turn, Nationwide’s obligation to distribute death benefits to a beneficiary:

       The Beneficiary must elect a method of distribution which complies with
       the “Distribution Provisions” of this Contract. The Beneficiary may elect to
       receive such Death Benefits in the form of: (1) a lump sum distribution; (2)
       an annuity payout; or (3) any distribution that is permitted under state and
       federal regulations and is acceptable by the Company. If such election is
       not received by the Company within 60 days of the Annuitant’s death, the
       Beneficiary will be deemed to have elected a cash payment as of the last
       day of the 60 day period.

       Payment of the Death Benefit will be made or will commence within 30
       days after receipt of proof of death and notification of election.

Aplee. App. at 203 (italics added). Plaintiffs interpret the first italicized sentence (part of

the “election” provision) as providing that if, within sixty days of the annuitant’s death, a

beneficiary does not elect the form in which to receive the death benefit payment,

Nationwide will pay the death benefit in one lump sum. In turn, plaintiffs interpret the

second italicized sentence as requiring Nationwide to make such lump sum payment


                                              14
within thirty days after its receipt of proof of the annuitant’s death and any such default

election. Applying these interpretations to the circumstances of their case, plaintiffs

assert that because they did not elect a form of payment within sixty days of Shropshire’s

death (i.e., on or before April 2, 2002), they were deemed under the Contract to have

elected one lump sum payment and, because Nationwide received proof of Shropshire’s

death on June 10, 2002, Nationwide was required to pay them their lump sum payments

on or before July 10, 2002. Because Nationwide failed to do so, plaintiffs argue, it

breached the terms of the Contract.

       Even assuming, for purposes of argument, that plaintiffs’ interpretation of the

election provision is correct and that Nationwide breached the Contract by failing to pay

plaintiffs their lump sum payments on or before July 10, 2002, plaintiffs have failed to

offer any evidence whatsoever that they were harmed by the breach. As noted by both

Nationwide and the district court, when Nationwide actually paid each of the plaintiffs on

March 29, 2005, it included in the payment amounts “interest as measured under Utah

law in the amount of $8,370.14 for each plaintiff, calculated based on Utah’s applicable

statutory rate of interest, plus the actual appreciation in the Shropshire annuity contract,

which amounted to $5,818.16 for each plaintiff ” (bringing each plaintiff’s total payout to

$42.294.08). Aplee. Br. at 35. In short, Nationwide overpaid each of the plaintiffs and,

thus, plaintiffs are unable to establish any damages arising out of Nationwide’s allegedly

tardy payments.

                    Breach of contract - 5% death benefit enhancement


                                              15
       Plaintiffs argue that “[e]ven if Nationwide did not breach by failing to pay [them]

the guaranteed [death] benefit, it is still in breach [of the Contract] because [they] are also

entitled to the 5% death benefit enhancement.” Aplt. Br. at 53. Plaintiffs are presumably

referring to the contract rider that outlined how Nationwide was to calculate the death

benefits owed to plaintiffs:

       If the Annuitant dies at any time prior to the Annuitization Date, the dollar
       amount of the Death Benefit will be the greatest of: (1) the Contract
       Account Value; (2) the sum of all Purchase Payments, less an adjustment
       for amounts surrendered; (3) the greatest Contract Value on any Contract
       Anniversary Date prior to the deceased Annuitant’s 86th birthday . . . or (4)
       the 5% Interest Anniversary Value.

       ***

       The 5% Interest Anniversary Value is equal to Purchase Payments minus
       amounts surrendered, accumulated at 5% compound interest until the last
       Contract Anniversary prior to the deceased Annuitant’s 86th birthday. Such
       total accumulated amount shall not exceed 200% of the net of Purchase
       Payments and amounts surrendered. The adjustment for amounts
       subsequently surrendered after the most recent Contract Anniversary will
       reduce the 5% Interest Anniversary Value in the same proportion that the
       Contract Value was reduced on the date of the partial surrender.

Aplee. App. at 217 (emphasis added).

       Even assuming for purposes of argument that plaintiffs were entitled under the

Contract to the 5% “enhancement,” they failed to present sufficient evidence from which

a rational finder of fact could conclude that their benefits, inclusive of the enhancement,

would have exceeded the amounts actually paid to them by Nationwide. Thus, the district

court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Nationwide on this claim.

                Breach of contract - imposition of .15% rider premium fee


                                              16
       Plaintiffs argue that Nationwide also breached the Contract by continuing to

impose a .15% rider premium fee after Shropshire’s death. Ignoring plaintiffs’ failure to

adequately raise this argument in their summary judgment pleadings, we again note that

Nationwide’s uncontroverted evidence establishes that it overpaid plaintiffs the amount of

death benefits due under the Contract, thereby eliminating any damages that arose out of

Nationwide’s purported deduction of the .15% premium fee. In other words, we agree

with the district court that plaintiffs “failed to show that the amount Nationwide paid

them, making favorable assumptions and including interest, is less than the amounts they

would receive with all deductions disgorged and contract riders added but without the

favorable assumptions.” App. at 196.

                                        Conversion

       Plaintiffs alleged in their complaint that Nationwide committed the tort of

conversion by retaining their death benefits after it was obligated under the Contract to

pay those proceeds to plaintiffs. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of

Nationwide on this claim on the grounds that plaintiffs “d[id] not contend that their

conversion claim [wa]s independent of their breach of contract claim.” App. at 199.

Plaintiffs attempt to revive their conversion claim on appeal, arguing simply that

“[w]hether Nationwide converted [their] benefits, or ‘willfully interfered,’ is a question of

fact that should be remanded for consideration by a jury.” Aplt. Br. at 58.

       We reject plaintiffs’ argument. To begin with, plaintiffs have failed to directly

challenge the district court’s conclusion that their conversion claim is not independent

                                             17
from their breach of contract claim. Further, Utah law firmly supports the district court’s

conclusion. See Lee v. Thorpe, 

, 446 (Utah 2006) (holding “that when a

conflict arises between parties to a contract regarding the subject matter of that contract,

the contractual relationship controls, and parties are not permitted to assert actions in tort

in an attempt to circumvent the bargain they agreed on.”) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

                           Denial of motion to amend complaint

       In their final issue on appeal, plaintiffs contend the district court erred in denying

their motion to amend their complaint to add Carol Ann Fuller as a new party plaintiff.

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a motion to amend the

complaint. Fields v. Okla. State Penitentiary, 

, 1113 (10th Cir. 2007).

       The district court in this case grounded its denial of plaintiffs’ motion to amend on

three bases. First, it concluded that because there was no merit to plaintiffs’ motion for

class certification, “Fuller’s desire to serve as a representative plaintiff [wa]s moot,” and,

“[t]o the extent [she] m[ight] seek individual relief, her claims d[id] not satisfy the

diversity amount in controversy requirement.” App. at 201. Second, it noted that

“Nationwide ha[d] not had an opportunity to conduct discovery with regard to Ms.

Fuller’s claims and therefore . . . would be unduly prejudiced by the amendment.” 

Third, it noted that “no adequate explanation for” plaintiffs’ untimely filing of

their motion “ha[d] been offered.” 

More specifically, the district court noted

that “fact discovery closed on November 8, 2006,” and plaintiffs’ “counsel d[id] not


                                              18
adequately explain why he did not file their motion to amend at that time, if not earlier

[rather than waiting until March 22, 2007].” 

have failed on appeal to challenge any of these three bases for

the district court’s order, we readily conclude that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint.

       AFFIRMED.


                                                   Entered for the Court


                                                   Mary Beck Briscoe
                                                   Circuit Judge




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