FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                                                                     July 22, 2008
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT                      Clerk of Court



 FRANK LOUIS SINDAR,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.
                                                        No. 07-4167
 DR. RICHARD M. GARDEN,
                                                 (D.C. No. 2:05-CV-1084-TS)
 SIDNEY ROBERTS, DR. KENNON
                                                          (D. Utah)
 TUBBS, CLINTON FRIEL, JACK
 FORD, BILLIE CASPER,
 SEARGENT ATWOOD,

          Defendants-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before LUCERO, TYMKOVICH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.


      Frank Louis Sindar, a state prisoner appearing pro se, appeals the district

court’s refusal to grant relief under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) from

the judgment dismissing his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. We exercise jurisdiction


      *
          This Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1. After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Mr. Sindar, an inmate of Utah State Prison in Draper, Utah, filed a pro se

civil rights complaint in December 2005, seeking relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

As summarized by the district court, he alleges that prison staff: “gave him the

wrong drugs, causing heart attacks and strokes; have not gotten his medical

records as he asked; fail to take him to specialists as promised; do not treat his

hear[t] problems, strokes, and breathing difficulties; ‘disregarded and mocked’ his

reports of dizziness, nausea, irritable bowel syndrome, and fainting; and have not

tested his blood for heart damage, nor provided needed CT scans and MRIs. [Mr.

Sindar] also asserts that other prison officials have not responded to his letters

asking for their protection, impeded his access to the courts by writing lies, and

sullied the grievance process with misrepresentations and lies.” R., Doc. 27 at 1

(Dismissal Order, dated Sept. 21, 2006). After issuing a show cause order that

gave Mr. Sindar an opportunity to address why his complaint should not be

dismissed for failure to administratively exhaust his claims and failure to

adequately plead exhaustion, the district court dismissed the complaint and

entered judgment.

      In its September 21, 2006, dismissal order, the district court concluded that

one of Mr. Sindar’s medical treatment claims was exhausted but found that Mr.

Sindar “has not specified that he has exhausted any other of his myriad claims.”

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R., Doc. 27 at 2. The district court dismissed Mr. Sindar’s complaint “because he

failed to adequately plead that he exhausted all but one of his claims.” 

In reaching this conclusion, the district court relied on this Court’s precedent

regarding 42 U.S.C. § 1997e, quoting Steele v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 

, 1211 (10th Cir. 2003) (“In the absence of particularized averments

concerning exhaustion showing the nature of the administrative proceeding and its

outcome, the action must be dismissed under § 1997e.” (quotation marks

omitted)) and Ross v. County of Bernalillo, 

, 1189 (10th Cir. 2004)

(“We agree that the PLRA contains a total exhaustion requirement, and hold that

the presence of unexhausted claims in [plaintiff’s] complaint required the district

court to dismiss his action in its entirety without prejudice.”).

      Mr. Sindar did not appeal the dismissal. Instead, he filed a number of

motions not relevant here, which were all rejected. 1 Then, on May 24, 2007, Mr.

Sindar filed a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4), asking

the district court to vacate judgment on the grounds that its judgment was void.


      1
              Mr. Sindar filed a motion for a protective order, a motion to
reconsider, and a motion styled a “Writ of Mandamus for Order to Show Cause,”
each of which was denied in December 2006 by the district court. One day before
the district court dismissed his action (i.e., on September 20, 2006), Mr. Sindar
also had sought mandamus relief from this Court. Considering his petition in
November 2006, we denied relief, noting that the district court had entered
judgment and, consequently, no action was pending as to which mandamus relief
could be afforded. Further, we concluded that the petition could not properly be
considered a notice of appeal. See In re Sindar, Case No. 06-4216, Order at 1
(Nov. 14, 2006) (unpublished).

                                          -3-
In addition to repeating his prior claims about serious medical conditions and the

indifference of prison officials, Mr. Sindar argued that the court had failed to

appreciate the seriousness of his medical conditions and his lack of familiarity

with the legal system. At the end of the motion, he briefly argued that his

exhausted claim should not have been dismissed with his unexhausted claims,

citing the Supreme Court’s decision Jones v. Bock, 

, 

(2007). The district court denied the Rule 60(b) motion, with no reference to

Jones, on the ground that none of Mr. Sindar’s arguments made the judgment

void. It concluded “Mr. Sindar’s case was dismissed because he failed to

adequately plead that he exhausted all but one of his claims. This current motion

provides no basis for this court to relieve Mr. Sindar from the order dismissing

his case. Accordingly, the court denies his motion to vacate judgment.” R., Doc.

36 at 1-2 (Order Denying Rule 60(b)(4) Motion, dated July 19, 2007). Mr. Sindar

timely appealed this order.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      Relief under Rule 60(b) is extraordinary and may only be granted in

exceptional circumstances. Beugler v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 

, 1229 (10th Cir. 2007). The six grounds that may justify relief are:

             (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2)
             newly discovered evidence . . . ; (3) fraud [],
             misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party; (4) the
             judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released
             or discharged; it is based on an earlier judgment that has been

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              reversed or vacated; or applying it prospectively is no longer
              equitable; or (6) any other reason that justifies relief.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). We generally review the district court’s denial of Rule

60(b) relief only for abuse of discretion. 

. However,

denial of relief under Rule 60(b)(4) is reviewed de novo. United States v. Buck,

, 1344 (10th Cir. 2002); see also King Fisher Marine Serv., Inc. v.

21st Phoenix Corp., 

, 1158 (10th Cir. 1990) (noting that “relief is

not discretionary if a judgment is void”).

       Mr. Sindar specifically moved for relief under Rule 60(b)(4). He appears

to have incorrectly thought that this provision permits the district court to void

the judgment, rather than to grant relief from a judgment that is void. Because, as

we explain below, Rule 60(b)(4) relief is not available here and because we

construe a pro se plaintiff’s filings liberally, we also address the merits of his

claim under other potentially applicable provisions: that is, Rules 60(b)(1),

(b)(6), and (d)(1). See 

(“In this case no purpose would be

served by denying Appellants relief on the ground that the motion misstyled the

plea for relief. The substance of the plea should control, not the label.”); Van

Skiver v. United States, 

, 1244 (10th Cir. 1991) (“The most

favorable consideration that can be given to plaintiffs’ motion, in light of their

pro se status, is to treat it as one made under either Rule 60(b)(1) . . . or Rule

60(b)(6) . . . .” (citation omitted)).


                                          -5-
      On appeal, Mr. Sindar focuses on the district court’s failure to consider

Jones v. Bock. The Supreme Court’s decision, issued several months after

judgment in this case, altered the understanding of how the district courts should

apply the exhaustion rules of 42 U.S.C. § 1997e. This decision abrogated our

holdings in both Steele and Ross, upon which the district court relied for its

dismissal of the complaint. Freeman v. Watkins, 

, 1260 (10th Cir.

2007) (noting that “Jones overrules Steele and Ross”); see also 

(“We conclude that failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense . . . and that

inmates are not required to specially plead or demonstrate exhaustion in their

complaints.”); 

(rejecting the total exhaustion rule because “there is

no clear reason to depart from the more typical claim-by-claim approach”).

However, even though Steele and Ross have been abrogated, Rules 60(b) and

60(d) provide no grounds upon which the district court could have vacated its

judgment. Therefore the district court’s failure to discuss Jones was—if error at

all—harmless error.

                      A. Void Judgment Under Rule 60(b)(4)

      A district court must grant relief under Rule 60(b)(4) if “the judgment is

void.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(4); see V.T.A., Inc., v. AIRCO, Inc., 

,

224 n.8 (10th Cir. 1979) (“If voidness is found, relief is not a discretionary

matter; it is mandatory.”). Unlike the other provisions of Rule 60(b), Rule

60(b)(4) is not limited by the timeliness provisions of Rule 60(c); a motion under

                                         -6-
Rule 60(b)(4) may be made at any time. 

; see also 

n.9 (explaining that “if a judgment is void, it is a nullity from the

outset and any 60(b)(4) motion for relief is therefore filed within a reasonable

time”). However, “[i]n the interest of finality, the concept of setting aside a

judgment on voidness grounds is narrowly restricted.” 

.

“A judgment is void only if the court which rendered it lacked jurisdiction of the

subject matter, or of the parties, or acted in a manner inconsistent with due

process of law.” 

(quotation marks omitted).

      There is no allegation, nor any evidence to support the notion, that the

district court violated due process principles. See Orner v. Shalala, 

,

1310 (10th Cir. 1994) (observing that we reject due process arguments under Rule

60(b)(4) where “fundamental procedural prerequisites—particularly, adequate

notice and opportunity to be heard—were fully satisfied”). Nor did the Jones

decision deprive the district court of jurisdiction. “A judgment is not void merely

because it is or may be erroneous. For a judgment to be void under Rule

60(b)(4), it must be determined that the rendering court was powerless to enter

it.” 

(citations omitted); see also 

(rejecting arguments about the correctness of the district court’s decision in the

quiet title action because they “do not go to the jurisdiction—the power—of the

federal district court,” and noting “the all-too-common error of thinking that a

court acts without jurisdiction when it makes a mistake”). Therefore, no relief is

                                          -7-
proper under Rule 60(b)(4).

                     B. Mistake of Law Under Rule 60(b)(1)

      Under Rule 60(b)(1), a court may relieve a party from a judgment based on

“mistake,” which we construe as relevant here to include situations where “the

judge has made a substantive mistake of law or fact in the final judgment or

order.” Yapp v. Excel Corp., 

, 1231 (10th Cir. 1999). However,

Rule 60(b) is no substitute for a direct appeal. Cashner v. Freedom Stores, Inc.,

, 576 (10th Cir. 1996). Moreover, when Rule 60(b)(1) is used to

challenge a substantive ruling by the district court, we require that such a motion

be filed within the time frame required for filing of a notice of appeal. 

(“[W]e have construed the requirement in Rule 60(b)(1) that ‘the

motion shall be filed within a reasonable time’ in this situation to be

contemporaneous with the time constraints for taking a direct appeal.”); Van

(“[R]elief may be granted under Rule 60(b)(1) on a

theory of mistake of law, when . . . the Rule 60(b) motion is filed before the time

to file a notice of appeal has expired.”). Because Mr. Sindar’s motion was not

filed until eight months after judgment, it was not filed within the time period for

filing a notice of appeal. Accordingly, it was not filed within a reasonable time.

Therefore, no relief is available under Rule 60(b)(1).

            C. Other Reason Justifying Relief Under Rule 60(b)(6)

      Rule 60(b)(6) is a “grand reservoir of equitable power to do justice in a

                                         -8-
particular case.” Van 

(quotation marks omitted).

However, only a particular “kind of legal error [] provides the extraordinary

circumstances justifying relief under Rule 60(b)(6).” 

v. Cook &

Co., 

(10th Cir. 1975), we granted relief when there had been a post-

judgment change in the law “arising out of the same accident as that in which the

plaintiffs . . . were injured.” 

But we held in Collins v. City of Wichita,

(10th Cir. 1958), and reaffirmed in Van Skiver, that “[a] change in

the law or in the judicial view of an established rule of law is not such an

extraordinary circumstance which justifies such relief” where the post-judgment

change came in an unrelated case. 

(addressing situation

where one year after judgment became final the Supreme Court held the relevant

statute inadequate on due process grounds in a case between different parties);

Van 

(holding that relief under Rule 60(b)(6) is not

justified “when the post-judgment change in the law did not arise in a related

case”). Although we have held that these strictures apply only after final

judgment has been entered, Mr. Sindar’s failure to appeal the dismissal of his

complaint rendered his judgment final long before the Rule 60(b) motion was

filed. See Robinson v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 

, 574 (10th Cir.

1986) (distinguishing Collins and Pierce on the ground that “[i]n those cases,

final judgment had been reached, and the cases were no longer pending before the

federal courts,” while in Robinson “final disposition had not been reached with

                                          -9-
respect to [defendant] and the federal courts retain jurisdiction”). Thus, Rule

60(b)(6) is unavailing.

                  D. Independent Action Under Rule 60(d)(1)

      Rule 60 contains a saving clause that provides that the rule “does not limit

a court’s power to: (1) entertain an independent action to relieve a party from a

judgment, order, or proceeding.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(d). The Supreme Court has

explained that “an independent action should be available only to prevent a grave

miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Beggerly, 

, 47 (1998). To

prevent the Rule 60 restrictions from “be[ing] set at naught,” independent actions

must “be reserved for those cases of ‘injustices which, in certain instances, are

deemed sufficiently gross to demand a departure’ from rigid adherence to the

doctrine of res judicata.” 

Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire

Co., 

, 244 (1944)). Thus, we have noted that the independent-action

clause provides only a “narrow avenue.” 

.

      Considering Mr. Sindar’s situation, we cannot conclude that this case risks

a grave miscarriage of justice. The district court dismissed Mr. Sindar’s action

without prejudice; therefore, its order does not prevent Mr. Sindar from re-filing.

At bottom, any hardship in this case was rendered by Mr. Sindar’s failure to

appeal the dismissal of the complaint, and we will not reverse the district court’s

disposition using an extraordinary power merely because the Supreme Court’s

treatment of the procedural rules has changed.

                                        -10-
      Even under the most liberal construction of Mr. Sindar’s motion, we thus

find no grounds for reversing the district court’s dismissal of the Rule 60(b)

motion. Therefore, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the motion. We

GRANT Mr. Sindar’s motion to proceed without prepayment of fees but remind

him that he is obligated to continue making partial payments until all fees have

been paid.



                                       Entered for the Court


                                       JEROME A. HOLMES
                                       Circuit Judge




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