FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                December 18, 2008
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,

          v.                                             No. 08-3001
                                            (D. Ct. No. 6:07-CR-10120-JTM-001)
 MOHAMMED ZIBOON,                                          (D. Kan.)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, KELLY, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.


      A grand jury indicted Defendant-Appellant Mohammed Ziboon on two

counts of making a false statement in connection with the purchase of a firearm

and two counts of falsely representing himself to be a United States citizen. See

18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6); 18 U.S.C. § 911. Mr. Ziboon filed a motion to suppress

evidence, including statements he made to agents of the Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”) during their investigation of his

purchases. The district court denied the motion. Mr. Ziboon then entered a



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
conditional guilty plea to one count of falsely representing himself to be a United

States citizen and reserved the right to appeal the denial of his motion to

suppress. The district court sentenced him to “time served” and remanded him to

the custody of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Service. Thereafter,

Mr. Ziboon brought this appeal challenging the denial of his suppression motion.

Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM the denial of

Mr. Ziboon’s motion.

                                II. BACKGROUND

      In April and May of 2007, Mr. Ziboon purchased two forty-five caliber

handguns from a pawn shop in Wichita, Kansas. Concurrent with each purchase,

Mr. Ziboon completed a mandatory “Firearms Transaction Record” (ATF Form

4473), which required him to certify his country of citizenship. Mr. Ziboon—who

is an Iraqi citizen—falsely declared himself to be a citizen of the United States.

      Several weeks after the purchases, ATF agents received information that

Mr. Ziboon had purchased the firearms, that he was not a United States citizen,

and that there was a warrant for his arrest in Iraq for homicide. The agents then

obtained a copy of the Iraqi arrest warrant, along with the two Firearms

Transaction Records Mr. Ziboon had completed. They concluded that because he

had misrepresented his citizenship, he had purchased the firearms unlawfully.

      On June 4, 2007, five ATF agents went to the convenience store where Mr.

Ziboon worked in order to interview him. Upon arrival, one of the agents

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identified himself, displayed his badge, patted Mr. Ziboon down for weapons, and

asked about the firearms. Told that the firearms were located behind a counter,

the agent retrieved two firearms, only one of which Mr. Ziboon had purchased

from the pawn shop.

      Another agent then asked Mr. Ziboon “if he would come down to the ATF

office where [the agents] could talk to him and try to clear everything up.” Mr.

Ziboon agreed and rode in the front passenger seat as three agents accompanied

him to the office. The agents did not place him in handcuffs and did not formally

arrest him at that time.

      Upon arrival at the office, Mr. Ziboon and two agents entered an interview

room where one of the agents conducted a video-taped interview. The

interviewing agent read Mr. Ziboon his Miranda rights, and Mr. Ziboon waived

these rights orally and in writing.

      During the interview, Mr. Ziboon admitted that he had purchased a gun that

corresponded to one of the Firearms Transaction Records he had completed and

affirmed that he was not a United States citizen. Not long thereafter, the

interviewing agent told Mr. Ziboon he was placing him under arrest, and Mr.

Ziboon invoked his right to counsel.

      Before trial and pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3), Mr. Ziboon moved

to suppress all of his statements to the agents at the convenience store and at the

ATF office, along with any evidence derived directly or indirectly therefrom. He

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argued that because ATF agents did not have probable cause to arrest him on June

4, 2007, his statements to them should be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous

tree. Following an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied the motion,

concluding that (1) Mr. Ziboon had consented to accompany the agents to the

ATF office and was not under arrest at that time, nor was he under arrest during

the interview; (2) even if the agents had arrested Mr. Ziboon during the interview,

they would have had probable cause; and (3) Mr. Ziboon waived his Miranda

rights knowingly and voluntarily.

      Mr. Ziboon appeals, arguing that the district court erred in denying his

motion to suppress.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we accept

the court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, and we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government as the prevailing party.

United States v. Burson, 

, 1256 (10th Cir. 2008). “We review de

novo the ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment.”

United States v. Carter, 

, 1267 (10th Cir. 2008).

      Mr. Ziboon first argues that he was under arrest throughout his entire

encounter with ATF agents, 1 and that this arrest was made without a warrant and

      1
       Mr. Ziboon does not identify the moment when he asserts he was placed
under arrest. His brief mentions only that he was under arrest at the time he was
                                                                      (continued...)

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without probable cause. Because Mr. Ziboon was not formally placed under

arrest until near the end of questioning at the ATF office, however, we consider

whether he was otherwise seized in circumstances that would require probable

cause. See Fuerschbach v. Sw. Airlines Co., 

, 1203 (10th Cir.

2006) (explaining that, absent exceptions not applicable here, a seizure requires

either a warrant or probable cause).

      A seizure occurs “only when the officer, by means of physical force or

show of authority, in some way restrains the liberty of a citizen.” United States v.

Zapata, 

, 756 (10th Cir. 1993) (quotations and alterations omitted).

“[T]he crucial test is whether, taking into account all of the circumstances

surrounding the encounter, the police conduct would ‘have communicated to a

reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go

about his business.’” Florida v. Bostwick, 

, 437 (1991). The

following factors guide our determination of whether a person was, in fact,

seized:

          the threatening presence of several officers; the brandishing of a
          weapon by an officer; some physical touching by an officer; use of
          aggressive language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with
          an officer’s request is compulsory; prolonged retention of a person’s
          personal effects . . . ; a request to accompany the officer to the station;
          interaction in a nonpublic place or a small, enclosed place; and

      1
       (...continued)
questioned by ATF agents. Because they questioned him both at the convenience
store and at the ATF office before formally arresting him, we perceive his
argument to be that he was under arrest during questioning at both places.

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        absence of other members of the public.

United States v. Hill, 

, 1147–48 (10th Cir.1999); see also

(applying the Hill factors to determine whether a

person was seized). “We have steadfastly refused to view any one of these

factors as dispositive,” 

(quotations omitted), and we

recognize that “every case turns on the totality of the circumstances presented.”

(quotations omitted).

      In this case, some circumstances suggest that Mr. Ziboon was seized for

Fourth Amendment purposes before he was formally placed under arrest, while

other factors counsel against such a determination. For example, Mr. Ziboon

emphasizes the number of officers present at the convenience store and during

questioning at the ATF office, as well as the fact that the officers (rather than Mr.

Ziboon himself) drove him to the office. The government points out that the

officers never threatened Mr. Ziboon; they never brandished a weapon or used

aggressive language or even a tone of voice indicating that compliance with their

requests was compulsory. Instead, they asked Mr. Ziboon whether he would

accompany them to the ATF office, and he consented. In addition, the nature and

scope of the subsequent questioning did not transform this voluntary encounter

into a nonconsensual seizure.

      Resolution of this issue is not necessary because even if Mr. Ziboon was

seized from the moment officers entered his place of work, the seizure was clearly

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supported by probable cause. “The ultimate determination of whether probable

cause to arrest existed is a legal issue that we review de novo.” United States v.

Valenzuela, 

, 896 (10th Cir. 2004). “Probable cause to arrest exists

only when the facts and circumstances within the officers’ knowledge, and of

which they have reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient in themselves

to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is

being committed.” 

The record indicates that prior to

June 4, ATF agents possessed reasonably trustworthy information that Mr. Ziboon

had committed the two crimes for which he was ultimately charged. Specifically,

the agents had verified that Mr. Ziboon was not a United States citizen. The

agents had also reviewed the Form 4473s Mr. Ziboon had filled out to purchase

the two guns, both of which indicated that Mr. Ziboon was a United States

citizen. Thus, the agents had probable cause to believe that Mr. Ziboon had (1)

made a false statement in connection with the purchase of a firearm, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6), and (2) falsely represented himself as a United States

citizen, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 911. 2

      2
        Mr. Ziboon argues that the agents arrested him based on a mistake of
law—that they could enforce the Iraqi warrant—and on a mistake of fact—that he
was in the country unlawfully and thus precluded from owning a firearm. The
district court, however, found that “the ATF agents did not approach Mr. Ziboon
solely because of an Iraq warrant; rather the ATF agents were alerted to Mr.
Ziboon based upon violations of gun laws as well as the outstanding arrest
warrant from Iraq.” Mr. Ziboon does not explain how this finding is clearly
erroneous. Moreover, our independent review of the record establishes that the
                                                                     (continued...)

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      Finally, Mr. Ziboon argues that his waiver of his Miranda rights was

neither knowing nor voluntary. “The validity of a defendant’s waiver of his or

her Fifth Amendment rights is reviewed de novo with the underlying facts

reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.” United States v. Morris, 

, 988 (10th Cir. 2002). Here, the record adequately supports the district

court’s conclusion that Mr. Ziboon’s waiver was knowing and voluntary, and we

find no basis for his argument to the contrary. At the outset of the interview, an

agent read him his Miranda rights. Mr. Ziboon then waived those rights both

verbally and in writing. He later demonstrated his understanding of those rights

by exercising his right to an attorney. The Constitution does not require that he

know and understand every possible consequence of his waiver. See Colorado v.

Spring, 

, 574 (1987). Accordingly, the district court did not err in

determining that Mr. Ziboon’s waiver of his Miranda rights was both knowing

and voluntary.




      2
        (...continued)
ATF officers made contact with Mr. Ziboon based in part on their belief that he
had falsely represented his country of citizenship on the two Form 4473s. That
belief being reasonable, the officers had probable cause to arrest him for those
crimes, irrespective of the Iraqi warrant or other alleged violations.

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                              III. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Mr.

Ziboon’s motion to suppress evidence.

                                     ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                     Deanell Reece Tacha
                                     Circuit Judge




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