FILED
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Tenth Circuit

                                                                  May 19, 2009
                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                  Clerk of Court
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT




 THOMAS SMITH; and PAM SMITH,
 husband and wife,

             Plaintiffs–Appellants,

 v.                                          Nos. 07-1409, 07-1525, 08-1199
                                           (D.C. No. 1:05-cv-02364-REB-BNB)
 ARGENT MORTGAGE COMPANY,                               (D. Colo.)
 LLC; WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.;
 HOMEQ SERVICING
 CORPORATION; and HOPP &
 SHORE, LLC,

             Defendants–Appellees.


                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before LUCERO, PORFILIO, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      These three consolidated appeals arise from the mortgage refinancing of the

home of Thomas and Pam Smith (the “Smiths”). In their complaint, the Smiths

assert claims (1) against all defendants to quiet title, for a declaratory judgment,

and for violations of the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1601

et seq.; (2) against Argent Mortgage Company for violation of the Real Estate

Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), 12 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2617; and (3) against

HomEq Servicing Corporation and Hopp & Shore, LLC, for violation of the Fair

Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692-1692p. The Smiths

appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment against them on their quiet

title, declaratory judgment, RESPA, and all but one of their TILA claims; the

post-bench trial ruling against them on their FDCPA and remaining TILA claim;

and the district court’s grant of attorneys’ fees to Hopp & Shore. 1 Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                           I

      In February 2005, the Smiths executed documents to refinance the

mortgage on their home in Silverthorne, Colorado. Argent Mortgage took a

security interest in the home and recorded a deed of trust against the property. It

later sold the loan to Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. At some point, the Smiths stopped

paying the mortgage, and on September 6, 2005, HomEq sent them notice that

      1
       On appeal, the Smiths do not challenge the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to HomEq. Accordingly, we omit any further discussion of
the Smiths’ claims against HomEq.

                                          -2-
they had defaulted on the loan. The Smiths responded on September 15 by

sending notice to Argent Mortgage, Wells Fargo, and HomEq that they intended

to rescind their mortgage under TILA. In October, Wells Fargo, through its

attorneys, Hopp & Shore, sent the Smiths a notice of debt pursuant to the FDCPA,

15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a). In November, Wells Fargo filed a foreclosure action in

Colorado state court. The Smiths unsuccessfully sought to remove the foreclosure

action to federal district court.

      On November 22, 2005, the Smiths filed a verified complaint in federal

district court against Argent Mortgage, Wells Fargo, HomEq, and Hopp & Shore

alleging ten separate violations of TILA, each of which they claimed should be

remedied by rescission of their mortgage. They also sought to quiet title to the

property and to obtain a declaratory judgment that the defendants lacked a

secured interest in the home. The Smiths also brought a claim against Argent

Mortgage for violation of the anti-kickback provisions of RESPA, asserting that

Argent Mortgage paid a yield spread premium of $7,164 to the mortgage broker

for no service other than choosing a loan with a high interest rate. 2 Finally, they

claimed that Hopp & Shore violated the FDCPA by failing to provide them with

verification of the debt that it sought to collect even though they timely disputed

      2
        “[Y]ield spread premiums . . . are fees paid by mortgage lenders to
mortgage brokers that are based on the difference between the interest rate at
which the broker originates the loan and the par, or market rate, offered by the
lender.” Schuetz v. Banc One Mortgage Corp., 

, 1005 (9th Cir.
2002).

                                         -3-
the debt. Instead, the Smiths allege, Hopp & Shore unlawfully proceeded with

debt collection by instituting foreclosure proceedings.

      The district dismissed the Smiths’ TILA, quiet title, and declaratory

judgment claims against Hopp & Shore. In a separate order, the court granted

summary judgment in favor of Argent Mortgage and Wells Fargo on the Smiths’

quiet title, declaratory judgment, and RESPA claims, along with nine of the

Smiths’ ten TILA claims, against those defendants. The court denied the Smiths’

motion for summary judgment against all defendants. The Smiths appealed the

district court’s summary judgment orders in Case No. 07-1409.

      From November 6 to 8, 2007, the district court held a bench trial on the two

remaining issues: (1) the TILA claim against Argent Mortgage and Wells Fargo

on the basis that the Smiths were not provided two copies each of a Notice of

Right to Cancel (the “Notice”) at closing, as required by § 1635(a) and 12 C.F.R.

§ 226.23(b)(1); and (2) the FDCPA claim against Hopp & Shore. The Smiths

proceeded pro se. Mrs. Smith appeared at trial in person, and Mr. Smith, who

was recovering from shoulder surgery, appeared by telephone for part of the trial

but presented no evidence. After the Smiths rested, the district court granted

Argent Mortgage’s and Wells Fargo’s oral motion to dismiss the husband’s TILA

claim and Hopp & Shore’s oral motion to dismiss the FDCPA claim. It proceeded

to hear Argent Mortgage’s and Wells Fargo’s TILA evidence regarding

Mrs. Smith.

                                         -4-
      Upon conclusion of trial, the district court entered findings of fact and

conclusions of law against the Smiths on both claims. With respect to the TILA

claim, the court found that it was more likely than not that Argent Mortgage

provided Mr. and Mrs. Smith each with two copies of the Notice at the closing.

Alternatively, the court determined that the Smiths would not be entitled to

rescission even if they had sustained their burden to show a TILA violation

because they did not have the means to repay Wells Fargo the proceeds of the

loan. With respect to the FDCPA claim, the court concluded that the Smiths had

not proved that they challenged the debt within the 30-day time-period prescribed

by the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(b), because they presented no evidence on

point. Absent such a challenge, Hopp & Shore had no duty to provide

verification of the debt. The Smiths then appealed these determinations in Case

No. 07-1525.

      After obtaining judgment in their favor, Hopp & Shore moved for

attorneys’ fees pursuant to § 1692k(a)(3). The district court granted the motion,

finding that the Smiths acted in bad faith, and awarded fees in the amount of

$18,601. The Smiths filed a third notice of appeal on the attorneys’ fees issue in

Case No. 08-1199.

                                         II

      We consider numerous arguments on appeal. The Smiths challenge the

district court’s summary judgment rulings on the grounds that (1) the district

                                         -5-
court should not have decided the quiet title and declaratory judgment claims on

summary judgment because the question of title depended on the outcome of the

TILA rescission claim and (2) the district court should have granted summary

judgment to them on their RESPA claim against Argent Mortgage because there

was no admissible evidence that the mortgage broker had provided any

compensable services in exchange for the yield spread premium. 3

      As for the final judgment, we are told (1) that the district court lacked

jurisdiction to hold a trial and (2) that the court abused its discretion in denying a

trial continuance to accommodate Mr. Smith’s recovery from shoulder surgery.

We are also urged to conclude (1) that the Scheduling Order included an

“undisputed fact” stating that only two copies of the Notice had been provided,

which should have been treated as an admission by the defendants; (2) that the

district court’s finding that the Smiths had been provided with copies of the

Notice was based in part upon inadmissible evidence; (3) that the district court

erred in finding Mrs. Smith not credible; and (4) that the court found against

Mr. Smith based solely on his failure to testify at trial. This claimed error is

amplified by the contentions that the court erroneously relied upon inadmissible

      3
         The Smiths also seek to argue that the district court should have granted
them summary judgment on the two claims that went to trial. “[D]enial of
summary judgment based on factual disputes is not properly reviewable on an
appeal from a final judgment entered after trial.” Haberman v. Hartford Ins.
Group, 

, 1264 (10th Cir. 2006). Because the Smiths are proceeding
pro se, however, we liberally construe these arguments as asserting that the
district court erred in finding against them after trial.

                                          -6-
affidavits of Robert J. Hopp in resolving the FDCPA claim and that the fee award

to Hopp & Shore was excessive. 4

      Because the Smiths are proceeding pro se, we liberally construe their

appellate filings. See Ledbetter v. City of Topeka, 

, 1187

(10th Cir. 2003). Under this standard, “we make some allowances for the pro se

plaintiff’s failure to cite proper legal authority, his confusion of various legal

theories, his poor syntax and sentence construction, or his unfamiliarity with

pleading requirements, [but we] cannot take on the responsibility of serving as the

litigant’s attorney in constructing arguments and searching the record.” Garrett v.

Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 

, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation and

alterations omitted).


      4
         In addition, the Smiths assert that they did not receive due process
because both the magistrate judge and the district court judge were biased against
them throughout the proceedings. Upon our review of the record, however, we
conclude that the Smiths cannot meet the “heavy burden” required to show
judicial bias by either judge. Topeka Hous. Auth. v. Johnson, 

,
1248 (10th Cir. 2005). The Smiths contend that the magistrate judge was biased
because he stated that he did not think they should receive their home free and
clear due to a bad paper shuffle. But the Supreme Court has held that
“expressions of impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger, that are
within the bounds of what imperfect men and women, even after having been
confirmed as federal judges, sometimes display” will not show bias “unless they
display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism as to make fair judgment
impossible.” Liteky v. United States, 

, 555-56 (1994). The judge’s
comments, which express a disagreement with the governing statute, do not meet
this standard. As for the district judge, the Smiths’ accusations of bias are
grounded primarily in the judge’s rulings against them, which almost never
demonstrate partiality requiring a judge’s recusal, 

and do not
demonstrate bias in this case.

                                          -7-
                                         A

      We begin with those issues decided against the Smiths at the summary

judgment stage. We review the district court’s summary judgment decision de

novo, applying the same legal standards used by the district court. ClearOne

Commc’ns, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 

, 1243 (10th Cir.

2007). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, the discovery and

disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue

as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

      The Smiths first contend that the quiet title and declaratory judgment

claims should not have been decided on summary judgment because the question

of title depended on the outcome of their request for rescission under TILA,

which was decided at trial. Had they prevailed at trial on the sole TILA claim

that survived summary judgment, they assert the district court would have been

required to quiet title in their favor. We do not address this issue because the

Smiths did not prevail on their TILA claim at trial and we conclude that the

district court’s decision on that claim should be affirmed. Any error by the

district court on this score was harmless. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 61.

      Regarding their RESPA claim, the Smiths argue that the district court erred

in granting summary judgment to Argent Mortgage and instead should have

granted summary judgment in their favor because there was no admissible

                                         -8-
evidence that the mortgage broker had provided any compensable services in

exchange for the alleged yield spread premium of $7,164. The district court

granted Argent Mortgage’s motion for summary judgment on this claim because

the Smiths failed to present any evidence of a RESPA violation in the first

instance.

      Under RESPA, “[n]o person shall give and no person shall accept any fee,

kickback, or thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or

otherwise, that business incident to or a part of a real estate settlement service

involving a federally related mortgage loan shall be referred to any person.”

12 U.S.C. § 2607(a). But RESPA permits “the payment of a fee . . . by a lender

to its duly appointed agent for services actually performed in the making of a

loan” and “the payment to any person of a bona fide salary or compensation or

other payment for goods or facilities actually furnished or for services actually

performed.” § 2607(c)(1)(C), (c)(2). We have carefully reviewed the record and

agree with the district court that the plaintiffs failed to produce any evidence that

the $7,164 fee was a kickback. See Culpepper v. Irwin Mortgage Corp., 

, 1273-74 (11th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, the district court properly granted

summary judgment to Argent Mortgage on this claim.




                                          -9-
                                           B

                                           1

      As to their loss at trial, the Smiths argue that the district court lacked

jurisdiction after appeal No. 07-1409 had been filed with this court. Although a

district court is ordinarily divested of jurisdiction over a proceeding once an

appeal is filed, Warren v. Am. Bankers Ins., 

, 1242 (10th Cir.

2007), this rule applies only if the appellate court in fact takes jurisdiction.

Although the Smiths filed appeal No. 07-1409 immediately after the summary

judgment ruling, we informed them by order entered October 3, 2007 that we

apparently lacked jurisdiction over the appeal because the summary judgment

order did not dispose of all claims and no certification had been issued by the

district court. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). We took jurisdiction over appeal

No. 07-1409 only after the district court entered judgment on the remaining

claims following trial. Accordingly, the district court was not divested of

jurisdiction at the time the Smiths filed appeal No. 07-1409 and did not err by

proceeding with trial.

      Next, the Smiths contend the district court should have rescheduled trial to

accommodate Mr. Smith’s recovery from shoulder surgery and Mrs. Smith’s need

to care for him during that time. We review the district court’s denial of a trial

continuance for an abuse of discretion. Rogers v. Andrus Transp. Servs.,




                                          -10-


, 1151 (10th Cir. 2007). In determining whether the court abused

its discretion, we will consider a number of factors, including:

      the diligence of the party requesting the continuance; the likelihood
      that the continuance, if granted, would accomplish the purpose
      underlying the party’s expressed need for the continuance; the
      inconvenience to the opposing party, its witnesses, and the court
      resulting from the continuance; the need asserted for the continuance
      and the harm that appellant might suffer as a result of the district
      court’s denial of the continuance.

      We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion here. The Smiths

filed their request for a continuance two weeks before trial despite having known

the trial date for several months. “Of course, any continuance granted practically

on the eve of trial inevitably will disrupt the schedules of the court, the opposing

party, and the witnesses who have been subpoenaed or who have voluntarily

arranged their schedules to attend the trial.” United States v. Rivera, 

, 1475 (10th Cir. 1990). The Smiths did not seek a continuance of any

particular duration; a postponement in the face of this uncertainty would have

inconvenienced the court and the defendants. Further, the Smiths fail to indicate

what additional evidence they would have presented had they obtained a

continuance. Finally, the court limited any potential prejudice by permitting

Mr. Smith to appear by telephone. We see no abuse of discretion on these facts.




                                         -11-
                                         2

      Several of the Smiths’ challenges on appeal focus on the district court’s

rejection of their TILA claim following trial. Initially, the Smiths argue that the

undisputed facts listed in the district court’s pretrial Scheduling Order should be

treated as admissions by Argent Mortgage and Wells Fargo under Federal Rule of

Evidence 801(d)(2)(A), (B), (C), or (D). The “undisputed facts” section of the

Order states that Mr. and Mrs. Smith each received one copy of the Notice of

Right to Cancel at closing. The Smiths contend that the court was required to

treat this fact as a judicial admission and to grant summary judgment in their

favor based on TILA’s requirement that each borrower receive two copies of the

Notice.

      The Final Pretrial Order conflicted with the Scheduling Order on this point,

however, reflecting the defendants’ otherwise consistent assertion that both

Mr. and Mrs. Smith received two copies of the Notice. The Final Pretrial Order

listed only one stipulation of fact—that the Smiths were the owners of the

property at issue—and expressly stated that the number of copies of the Notice

provided to the Smiths would be at issue at trial. It also provided that “[t]he

pleadings will be deemed merged herein [and] [t]his Final Pretrial Order

supersedes the Scheduling Order.” Prior to entry of the Final Pretrial Order,

Argent Mortgage and Wells Fargo contested this “undisputed fact” explaining that

they “agreed with Plaintiffs’ proposed stipulation” only because they “view[ed] it

                                        -12-
as an agreement concerning the minimum number of Notices that had

been received.”

      “Judicial admissions are formal, deliberate declarations which a party or his

attorney makes in a judicial proceeding for the purpose of dispensing with proof

of formal matters or of facts about which there is no real dispute.” U.S. Energy

Corp. v. Nukem, Inc., 

, 833 n.4 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted).

“Where, however, the party making an ostensible judicial admission explains the

error in a subsequent pleading or by amendment, the trial court must accord the

explanation due weight.” Sicor Ltd. v. Cetus Corp., 

, 859-60 (9th Cir.

1995). The Smiths ask us to conclude that the “undisputed facts” section of the

Scheduling Order constituted such a formal declaration, despite its omission from

the Final Pretrial Order and the defendants’ subsequent explanation that they did

not intend the admission in the first place.

      It is settled that a pretrial order is generally the determinative document for

purposes of setting forth the disputed fact issues to be decided at trial. 6A

Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & May Kay Kane, Federal Practice and

Procedure § 1522 at 220-21 (2d ed. 1990) (“[T]he pretrial order is treated as

superseding the pleadings and establishing the issues to be considered at trial.”);

see also Wilson v. Muckala, 

, 1215 (10th Cir. 2002) (“[T]he pretrial

order is the controlling document for trial.” (quotation marks omitted)).

Considering defendants’ explanation of the error and exclusion of the “undisputed

                                         -13-
fact” from the Final Pretrial Order, we are convinced that the district court did not

err in declining to treat the purported admission as binding.

      It is contended that the evidence presented at trial showed that neither of

the Smiths received two copies of the Notice at closing. Accordingly, the Smiths

contend they should have been allowed to rescind their mortgage. TILA provides

that each borrower must receive two copies of a notice of the right to rescind the

mortgage within a certain period after closing. 15 U.S.C. § 1635(a); 12 C.F.R.

§ 226.23(b)(1). If proper notice is not provided, the right to rescind survives for

three years from the consummation of the transaction. 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(a)(3).

      The district court found that it was more likely than not that Argent

Mortgage provided Mr. and Mrs. Smith each two copies of the Notice at the

closing. 5 “Findings of fact, whether based on oral or other evidence, must not be

set aside unless clearly erroneous, and [we] must give due regard to the trial

court’s opportunity to judge the witnesses’ credibility.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6).

“A finding of fact is not clearly erroneous unless it is without factual support in

the record, or unless the court after reviewing all the evidence, is left with a

definite and firm conviction that the district court erred.” United States v.

      5
         Alternatively, the court concluded that even if they had not received the
requisite number of copies, the Smiths were not entitled to rescission because
they were unable to pay Wells Fargo the proceeds of the loan. We do not reach
this alternative conclusion. Although other circuits have adopted this equitable
restriction on a borrower’s rescission right under TILA, e.g., Yamamoto v. Bank
of N.Y., 

, 1171-73 (9th Cir. 2003); Williams v. Homestake
Mortgage Co., 

, 1140 (11th Cir. 1992), we have not done so.

                                         -14-
Jarvison, 

, 1224 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotations omitted). We review

the district court’s conclusions of law de novo. State Ins. Fund v. Ace Transp.

Inc., 

, 564 (10th Cir. 1999). In doing so, we “apply[] the same

standard that the trial court would apply in making its initial ruling.” 

sole evidence that they did not receive the requisite four

copies was Mrs. Smith’s trial testimony, which consisted in its entirety of the

following statement:

      [D]id Tom and I receive four copies of Notices of Right to Cancel in
      a form that the consumer can keep. The answer is no. . . . [D]id Tom
      and I mail Notice of Rescission within three years of closing. The
      answer is yes.

On cross-examination, Mrs. Smith admitted that she did not know how many

copies of the Notice Mr. Smith received. Argent Mortgage entered into evidence

several copies of the Notice which it retained, 6 provided a copy of the instructions

      6
        We agree with the Smiths that language on the Notice stating that “the
undersigned each acknowledge receipt of two copies of the Notice of Right to
Cancel” could reasonably be understood to mean either that Mr. and Mrs. Smith
acknowledged having received two copies apiece, for a total of four copies, or
that Mr. and Mrs. Smith acknowledged having received two total copies.
Accordingly, we do not apply a presumption of receipt as 15 U.S.C. § 1635(c)
requires when a borrower signs language unambiguously indicating receipt of the
correct number of copies. Nonetheless, for the reasons discussed below, we
conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding that four copies were
provided.
       We further note, contrary to the Smiths’ assertion, that the court did not
violate the rules of evidence in admitting Argent Mortgage’s copies of the signed
Notice in lieu of the originals. “A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an
original unless (1) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the
original or (2) in the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in
                                                                         (continued...)

                                         -15-
from the Smiths’ closing, and presented testimony from an Argent Mortgage

employee, Tami Carnes, who authenticated these instructions. The instructions

state that each borrower is to receive two copies of the Notice, and Mrs. Carnes

testified that more than four copies of the Notice were provided to the closing

agent. Mrs. Carnes also testified that under Argent Mortgage procedures,

issuance of a loan was conditioned on receipt of a document executed by the

closing agent stating that the agent had followed these instructions, and that the

Smiths’ loan file contained such an executed copy.

      The district court made an explicit factual finding that Mrs. Smith’s

testimony was not credible based in part upon her evasive and defensive

demeanor and concluded that the preponderance of the evidence weighed in favor

of Argent Mortgage. Under Rule 52(a), we give great deference to the district

court’s credibility findings. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 

, 575 (1985) (“[O]nly the trial judge can be aware of the variations in

demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener’s understanding of

and belief in what is said.”). Upon review of the trial transcript, we cannot say

that its conclusion was clearly erroneous. 7

      6
        (...continued)
lieu of the original.” Fed. R. Evid. 1003.
      7
        The Smiths apparently take issue with the court’s couching of its
credibility finding in comparative language. The court stated that it found
Ms. Carnes’ testimony to be more credible that Mrs. Smith’s. We see no error in
                                                                      (continued...)

                                         -16-
      Regarding Mr. Smith’s receipt of the requisite two copies, we reach the

same conclusion. Mr. Smith appeared at trial by telephone but presented no

testimony or other evidence. Morever, Mrs. Smith did not testify as to the

number of copies of the Notice Mr. Smith received. Argent Mortgage’s evidence

that its closing instructions required two copies to each borrower and that the

closing agent signed a document claiming to having followed these instructions

was the only evidence on this issue. Accordingly, the court did not clearly err in

finding that Mr. Smith received two copies. Contrary to the Smiths’ assertion, the

district court did not find against Mr. Smith simply because he did not appear in

person or testify at trial; rather, the court based its conclusion on the little

evidence that was presented. We affirm the entry of judgment against the Smiths

on their TILA claim.

                                            3

      Our attention turns to entry of judgment by the court on the FDCPA claim

that proceeded to trial. The district court orally granted Hopp & Shore’s motion

to dismiss this claim during trial. Arguing that the affidavits of Mr. Hopp were

not admissible, the Smiths assert that Hopp & Shore presented no evidence and

that the dismissal was improper.




      7
       (...continued)
this means of expressing the court’s findings.

                                           -17-
      We conclude Hopp & Shore did not bear the burden of proving when the

Smiths disputed the debt at issue. A debt collector’s duty to verify a debt arises

only if the consumer disputes the debt “in writing within [a] thirty-day period.”

15 U.S.C. § 1692g(b). After trial, the court determined that the Smiths had not

presented any evidence that they disputed the debt. Based on the Smiths’ failure

of proof on this point, the court decided that Hopp & Shore had no duty to

provide them with verification of the debt. Having reviewed the court’s factual

findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo, see Fed. R. Civ. P.

52(a)(6); State Ins. 

, we affirm.

                                          C

      Finally, the Smiths challenge the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees to

Hopp & Shore, asserting that an award of $18,601 was excessive because the

FDCPA claim was straightforward and rested on a single factual dispute: whether

the Smiths sent a letter disputing the debt. 8 We disagree.

      The FDCPA provides for an award of attorneys’ fees if the district court

finds that the action was brought in bad faith or for the purpose of harassment.

15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3). Because the district court found that the Smiths acted in



      8
         In addition, the Smiths contend that Hopp & Shore failed to consider
settling the FDCPA claim through alternative dispute resolution, as required by
District of Colorado Local Civil Rule 16.6. However, the Final Pretrial Order
indicates that the parties considered alternative dispute resolution consistent with
the local rule.

                                         -18-
bad faith we discern a lack of error. During the two years between the time the

Smiths filed the case and it was tried, they

      actively litigated this case, filing numerous motions and disputing
      nearly every position taken by Hopp & Shore and the other
      defendants. The [Smiths] indicated in their filings with the court that
      they understood the factual and legal bases of their FDCPA claim.
      After two years of active litigation, the [Smiths] brought their case to
      trial and presented absolutely no evidence to support their FDCPA
      claim. The fact that the [Smiths] understood their FDCPA claim,
      litigated that claim for two years, but came to trial with no evidence
      to support that claim indicates strongly that the [Smiths’] primary
      purpose in litigating this claim was not to obtain a favorable
      judgment on the claim. Rather, the [Smiths’] actions concerning
      their FDCPA claim support strongly the inference that the [Smiths]
      brought their FDCPA claim with the primary purpose of harassing
      Hopp & Shore. The record contains also strong indications that the
      [Smiths] pursued this litigation, including the FDCPA claim, with the
      goal of delaying foreclosure and other collection actions against
      them. On this record, I find that the [Smiths] brought and litigated
      their FDCPA claim against Hopp & Shore for the purposes of
      harassment and delay. Pursuing litigation with the primary purposes
      of delay and harassment constitutes bad faith.

      We review the district court’s finding on the issue of bad faith for clear

error and the court’s resultant decision to grant attorneys’ fees under the FDCPA

for abuse of discretion. See Jacobson v. Healthcare Fin. Servs., Inc., 

,

96 (2d Cir. 2008); Guerrero v. RJM Acquisitions LLC, 

, 933 (9th

Cir. 2007); Horkey v. J.V.D.B. & Assocs., Inc., 

, 774 (7th Cir.

2003). Applying these standards to the record before us, we conclude that the

district court did not clearly err in finding that the Smiths acted in bad faith.




                                          -19-
Nor did the court abuse its discretion in concluding that this bad faith supported

an award. 9

      Additionally, we conclude that the amount of fees awarded, $18,601, was

not excessive. We review the amount of a fee award for abuse of discretion.

Anderson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 1504 (10th Cir.

1996) (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 

, 437 (1983)). The FDCPA

claim had been pending in the district court for over two years with numerous

pleadings and motions filed. Upon our review of the record, the district court did

not abuse its discretion in concluding that the amount awarded bore a reasonable

relation to the work required to defend the claim.

                                         III

      We conclude that the Smiths cannot prevail on appeal on any of their

arguments and reject as meritless any arguments made by the Smiths that we have

not specifically addressed. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     Carlos F. Lucero
                                                     Circuit Judge

      9
        In its appellate brief, Hopp & Shore also requests attorneys’ fees and
costs incurred in this appeal pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 38, contending that this
appeal is frivolous and vexatious. Under Rule 38, however, a request for
attorneys’ fees must be made in a separately filed motion. Accordingly, we deny
the request.

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