FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                 October 13, 2009
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 08-3245
 v.                                          (D.C. No. 6:07-CR-10221-MLB-09)
                                                          (D. Kan.)
 ISAAC WOODS, III,

          Defendant-Appellant.


                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, HOLLOWAY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.


      Isaac Woods, III, challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to

suppress evidence under the Fourth Amendment. The evidence in question—two

kilograms of a mixture containing a detectable amount of cocaine—was

discovered by the police during a search of Mr. Woods’s car following a traffic

stop. Finding objective indicia of a traffic violation, reasonable suspicion for Mr.

Woods’s extended detention, and probable cause for the subsequent search of his

car, we affirm the judgment of the district court.



      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
                                       * * *

      The case against Mr. Woods began with a 2007 police investigation of his

eventual co-defendant, Tyrone Andrews, a known drug dealer in Wichita, Kansas.

The police arranged for a confidential informant to buy cocaine from Mr.

Andrews, and a search of garbage outside his suspected stash house turned up

drug paraphernalia that tested positive for narcotics. On June 25, 2007, Mr.

Andrews left his stash house during the time of day when the officers believed he

made his drug deliveries. The police followed him to an apartment complex,

which he eventually left accompanied by another man, Kevin Gunter. Though the

police did not see the two communicate, Mr. Andrews was carrying an apparently

empty black bag and Mr. Gunter a small white bag. All this suggested to police

that Mr. Gunter was holding cocaine that Mr. Andrews had just sold him, and that

they would do well to follow Mr. Gunter in an unmarked car. Mr. Gunter led

officers to a residential area, where he met Mr. Woods. In a meeting that lasted

just seconds, Mr. Gunter handed Mr. Woods a white package, which the police

believed was the same one delivered by Mr. Andrews in the apartment complex.

Mr. Woods then drove off, and the police decided to follow him, too.

      While following Mr. Woods, Officer Michael Cox saw Mr. Woods fail to

activate his turn signal 100 feet before turning, as required by Kansas state law.

The officer did not stop Mr. Woods at that time, however. Instead, Officer Cox

continued to follow Mr. Woods and eventually saw him pull from a private drive

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into the center lane of traffic, rather than the curb lane. Believing that this turn

also violated the traffic code, Officer Cox decided at this time to pull over Mr.

Woods. During the traffic stop that followed, the officer smelled a strong odor of

air freshener and marijuana emanating from Mr. Woods’s car. As the traffic stop

finished, Officer Cox asked Mr. Woods if he could search the car. Mr. Woods

said no. At this point, Officer Cox asked Mr. Woods about the smell of marijuana

emanating from his car, as well as if he had anything illegal in the vehicle.

Officer Cox eventually asked Mr. Woods to get out of the car, which Mr. Woods

did, failing to close the driver-side door in the process.

      By this time, a member of the canine unit, Officer Jessie Hancock, arrived

on the scene with a drug dog. Officer Hancock led his unleashed dog around Mr.

Woods’s car several times, and the dog alerted twice by breaking command to

smell an area again, first the trunk and then the passenger side of the car. The

dog also stuck its head into the car through the open passenger-side window. On

the third pass around the car, the dog jumped into the open driver-side door and

scratched at the center console. Upon questioning, Mr. Woods admitted that he

had smoked marijuana in the car earlier in the day. The police then searched the

car, finding marijuana residue in the console and two white packages—later

identified as cocaine—in the trunk.

      In due course, the federal government charged Mr. Woods, along with

several co-defendants, with various crimes related to their alleged drug

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conspiracy. Mr. Woods challenged his detention and the search of his car as a

violation of the Fourth Amendment, but the district court found both

constitutional, holding that the traffic violation justified the initial stop; that

reasonable suspicion supported Mr. Woods’s prolonged detention; and that the

trained drug dog’s instinctual—and consequently lawful—entrance of the car

provided probable cause to search the trunk. After losing his suppression motion,

Mr. Woods pled guilty to possession with intent to distribute, though he preserved

his Fourth Amendment challenge for appeal. That is the sole issue before us now.

                                         * * *

      We review the legality of Mr. Woods’s search and seizure de novo, though

in doing so we are obliged to accept the district court’s factual findings, unless

clearly erroneous, and to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prevailing party in the district court, here the government. See United States v.

Alcaraz-Arellano, 

, 1258 (10th Cir. 2006).

       A traffic stop comports with the Fourth Amendment where reasonable and

articulable suspicion exists to believe that a traffic violation has occurred. See

United States v. DeGasso, 

, 1143 (10th Cir. 2004). Here, Officer

Cox’s observation of such a violation rendered the initial stop valid. Of course,

Officer Cox ostensibly stopped Mr. Woods for making an illegal turn into the

center lane, which, as it happens, wasn’t actually a violation of Kansas law, as the

government now concedes. See Answer Br. at 13-14. But Officer Cox’s

                                           -4-
subjective reasons for pulling over Mr. Woods are irrelevant. See Whren v.

United States, 

, 813 (1996). The district court heard Officer Cox’s

testimony and credited his account that Mr. Woods failed to signal within 100 feet

of a turn shortly before Officer Cox effected the traffic stop. We cannot say that

this factual determination was clearly erroneous, and the parties before us agree

that the failure to signal within 100 feet of a turn is a traffic infraction under

Kansas law. Accordingly, there was an objectively sound basis for stopping Mr.

Woods, and we cannot say the stop was unlawful. See United States v. Botero-

Ospina, 

, 787 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Our sole inquiry is whether this

particular officer had reasonable suspicion that this particular motorist violated

any one of the multitude of applicable traffic and equipment regulations of the

jurisdiction.” (quoting Delaware v. Prouse, 

, 661 (1979))). Neither

does Mr. Woods dispute that the illegal turn occurred shortly before the stop, or

suggest that this factual basis supporting his stop had become stale. See United

States v. Laughrin, 

, 1248 (10th Cir. 2006).

      Although the initial traffic stop was lawful, the government concedes that

Officer Cox detained Mr. Woods beyond the time it took to issue a traffic

citation. The district court also found that this portion of the stop was not

consensual. Accordingly, to sustain Officer Cox’s continued detention of Mr.

Woods for additional questioning and the dog sniff, the government needed to

have reasonable suspicion by this point that Mr. Woods was involved in the

                                          -5-
commission of a crime. See United States v. Bradford, 

, 1156-57

(10th Cir. 2005). In asking whether or not such reasonable suspicion existed, we

look to the totality of the circumstances and ask “whether a particularized and

objective basis, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police

officer, existed for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” United States v. Lopez, 

, 797 (10th Cir. 2008).

      That standard is satisfied here, thus justifying Mr. Woods’s continued

detention. The police observed a known drug dealer, Mr. Andrews, enter a

building and leave “accompanied by” another man, Mr. Gunter, during a time of

day when Mr. Andrews was suspected of making drug runs. Mr. Andrews left the

building with an apparently empty black bag and Mr. Gunter with a white bag,

suggesting that a transaction had occurred between the two. Mr. Gunter then

quickly passed a white package to Mr. Woods in an exchange that lasted only a

few seconds and that the police believed “was a typical drug transaction in which

the drugs were quickly exchanged.” D. Ct. Order of Apr. 28, 2008, at 1-2; cf.

United States v. Santos, 

, 1124 (10th Cir. 2005) (requiring

reviewing courts to “defer to the ability of a trained law enforcement officer to

distinguish between innocent and suspicious actions”). Further, during the course

of the traffic stop itself, Officer Cox smelled a strong odor of marijuana and air

freshener emanating from Mr. Woods’s vehicle. Though Officer Cox omitted that

detail from his police report, the district court found his testimony on this score

                                         -6-
truthful, and we cannot deem that finding clearly erroneous. Whether or not these

facts could not sustain an arrest, which requires probable cause, the evidence

necessary to support reasonable suspicion sufficient to sustain Mr. Woods’s brief

continued detention is “‘considerably less’ than proof by a preponderance of the

evidence or that required for probable cause.” 

(quoting

United States v. Sokolow, 

, 7 (1989)); see also United States v.

Cervine, 

, 871 (10th Cir. 2003) (permitting the collective knowledge

of all police involved in the criminal investigation to support reasonable

suspicion). Though some (but not all) of these facts were known to law

enforcement officers prior to Mr. Woods’s traffic stop, and thus might provide an

additional basis for justifying that stop, as we have already found an objectively

reasonable basis for the traffic stop, we have no need to consider whether these

same facts could support Mr. Woods’s initial detention.

      Having lawfully effected Mr. Woods’s continued detention, the question

still remains whether police could search his car for contraband. See, e.g., United

States v. Clarkson, 

, 1202-03 (10th Cir. 2009). Probable cause for

such a search exists, among many other circumstances, when a reliable or trained

drug dog “alert[s] to the odor of an illegal substance in the vehicle.” United

States v. Parada, 

, 1282 (10th Cir. 2009). That is exactly what

happened here. Officer Hancock’s dog twice broke his command and stopped to

smell a particular spot for a second time, and the dog also stuck its head into the

                                         -7-
passenger side window, all of which indicated the presence of narcotics. As we

recently explained in Parada, this is sufficient to give rise to probable cause. 

argues that the police encouraged or facilitated the dog’s entrance into

the car, and that the dog’s subsequent alert once in the car could not have

provided probable cause for the search. But because the dog alerted twice before

jumping into the vehicle, how it got inside and whether it alerted once there is

irrelevant: probable cause to search existed before any of that transpired.

                                       * * *

      Mr. Woods’s improper failure to signal a turn justified the initial traffic

stop. The smell of marijuana emanating from the car, as well as the officers’

collective knowledge of the preceding suspicious interactions, provided

reasonable suspicion to expand the length of Mr. Woods’s detention. And the

drug dog’s multiple signals that the car contained an illegal substance supplied

probable cause for the search of the vehicle. The judgment of the district court is

therefore affirmed.



                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                       Neil M. Gorsuch
                                       Circuit Judge




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