FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                  March 27, 2009
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
               Plaintiff-Appellee,                       No. 08-3254
          v.                                    (D.C. No. 06-CR-20079-CM-1)
 BERNOID WAKE, III,                                        (D. Kan.)
               Defendant-Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, McKAY, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.


      Defendant pled guilty to possessing crack cocaine with intent to distribute

and was sentenced to a 151-month term of imprisonment. On appeal, he

challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized

from his residence pursuant to a warrant.

      The warrant Defendant challenges was issued on May 31, 2006, and

executed early in the morning on June 1, 2006. The affidavit in support of the

warrant attested that the police department had received numerous complaints

over the past year about Defendant and his brother manufacturing and selling a


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
      This case was ordered submitted on the briefs on February 3, 2009.
large amount of crack cocaine. Around the third week of May, the department

had received an anonymous complaint about drug activity occurring at a residence

on Spruce Street in Leavenworth, Kansas. An officer conducted surveillance at

that address and observed Defendant going in and out of the residence several

times. The officer also ran a records check on Defendant and learned that on two

occasions in 2004 officers had discovered cocaine or marijuana in Defendant’s

possession or in areas where he had recently been. The affidavit further stated

that on May 29, 2006, the officer observed a plume of smoke when Defendant left

his Spruce Street residence. The officer then smelled the odor of burnt marijuana

in the air, and he observed that the odor of burnt marijuana was strongest when he

stood directly in front of Defendant’s residence. Finally, the affidavit attested

that on May 30, 2006, the officer collected two bags of trash that had been placed

at the curb in front of Defendant’s residence for disposal. The officer found

several items in the trash bags that were consistent with drug use and distribution,

including a plastic liner covered in green vegetation that field-tested positive for

marijuana, plastic baggies that were missing their corners, a baggie containing a

white substance that field-tested positive for cocaine, and a large amount of loose

cigar tobacco mixed with green vegetation.

      Defendant argued before the district court and re-argues on appeal that the

warrant was invalid because the affidavit was based on stale and anonymous

information and information obtained through an unlawful search of his trash. In

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reviewing the district court’s denial of his suppression motion, we accept the

court’s factual findings unless clearly erroneous and review questions of law de

novo. United States v. Gonzales, 

, 1228 (10th Cir. 2005). “The

ultimate question of whether a search and seizure was reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment is a question of law reviewed de novo.” United States v. Glover, 

, 1576 (10th Cir. 1997).

      We first consider the legality of the warrantless search of Defendant’s trash

the day before the search warrant was issued. Defendant contended at the

suppression hearing and maintains on appeal that the trash bags at issue were

located beside a mailbox on his front porch and that the officer impermissibly

entered his yard and removed the bags from his front porch. The officer initially

testified that the trash bags were located next to a mailbox by the curb, and the

evidence introduced at the hearing suggested a possible discrepancy regarding the

location of the mailbox. However, the district court found that the trash bags

were located outside of the fence and by the curb as had been stated in the

affidavit. The court also noted that affidavit did not mention the mailbox and

thus the location of the mailbox had not affected the state court’s probable cause

determination. A review of the record reveals ample evidence to support the

district court’s factual finding that the trash bags were located by the curb, and

we therefore concluded that Defendant’s constitutional rights were not violated

by the officer’s removal and search of the trash bags. See California v.

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Greenwood, 

, 40-41 (1988) (holding that an individual has no

reasonable expectation of privacy in items found in plastic garbage bags left on or

at the side of a public street).

       As for Defendant’s argument that the warrant was invalid because the

affidavit included information received from anonymous sources, the cases he

cites involved warrants that relied solely on anonymous information. Here, the

anonymous reports of Defendant’s drug trafficking were corroborated by the

officer’s detection of the odor of marijuana in front of Defendant’s residence and

his discovery of drug residue and apparent drug paraphernalia in Defendant’s

trash. We thus see no error in the inclusion of information received from

anonymous sources in the search warrant. See United States v. Danhauer, 

, 1006 (10th Cir. 2000) (“When there is sufficient independent

corroboration of an informant’s information, there is no need to establish the

veracity of the informant.”); United States v. Berrocal, No. 00-4001, 

, *2 (10th Cir. Oct. 31, 2000) (unpublished) (holding that a citizen

informant’s report of drug trafficking was corroborated by an officer’s trash pull

that revealed numerous items associated with methamphetamine manufacturing).

       Likewise, we see no error in the inclusion of information regarding

Defendant’s possession of drugs on two occasions two years before the warrant

was issued. Although such information would not in itself justify the issuance of

a search warrant, its inclusion does not invalidate an otherwise valid warrant.

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The affidavit included ample information supporting probable cause regardless of

this historical information. Moreover, we note that “otherwise stale information

may be refreshed by more recent events” and that, “[w]hen the circumstances

suggest ongoing criminal activity, the passage of time recedes in importance.”

United States v. Cantu, 

, 1177-78 (10th Cir. 2005).

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of

Defendant’s suppression motion. Defendant’s conviction and sentence are

AFFIRMED.

                                              Entered for the Court



                                              Monroe G. McKay
                                              Circuit Judge




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